The relief of India is very diverse - from the plains in the South of India, to the glaciers in the North, in the Himalayas, and from the desert regions of the West, to the tropical forests in the East. The height above sea level varies from 0 to 8598 meters. Highest point- Mount Kapchspyupga.

There are seven natural regions on the territory of India: the Northern mountain range (consisting of the Himalayas and the Karakoram), the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau (Decan Plateau), the East Coast, the West Coast and the Adaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands.

The Deccan Plateau (Decan, comes from the word dakshin - southern), outside is also a triangle, the top of which is located at the southern tip of India. It stretches for 1600 km from north to south and 1400 km from west to east. In geological terms, the plateau is much older than the Himalayas. It is a Precambrian platform composed mostly of gneisses, granites, schists, limestones and sandstones. In some places there are basalt outcrops of the Cretaceous period. The plateau is bordered on both sides by the Eastern and Western Ghats. In the south are the Cardamom Mountains, composed of gneisses and shales, from which the spurs of the Palni and Anaimalai mountains depart. The Anaimalai Mountains (the highest point is Anaimudi, 2698 m) are the highest in South India.

Between the Deccan and the Himalayas, the alluvial Indo-Gangetic plain stretches in a wide arc along the Ganges. It is located in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Its length is about 3 thousand km, width is 250-350 km. The total area of ​​the plain is 650 thousand km2. Here, the plain of the Ganga River stands out in particular, stretching for 1050 km and covering an area of ​​319 thousand km2. In the west, the Thar Desert adjoins the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The desert begins at the Kachchh Rann and runs north along the Indo-Pakistani border.

Coastal lowlands border the Deccan Plateau. The lowland of the western coast is a narrow flat ribbon stretching from Surat (Gujarat) to Cape Kamorin for 1500 km. It has a very varied landscape. There are swamps, lagoons, mudflats, river estuaries, bays and islands. The large rivers flowing into the Gulf of Cambay carry a huge amount of sediment here, which contributed to the creation of a comparatively large Gujarat plain. To the south of it, the lowland narrows to 50 km. In the south of Kerala, the lowland expands again, reaching a length of up to 100 km.

In the northeast is the Chhota Nagpur plateau (average height is about 600 m), above which individual tower-shaped ridges of dense sandstone rise to a height of 1366 m. The plateau descends in the north to the plain of the river. Ganges.

There are seven mountain ranges in India, with peaks above 1000 m: the Himalayas, Patkai or Eastern Highlands, Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Sahyadri or Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

The Himalayas (Himalaya, Abode of Snows) stretch from east to west (from the gorge of the Brahmaputra River to the Indus River) for 2500 km with a width of 150 to 400 km. The Himalayas are wider in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and rise to their greatest height in eastern Nepal. 50 million years ago, in place of the Himalayas, there was a huge Tethys Sea. In general, the Himalayas consist of 3 main ranges: the Sivalik mountains on the southern edge of the mountain system (average height 800-1200 m), the Huge Himalayas along the border with Tibet (5500-6000 m) and the Lesser Himalayas (2500-3000 m), located between the Great Himalayas and the Sivalik Mountains. The Small and Large Himalayas are characterized by alpine landforms and are deeply dissected by rivers.

Patkai or Purvachal (Patkai or Purvachal) stretch along India's border with Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh. By the time of formation they are contemporaries of the Himalayas. The highest point is 4578 m.

Aravali's North India stretch for almost 725 km from the northeast to the southwest from Divide through the state of Rajasthan to the northeastern outskirts of the state of Gujarat. This is an old folded chain, consisting of small parallel ridges, heavily eroded, with smoothed tops and many screes. They are considered the remnant of a large mountain system, the peaks of which were covered with snow. The highest point is Mount Guru Shikhar (1722 m) in the town of Mount Abu in southern Rajasthan.

Vindhya (Vindhya) rise on the border of the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Deccan plateau, separating North India from South India. They stretch for a distance of 1050 km, separating the plain from the plateau. This is the southern steep edge of the Malva basalt plateau, strongly dissected by river valleys, which does not form a continuous chain. The average height is up to 300 m, the high altitude is 700-800 m. The highest point is 881 m.

In the northern part of the Deccan plateau there are medium-altitude rocky ridges of Satpura, Mahadeo, Maikal, composed of gneisses, crystalline schists and other rocks, between which immense lava plateaus are located. Satpura in Central India stretches for 900 km from East Gujarat near the coast of the Arabian Sea through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to Chhattisgarh, from Western lowlands along the interfluve of the Tapti and Narmada rivers. They run parallel to the Vindhya mountains south of the Narmada River, which flows in the lowlands between these mountain ranges. The highest point is Mount Dhupgarh, 1350 m.

Western Ghats, or Sadhyadri (Sahyadri) stretch for 1600 km along the western coast of India - from the mouth of the river. Tapti to Cape Camorin. The average height of the mountains is 900 m. western slope descends to the sea in sheer ledges, the eastern one is gentle, cut by the valleys of large rivers (Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi). Their southern continuation is the horst massifs of the Nilgiri, Anaimalai, Cardamom Mountains with sharpened peaks, steep slopes, and deep gorges. The highest point is the city of Doddabetta (2633 m) in the northwestern part of the state of Tamil Nadu.

The Eastern Ghats form the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau. They stretch along the east coast of India, from West Bengal, through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu. The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats at the Nilgiri Mountains. They are divided into separate massifs by strong rivers flowing from west to east as a result of the inclination of the Deccan Plateau to the east. The highest point is 1680 m.

The main centers of glaciation are concentrated in the Karakoram and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar range in the Himalayas. The glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snow drifts from the slopes. The average height of the snow line decreases from 5300 m in the west to 4500 m in the east. Due to global warming, glaciers are retreating.

In South Asia, mostly on the Hindustan Peninsula. The coast of India is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal from the southeast and the Arabian from the southwest. The area of ​​the territory is 3287259 km2.

Climate. The climate of India is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar desert, causing monsoons. The Himalayas serve as a barrier to the cold Central Asian winds, thus making the climate in most of Hindustan warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet. The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwesterly winds of the summer monsoon, which provide much of India with rain between June and October. India is dominated by 4 main climates: humid tropical, dry tropical, subtropical monsoon and highland. In most of India, 3 seasons are distinguished: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwest monsoon (June-October); relatively cool and dry with a predominance of the northeast trade wind (November-February); very hot and dry transitional (March-May). During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual precipitation falls. The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are the most humid (up to 6000 mm/year), on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji (about 12000 mm). The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, dry period 9-10 months) and the central part of Hindustan (300-500 mm, dry period 8-9 months). The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year. On the plains, the average temperature in January increases from north to south from +15 to +27°C, in May everywhere +28...+35°C, sometimes reaching +45...+48°C. During the humid period in most parts of the country the temperature is +28°C. In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1°C, in July +23°C, at an altitude of 3500 m respectively -8°C and +18°C.

Relief. There are 7 natural regions on the territory of India: the Northern mountain range (consisting of the Himalayas and the Karakorum), the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau (Dean Plateau), the East Coast, the West Coast and the Adaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. In India, 7 large mountain ranges rise: the Himalayas, Patkai (Eastern Highlands), Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats. The Himalayas stretched from east to west (from the Brahmaputra River to the Indus River) for 2500 km with a width of 150 to 400 km. The Himalayas consist of three main mountain ranges: the Sivalik Mountains in the south (altitudes 800-1200 m), then the Small Himalayas (2500-3000 m) and the Great Himalayas (5500-6000 m).

Hydrography. Under water ≈ 9.5% of the area. In the Himalayas are the sources of the three largest rivers in India: the Ganges (2510 km), the Indus (2879 km) and the Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal. Several rivers flow into the Gulf of Cambay (Tapti, Narbad, Mahi and Sabarmati). During the summer rainy season, followed by snowmelt in the Himalayas, flooding in North India became a common occurrence. Once every 5-10 years, almost the entire Jamno-Gangetic plain is under water. There are no significant lakes in India. Most often there are oxbow lakes in the valleys of large rivers; there are also glacial-tectonic lakes in the Himalayas. The largest lake, Sambhar, is located in arid Rajasthan.

Aquatic bioresources.

Vegetation. Humid tropical evergreen forests, monsoon (deciduous) forests, savannahs, woodlands and shrubs, semi-deserts and deserts. In the Himalayas, the vertical zonality of the vegetation cover is clearly manifested - from tropical and subtropical forests to alpine meadows. Forests occupy ≈ 21.6% of the territory.

Soils. Among the variety of soils in India, 4 main types can be distinguished. Where it is humid and warm all year round, in areas of broad-leaved forests red soils predominate, they are found on soils of various mineralogical composition, their distribution depends to a large extent on climate. The thickness of krasnozems is 0.5-1.5 m, but there are areas where the thickness of red earth loose rock exceeds 10 m. Indian krasnozems are poor in humus and phosphates. In tropical regions with a sharp change in the dry and wet seasons, laterites are common, which are also found on a wide variety of rocks containing iron and aluminum silicates. Laterites are characteristic of flat areas and gentle slopes of watersheds. In terms of their fertility, they are significantly inferior to red soils. In the central and northwestern parts of the Deccan, in the climate of dry savannahs, black clay soils, or regars, formed on the weathering crust of basalts. During the dry season, regars retain the moisture of the monsoon rains for a long time, which favors rainfed cotton crops, which require dry hot air and moist soil. Almost all of the lowlands of the Ganges, the valleys of Assam, and the coastal lowlands and river valleys of the Deccan are occupied by alluvial soils, accounting for about half of all cultivated soils.

Agriculture. Farmland occupies ≈ 54.7% of the territory, in their structure - arable land ≈ 87%. In the southeastern part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland is the main rice-growing zone of India, where rice is cultivated in the kharifa season (May-September) under monsoon rains, and in the rabi season (October-April) artificial irrigation is used. In the northwestern part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland, wheat is cultivated. It is grown under artificial irrigation. On the terraced slopes of the Assam Mountains on the red earth, plantations of the tea bush have been established, growing best in a moderately warm climate, on well-drained soil.

Animal husbandry and crafts. Buffaloes, cows (dairy cattle breeding), pigs, sheep, camels, poultry, goats are bred. Fishing.

Plant growing. They grow wheat, barley, rice, millet, corn, peanuts, sugar beets, sugar cane, soybeans, rapeseed, sunflowers, cotton, hevea, tobacco, coffee, tea, jute, castor beans, potatoes, sesame, garlic, red pepper, cauliflower , okra, eggplant, white cabbage, bananas, oranges, mangoes, coconut palm, cashews, guava, lychees, pineapples, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, grapes.

Regions of India

State of Andhra Pradesh.
Located along the southeastern coast of the country. It occupies the eastern part of the Deccan plateau and the plains east of the Eastern Ghats. The climate varies greatly by region, with monsoons affecting the entire state. Temperatures on eastern plains usually slightly higher than in other areas. The west and southwest of the state has a more arid climate. Eastern Ghats cross Andhra Pradesh from north to south and are divided into 2 parts. The coastal plains represent the main agricultural region. Major rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and Tungabhadra. Rivers are actively used for irrigation. Rice, sugar cane, cotton, red pepper, tobacco, mango are grown.

State of Arunachal Pradesh.
Located in the northeast of India.

State of Assam.
Located in the east of India. The climate is tropical monsoon, the territory receives abundant seasonal rainfall. They grow jute and tea.

State of Bihar.
Located in the east of India. The climate is tropical monsoon, from June to September - the monsoon season. It is a huge fertile plain. In a small area, in the far north of the state, the foothills of the Himalayas begin. There are low hills in the central part of the state. They grow rice, cauliflower, okra, eggplant, white cabbage, mango, guava, lychee, pineapple.

State of Kerala.
Located on the Malabar coast in southwestern India. The climate is humid tropical, oceanic, strongly dependent on seasonal monsoons. The average annual rainfall is 3107 mm: from 1250 mm in some lowland regions to 5000 mm in the eastern district of Idukki. There are 3 main geographic region: uplands in the interior east, rolling hills in the middle, and flat coastal plain in the west. The plains are almost entirely occupied by agricultural land. Fishing. They grow coffee, tea, hevea, coconut palm, cashews, bananas.

State of Uttar Pradesh.
Located in northern India. The climate is tropical monsoon, which varies greatly in different areas due to large fluctuations in altitude. There are 3 seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to mid-June) and the rainy season (monsoons) (June to September). The Himalayas receive abundant rainfall: 1000-2000 mm in the eastern regions, in the west of the state 600-1000 mm. The state is located mainly within the Indo-Gangetic lowlands, in the fertile valley of the Ganges and Jumna. The territory can be divided into 3 main geographical regions: the Himalayas (in the north), the height of which here ranges from 300 to 5000 m; Gangetic Plain (center), a flat area characterized by fertile alluvial soils, many rivers and lakes; the third region is the Vidhya hills and plateaus, which occupy the southern part of the state. They grow wheat, rice, legumes, sugar cane, tea, potatoes, mangoes.

Capital- Delhi.
Time ahead of Moscow by 2.5 hours.
Square- 3,287,000 sq. km.
Population- about 1 billion people.
National language: Hindi, English spoken. India knows no equal in terms of the number of languages. According to the latest census, 1,652 languages ​​are registered in India, 15 of which are listed in a special appendix to the Constitution. Modern literary language Hindi, the official language of the seven northern states, is and official language Indian Union.
National currency: Indian rupee, 100INR=2.3042USD.
Religion: 80% of the population are Hindus, Muslims make up a significant religious minority - 12%. The number of Christians reaches only 18 million. Mostly they are Catholics and Protestants. There are also Orthodox parishes. Of the confessions born on Indian soil, Sikhism stands out, the number of followers of which exceeds 17 million. In Mumbai (formerly Bombay) there is a small (about 200 thousand), but influential community of fire-worshipping Parsis. In the seaside cities of Kerala, you can meet followers of Judaism (about 6 thousand). About 26 thousand representatives of aboriginal tribes profess various pagan beliefs.
Geographical position
India is located on the Hindustan peninsula between the headwaters of the rivers of the Indus system in the Punjab in the West and the river system of the Ganges in the East.
The southeastern part of Hindustan forms a vast plain - Tamil Nadu.
The Hindustan Peninsula is sometimes also called the Indian subcontinent - and there is every reason for this both because of its impressive size (about 2 thousand km in the East-West direction and 3 thousand km in the North-South direction), and because of for its geological history - in the distant past, Hindustan, due to continental drift) separated from Africa and "drifted" to Asia.
Relief
In the south, the vast Deccan plateau stretches (1600 km from north to south and 1400 km from west to east), which has an arid climate, rapids, rivers that become very shallow in winter and drought-resistant vegetation such as savannahs and forests with falling leaves.
The Deccan is an arid, rolling plateau bounded on the west and east by the Western (higher) and Eastern Ghats. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers flow through the Dekan plateau in the direction from West to East. It's interesting that modern ideas, the Deccan Plateau was formed tens of millions of years ago as a result of "swelling" earth's surface from an asteroid impact from the opposite side the globe in the Gulf of Mexico (it was this catastrophe that probably caused the extinction of the dinosaurs).
In the north is the world's highest system of the Himalayan ("Abode of the Snow") mountains (the highest point of Chomolungma - 8848 m above sea level) with snowy peaks and glaciers; to the east is the fertile valley of the Ganges.
In addition to the Himalayas, six more large mountain ranges rise in India: Paktai (Eastern Highlands), Aravali, Vindhya, Saptura, Sadyari (Western Ghats), Eastern Ghats.
The Himalayas stretched from east to west (from the Brahmaputra river to the Indus river) for 2500 km with a width of 150 to 400 km. The Himalayas consist of three main mountain ranges: the Sivalik Mountains in the south (altitudes 800-1200 m), then the Lesser Himalayas (2500-3000 m) and the Greater Himalayas (5500-6000 m).
The Paktai Mountains (Purwachal, Eastern Highlands) stretch along India's border with Burma and Bangladesh. highest point - 4578 m.
The Araval Mountains stretch for 725 km from Delido pcs. Gujarat. The highest point is Mount Guru (1722 m).
The Vindhya Mountains rise on the border of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau. They stretched for a distance of 1050 km, heights - up to 700-800 m.
The chain of the Satpur Mountains stretches for 900 km from the Western Lowland to the interfluve of the Tapti and Narmada. The highest point - Dhupgarh - 1350 m.
Western Ghats (Sadhryadri) stretch for 1600 km along the western coast of India for 1600 km - from the mouth of the river. Tapti to Cape Camorin. The highest point is Dodabetta (2633 m).
The Eastern Ghats stretch along the east coast of India. The highest point is 1680 m.
The Indo-Gangetic Plain occupies the central and eastern part of India, its area is 319 thousand square kilometers. Up to 250 million people live on the territory of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
To the west, the Thar Desert (Thar, Great Indian Desert) adjoins the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Minerals
The mineral resources of India are diverse and their reserves are significant. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. On the border of the states of Orisa and Bihar, there are iron ore basins that are among the most important in the world (the largest is Singbhum on the Chhota-Nagpur plateau). Iron ores are of high quality. General geological reserves are over 19 billion tons. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores. Somewhat to the north of the iron ore are the main coal basins (in the states of Bihar, West Bengal), but these coals are of poor quality. The explored reserves of hard coal in the country are about 23 billion tons (the total coal reserves in India, according to various sources, are estimated at 140 billion tons).
In the north-east of the country, there is a particularly favorable concentration of minerals for the development of heavy industries. The state of Bihar is the most mineral-rich region in India.
The minerals of South India are diverse. These are bauxites, chromites, magnesites, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands. In Central India (the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh) there are also significant deposits of ferrous metals and coal.

Inland waters
The rivers Ganges (2510 km), Brahmaputra (2900 km), Indus (2879 km), Narbada and others are full of water and navigable for a long distance. Many Deccan rivers dry up during the dry season. Floods are frequent during the rainy season in North India.
Climate
The climate of India is very diverse.

The Himalayas have cold winters with occasional frosts and snowfall. On the northern plains - cool winters and sharp fluctuations in temperature depending on the time of day, summer - very hot.
On the Deccan Plateau, temperature fluctuations are small, but in higher regions, the nights are cold in winter.
It is always hot on the plains of Tamilanda, but the temperature does not rise as high as in the northern regions of the country.
The most important feature of the Indian climate is the rainy season (monsoon period). It lasts from June for about 2 months. During the rest of the year, the climate is characterized by aridity (with the exception of the western coast).
Animal and plant world
The Hindustan peninsula is a whole continent, the climatic and geographical originality of which contributes to the prosperity of the animal and plant world.
In India, there are about 45 thousand plant species, of which 15 thousand are found only in India. Forests in India cover an area of ​​639 thousand square kilometers, which is 19.45% of the entire territory of the country.
India has approximately 82,000 various kinds animals, including 850 species of mammals, 2000 species of birds, 2500 species of fish, 150 species of amphibians, 450 species of reptiles, approximately 60 thousand species of insects.
Although species ranges overlap each other, each region has its own idiosyncrasies. The hangul is limited to the Kashmir Valley in North India, rhinoceroses are found in scattered floodplains along the Brahmaputra River in the east, black langur is found in the Western Ghats, and Western India is home to the last remaining Asiatic lions.
The two most impressive species, the Bengal tiger and the Indian elephant, are still found throughout the area, although in recent times their population has been greatly reduced.
The Bengal tiger reaches a length of 3 meters and a weight of up to 290 kg. Even in the recent past, tigers were mercilessly destroyed, and by 1973, when a special program was launched to restore the Bengal tiger population, there were only 1,827 individuals. By 1986, the population of Bengal tigers had increased to 4230 individuals.
The Indian elephant is slightly smaller than the African elephant. Its size reaches 3 meters in height and 3.2 in length. And, unlike the African, it lends itself well to training and has long been a pet. AT ancient world indian elephants often used in the military.
The Asiatic (Gir) lion survived only in the Gir forest on the Kathiwar Peninsula in Western India. Its number reaches 210-220 individuals.
Gaur or Indian bison is the largest ungulate animal in India. The male reaches 95 cm in height and weighs over 900 kg.
The large Indian rhinoceros reaches 180 cm in height and 335 cm in length. The length of the horn reaches 61 cm. Indian rhinos are found mainly in the Kazirang National Park.
The only representative of the anthropoid apes - the Huloka gibbon - is found in the forests of Assam. The height of the male reaches 90 cm, weight up to 8 kg.
Langur is the most common monkey species in India. The male langur reaches 75 cm in height, weight - up to 21 kg.
The king cobra is the largest venomous snake in India. It reaches a length of 5.5 m. The bite of a king cobra is deadly even for an elephant.
The Indian cobra (another type of poisonous snake) reaches a length of 180 cm.
The Gangetic gharial lives in the Ganges valley. The length of this crocodile reaches 6.6 m. The population of this crocodile is rather small.
In order to preserve rare and small species of flora and fauna, 83 national parks, 447 nature reserves, 23 tiger reserves, 200 zoos and 8 biosphere reserves have been created in India.

Reserves and National parks
national park Dachigam (Kashmir)
Wide valley: mountain slopes. A rare species of deer lives here - hangul, black and brown bears, leopards; heron nests. Airport: Srinagar, 22 km. Railway station: Jammu, 311 km. Season: June - July. Accommodation: Srinagar - water houses on Dal and Nagin lakes.
Govind Sagar Bird Sanctuary (Himachal Pradesh)
The bird sanctuary is inhabited by cranes, ducks, geese, teals. Airport: Chandigarh, 135 km. Railway station: Nangal, 13 km. Accommodation: You can stay in Bakra.
Corbett National Park (Uttar Pradesh)
Foothills of the Himalayas in the vicinity of Dikal; saline forests and plains. Fauna: tigers, elephants, leopards and various birds. Excellent fishing in the Ramgang River. Airport: Pantnagar, 115 km. Railway station: Ramnagar, 51 km. Season: November - May. Accommodation: in the park.
Dadwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh)
Nepal border. Tigers, sloth bears and panthers live here. Airport: Lucknow, 251 km. Railway station: Dadva, 4 km. Season: November - May. Accommodation in the park.
Flower Valley National Park (Uttar Pradesh)
When in bloom, this "garden on the roof of the world", elevated to a height of 3500 m, dazzles with exuberant colors. Location: 44 km from Badrinath. Railway station: Rishikesh, 280 km. Season: June - July.
Sariska National Park (Rajasthan)
About 200 km from Delhi. Forest and open plains. Sambar (the largest of the Indian deer), chetal (spotted deer), nilgai (Indian antelope), black deer, leopard, tiger; good night view. Airport: Jaipur, 160 km. Railway station: Alwar, 35 km (bus service). Season: February - June. Accommodation: in the park.
Ranthambhor (Sawai Madhopur - Rajasthan)
Hilly forests, plains and lakes. Sambar, chinkara (Indian gazelle), tiger, sloth bear, crocodiles and migratory waterfowl. Airport: Jaipur, 162 km. Railway station: Sawai-Madhopur, 11 km. Season: November - May. Accommodation: in the park and in Sawai Madhopur.
Bandavgari National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
Situated in the Vindya Mountains. The park has a diverse fauna including panthers, sambars and gaurs. Airport: Jabalpur, 166 km. Railway station: Umaria, 34 km. Accommodation: forest hotel in the park.
Bharatpur National Park (Keoloadeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary) (Rajasthan)
The most famous bird sanctuary in India. There are many unique waterfowl here, a large number of migrants from Siberia and China; cranes, geese, herons, snake-catchers, etc. Airport: Agra, 52 km. Railway station: Bharatpur, 5 km. Road connection: 176 km from Jaipur, 177 km from Delhi. Season: September - February. Accommodation: on the territory of the reserve.
Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
Saline forests and savanna. The only place where the barashingha (marsh deer) lives; in addition, there are tiger, chetal, gaur (Indian bison), monkeys. Airport: Nagpur, 270 km. Railway station: Jabalpur, 170 km. Season: November - March. Accommodation: on the territory of the park, in Cana and Kisli.
Shivpuri National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
Open forests and lake. Fauna: chinkara, chousingha (four-horned antelope), nilgai, tiger, leopard, waterfowl. Airport: Jhansi, 95 km. Season: February - May. Accommodation: motel, forest holiday home.
Kaziranga National Park (Assam)
Meadows and swamps. Fauna: Indian one-horned rhinoceros, water bull, tiger, leopard, elephant, deer, various birds. It is possible to move around the park on elephants. Airports: Jorhat, 96 km, and Guwahati, 217 km. Railway station: Furkating, 78 km. Season: February - May. Accommodation: in the park.
Reserve Manas (Assam)
On the border with Bhutan. Rainforest, savannah and river banks are inhabited by rhino, water bull, tiger, elephant, golden langur, waterfowl. Fishing is allowed. Airport: Guwahati, 176 km. Railway station: Sarupeta, 40 km. Season: January - March. Accommodation: on the territory of the reserve.
Palamau Tiger Reserve (Bihar)
Rocky and wooded hills. Tiger, leopard, elephant, sambar, wild tropical cat, rhesus monkey, rarely wolf. Airport: Ranchi, 155 km. Railway station: Daltonganj, 19 km. Season: February - March. Accommodation: in Belt.
Hazaribag National Park (Bihar)
Salt marshes and wooded hills. Sambar, nilgai, chetal, tiger, leopard, rarely - muntjak (large barking deer). Airport: Ranchi, 100 km. Railway station: Hazaribag, 67 km. Season: February - March. Accommodation: in the park.
Sunderbans Tiger Reserve (West Bengal)
Mangrove forests. Tiger, river cat, deer, crocodile, dolphin, various birds. Transport: external and internal transportation by boats. Airport: Kolkata, 48 km. Season: February - March. Accommodation: there are no hotels and conditions for overnight stay on the territory and near the reserve.
Jaldapara Game Reserve (West Bengal)
Tropical forest and savanna. Rhinoceros, elephant, various birds. Airport: Bagdogra, 155 km. Railway station: Madari Hat, 11 km. Season: March - May. Accommodation: holiday home in Jaldapar.
Similipal Tiger Reserve (Orissa)
Extensive saline forest. Tiger, elephant, leopard, sambar, chetal, muntjak deer and deer. Airport: Bhubaneswar, 310 km. Railway station: Baripada, 50 km. Season: November - June. Accommodation: Tourist holiday homes in the vicinity.
Periyar Game Reserve (Kerala)
Large artificial lake. Elephant, gaur, wild dog, black langur, beavers, turtles; numerous species of birds, including the hornbill and the water owl. View from the water. Airports: Madurai, 160 km, Cochin, 208 km, and Thiruvananthapuram, 258 km. Railway station: Madurai, Kottayam, 110 km, and Bodinayakanur, 67 km. Accommodation: a good choice hotels in the vicinity of the reserve.
Vedanthangal Waterfowl Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
One of the most picturesque mass nesting sites in India. Cormorants, herons, storks, pelicans, grebes and many others. Airport: Chennai (Madras), 85 km. Railway station: Chengalpattu, 28 km. Season: October - March. Accommodation: forest rest house.
Point Calimer Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
It is primarily known for its flamingos. There are herons, teals, curlews, plovers and blackbucks and wild boars. Airport: Tiruchirappalli, 200 km. Railway station: Point Calimer, 0.5 km. Season: November - January. Accommodation: forest rest house.
Pulikat Bird Sanctuary (Andhra Pradesh)
Flamingo, gray pelican, heron, tern. Airport and railroad station: Chennai (Madras), 60 km. Accommodation: overnight in Nellur.
Dandeli National Park (Karnataka)
The park is inhabited by bison, panthers, tigers and sambars. Easily accessible from Goa. Airport: Belgaon, 142 km. Railway station: Alnaver, 20 km. Accommodation: Holiday homes in Kullji Forest and Mandurli and River View Bungalows in Dandeli.
Jawhar National Park includes Bandipur and Nagarhole National Parks (Karnataka) and Mudumalai Game Reserves (Tamilnadu) and Wayanad (Kerala)
Dense mixed forest. The largest population of elephants in India; leopard, gaur, sambar, muntjak deer and giant squirrel. Birds include the Indian cuckoo, barbet and trogon.
Bandipur (Karnataka)
Airport: Bangalore, 190 km. Railway station: Mysore, 65 km. Available to tourists from Coimbatore and Udhagamandalam. Accommodation: in the park.
Mudumalai (Tamil Nadu)
Airport: Coimbatore, 16 km. Railway station: Udhagamandalam, 68 km.
Nagarhole (Karnataka)
Airport: Bangalore. Railway station: Mysore. Accommodation: tourist cottages.
Wayanad(Kerala)
Airport: Cochin, 300 km. Railway station: Calicut, 111 km. Accommodation: forest rest house.
Krishnagiri Upavan National Park (Maharashtra)
Formerly known as Borivili, this reserve protects an important natural area near Bombay. Kanheri caves, Vihar, Tulsi and Povari lakes. Waterfowl and small mammals. Open air cinema next to the Lion Safari Park. Airport: Mumbai (Bombay), 20 km. Railway station: Borivili, 3 km. Season: October - June. Accommodation: tourist cottages.
Taroba National Park (Maharashtra)
Teak forest and lake. Tiger, leopard, nilgai, gaur. Night inspections. Airport: Nagpur, 208 km. Railway station: Chandrapur, 45 km. Season: March - May. Accommodation: in the park.
Sasangir National Park (Gujarat)
Wooded plains and lake. The only habitat of the Asiatic lion; other fauna: sambar, chowsingha, nilgai, leopard, chinkara and wild boar. Airport: Rajkot, 153 km. Railway station: Sasangir, 0.5 km. Season: January - May. Accommodation: in the park.
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary (Gujarat)
Lake. Migratory waterfowl. local views birds include flamingos. Airport: Ahmedabad, 64 km. Railway station: Weeramgam, 40 km. Season: November - February. Accommodation: there are conditions for living near the lake.
Reserve "Small Kachsky Rain" (Gujarat)
Desert. Herds of kura (Indian wild donkey), wolf, caracal. Airport: Ahmedabad, 195 km. Railway station: Dhangadra, 25 km. Season: October - June. Accommodation: on the territory of the reserve and in Dhangadra. Passage from Bhuj is possible.
Velvadar National Park (Gujarat)
Savannah of the New Delta. Large concentration of black goats. Airport and railway station: Bhavnagar, 65 km. Season: October - June. Accommodation: in the park.

Industry and production
In the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers stands out. The importance of petrochemistry is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber are produced. Developed pharmaceutical industry. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country.
Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries stand out in particular. In terms of the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers of the cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, jute - Calcutta, Textile factories are found in all major cities countries. In India's exports, textile and clothing products account for 25%.
The food industry produces goods both for domestic consumption and for export. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and in the south of the country. India is the world's leading tea exporter.
Agriculture. Leading Industry Agriculture India - crop production (4/5 of the value of all products). The sown area is 140 million hectares, but there are practically no land resources for new development. Agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the cultivated area is irrigated). Forests are reduced (slash-and-burn agriculture is still preserved).
The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, etc. The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, tea, sugar cane, tobacco, and oilseeds (rapeseed, peanuts, etc.). Coconut palm, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, spices and spices are also grown. The agricultural year is almost universally divided into two seasons in India - kharif (summer) and rabi (winter). Large land fund.
Animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, much behind crop production. Cattle are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. Milk, hide and skin of animals are used.
Fishing is of considerable importance in the coastal regions. The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country.

Holidays(where would we be without them!)
Northern India.
Almost every day there is some kind of holiday here. However, at least take note of the following:
January: January 26, Republic Day (Delhi).
February-March: Holiday of flowers and spring - Holi.
July-August: Colorful holiday Teej. (Jaipur). August 15, Independence Day, (Delhi).
September-October: Spectacular holidays of Diwali and Dasheher.
November: Pushkar Desert Fair. (Pushkar).
Western India.
February-March: Unique Mardi Gras (Goa).
March: Dance festival. (Khajuraho).
July-August: Festival of the thousand-headed snake Nagpanchami and also the festival of Raksha Bandhan.
August-September: Spectacular holidays dedicated to the gods Krishna and Ganesh.
(Bombay). December: Christmas in Goa.
South India.
There are more of them here than in any other part of India. Therefore, you will definitely fall into one of them, even if you are not lucky enough to participate in the biggest holidays listed below:
January: Pongal Festival, a three-day Tamil harvest festival. Water festival in Madurai. The Great Elephant Trek.
February: Great Jain festival celebrated every 12-14 years. (Shravanbelagola).
April-May: Puram Elephant Parade. (Trichur).
August-September: Onam holiday; Serpentine boat races in Kerala and the national festival of Diwali, Hindu New Year.
October: Ten-day celebration-carnival of Dasheher. (Mysore).
Eastern India.
February-March: Shivaratri - dedicated to the god Shiva.
June-July: Spectacular Chariot Festival, the largest religious festival in India. (Puri).
October: Sadarang Music Festival (Kolkata)
November-December: Konari dance festival. (Konarak).

When compiling the description of the country, materials from the sites were used:
http://www.krugosvet.ru/aMenu/1.htm
http://www.gold-pelican.spb.ru/countrys.php
http://tours.belti.ru/all_maps.php
http://www.oval.ru/encycl.shtml

Introduction

The purpose of the work is to learn how to compose a comprehensive country-specific characteristic of the country, to explore the countries of Ireland and India for the uniqueness and originality of each of them, as well as in terms of the development of tourism and the possibility of their further development. For this purpose, the characteristics of the countries will be used in the work: geographical position, natural conditions for the development of tourism, demographic statistics, analysis of history, culture, art, political and socio-economic situation.

India

General information about the country

State in South Asia.

Official name: Republic of India

The official name of the country, India, comes from the ancient Persian word "Sindhu" - the historical name of the Indus River. The Constitution of India also recognizes a second name, Bharat, which comes from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Indian king whose history was described in the Mahabharata.

Capital: New Delhi.

The area of ​​the country is 3165596 km2.

The population is 1.1 billion people.

Official language: Hindi, English is used in business correspondence and 17 other official languages ​​in the states of India.

Monetary unit: Rupee. 1 rupee = 100 paise (about 44 ind. rupees = 1 US dollar).

India is made up of twenty-eight states (which in turn are subdivided into districts), six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Each state has its own elected government, while the union territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government. However, some union territories have their own elected governments.

India is a member of the UN, IMF, World Bank, UNESCO, British Commonwealth of Nations.

Geographical position

It is located on the Hindustan Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and in most of the Indo-Gangetic lowland. In the north it borders on Afghanistan, China, Nepal and Bhutan, in the east - on Bangladesh and Burma (Myanmar), in the west - on Pakistan. In the east it is washed by the Bay of Bengal, in the south - by the Polk Strait, which separates it from Sri Lanka, and the Indian Ocean, in the west - by the Arabian Sea. India includes part of the territories of Jammu and Kashmir, disputed by Pakistan.

Relief

India can be divided into four regions: the Himalayas, the northern river valleys, the Deccan Plateau, and the Eastern and Western Ghats. Himalayas - mountain system width from 160 to 320 km, stretching for 2400 km along the northern and eastern borders. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. Among the highest mountain peaks, wholly or partly located in India, are Kanchenjunga (8598 m), the third peak in the world after Everest and K2 (Godwin Austen); Nanga Parbat (8126 m); Nanda Devi (7817 m); Rakaposhi (7788 m); Kamet (7756 m). To the south, parallel to the Himalayas, lies the region of the northern river valleys - a flat strip with a width of 280 to 400 km. The region occupies most of the area of ​​the plains, through which the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra flow.

India can be divided into four regions: the Himalayas, the northern river valleys, the Deccan Plateau, and the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Himalayas is a mountain system with a width of 160 to 320 km, stretching for 2400 km along the northern and eastern borders. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. Among the highest mountain peaks, wholly or partly located in India, are Kanchenjunga (8598 m), the third peak in the world after Everest and K2 (Godwin Austen); Nanga Parbat (8126 m); Nanda Devi (7817 m); Rakaposhi (7788 m); Kamet (7756 m). To the south, parallel to the Himalayas, lies the region of the northern river valleys - a flat strip with a width of 280 to 400 km. The region occupies most of the area of ​​the plains, through which the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra flow.

Inland waters

The central and western parts of India receive water from the Ganges, sacred to all Hindus, and its tributaries, called the Ganges valley. The Assam region receives its water from the Brahmaputra, which originates in the northern Himalayas and flows into Bangladesh. The Indus rises in Tibet and flows west through Jammu and Kashmir into Pakistan.

Due to the abundance of water and fertile land, the region of the northern river valleys is the most populated region of the country and it was there that Indian civilization originated. To the south of this region lies the vast triangular Deccan plateau, which occupies almost the entire Indian peninsula. The height of the plateau is from 300 to 900 m, however, sometimes there are chains up to 1200 m high. In many places it is crossed by rivers. In the east and west, the plateau is framed by mountain ranges: the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats rise to a height of up to 900 m. Between them and the Arabian Sea lies the narrow plain of the Malabar coast. The Eastern Ghats rise to a height of about 460 m. Between them and the Bay of Bengal lies a narrow flat strip of the Koro Mandel coast.

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