Today, the consumer attitude to nature, the expenditure of its resources without the implementation of measures to restore them are a thing of the past. The problem of rational use natural resources, the protection of nature from the detrimental consequences of human economic activity have acquired great national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to keep the air and water clean, to ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve environment person. Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.
For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents fluorine from being released into the atmosphere.
In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for movement within the city. Proper city planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut.
Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.
Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are moving to new technology- a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times.
Proper agricultural practices and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance for increasing the productivity of agriculture. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and slow down the flow of water. A variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.
The development of biological methods of pest control can dramatically reduce the use of agriculture pesticides.
Currently, 2,000 species of plants, 236 species of mammals, 287 species of birds need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, white heron, eider.
Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as the basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. The reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.
Such examples show that a careful attitude based on deep knowledge of plant and animal biology not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.
Conclusion.
Mankind, in its striving to improve the conditions of existence, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Moreover, he began to produce such pollution, for the processing of which there are no corresponding species in nature yet, and for some pollution, for example, radioactive, they will never appear. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-increasing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.
Bibliography:
General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.
General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions.
S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000
Nature protection as a system of measures aimed at optimizing the interaction of society with the natural environment covers not only ways to preserve and optimize the human environment, but also issues of rational use of all types of natural resources. Both of these aspects of nature conservation are closely interrelated.
Prevention of destruction or loss of resource and environmental potentials natural complexes- the main direction of nature conservation at the present time.
A specific unit of the natural environment, protected from pollution and undesirable change, is the landscape. The type of predominant economic use of natural landscapes (agricultural, forestry, etc.) makes it possible to determine the main directions of nature protection. Further differentiation of territories and water areas according to the degree of necessary protection is carried out on the basis of an assessment of the ecological state of individual components of natural complexes.
The recommended level of intensity (degree) of the necessary environmental protection measures is considered as a value that is inversely proportional to the natural stability of the landscape and directly proportional to the strength of anthropogenic impact on it. The more stable or less disturbed the landscape, the less intensive measures are required for its protection and vice versa.
There are two main areas in the system of environmental protection measures:
- nature protection by withdrawing territories and water areas from economic use or restricting economic activities on them in order to preserve the gene pool of plants and animals and landscapes in general as standards of nature;
- protection of nature in the process of using natural resources (rational nature management).
The first direction is implemented on the basis of the existing legally fixed network of specially protected natural areas(SPNA) and water areas of different environmental significance, in which the main categories are distinguished: state reserves and national natural parks, as well as wildlife sanctuaries federal significance. Particularly distinguished are the territories on which the objects of the world natural heritage are located.
From total number (101) state reserves a special place is occupied by biospheric ones of international importance. An obligatory function of biosphere reserves, along with the protection of the genetic fund of plants and animals of a particular region of the country, is the monitoring of the state.
A special object of the network of protected natural areas are state natural National parks. They protect landscapes with rich flora and fauna little changed by human activity. Nature protection is combined here with the organization of recreation for the population and mass tourism, and natural resources are used with intensity that does not damage landscapes. In parks, absolutely protected areas can also be distinguished.
The content and intensity of protective measures in the process of using natural resources is determined by the types of impact and the degree of transformation of natural landscapes. In Russia, significant areas are occupied by landscapes where natural ecosystems have been slightly transformed and have not lost their ability to self-regulate. First of all, these are the landscapes of territories with limited or extensive economic development, referred to the Far North: arctic (polar desert and arctic tundra), subarctic (tundra and forest tundra) and northern taiga (forest swamp East European, West Siberian and East Siberian). The same category includes, scattered throughout Russia, poorly used marsh, floodplain and delta landscapes, as well as landscapes of the upper belts of middle and high mountains. For all listed easily vulnerable, unstable landscapes, restrictions on large-focal development and intensive use of natural ecosystems are recommended.
Territories with anthropogenically modified landscapes require the implementation of measures not only to preserve, but also to restore their natural ecological potential. All the most transformed landscapes (up to the complete destruction of individual components) are concentrated in industrial-urbanized territories (cities and industrial centers). Here, the most complex and expensive engineering (technical and technological) measures are needed to prevent and reduce the volume of harmful effluents and emissions into the water and air environment, as well as measures aimed at protecting and restoring the morpholithogenic and biogenic components of the transformed landscapes.
The largest areas of transformation and modification of natural landscapes are characteristic of the agricultural and forestry types of use of the territory. Here protection is provided in two directions:
- preservation and improvement of natural soil fertility and forest productivity (maintenance of high level ecological potential);
- protection of lands and forests from destruction and a sharp deterioration in their quality (preservation of resource potential).
For cultivated lands, the very nature of agricultural production indicates the general direction of conservation measures. Thus, under irrigated conditions, the main measures are to prevent secondary salinization and.
In non-irrigated agriculture, non-compliance with the norms and rules of zonal (local) agricultural technology leads to activation of soil erosion and deflation on large areas, gully formation. The fight against these processes is based on a complex of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, agroforestry-meadow-reclamation and other measures. For pastures and hayfields, protective measures are aimed at optimizing the load on pastures, the timing of haymaking and grazing.
The system of environmental protection measures for forestry areas is determined by the main functions of the forest, natural and socio-economic conditions. This system is implemented not only in the form of direct protection (prohibitions, norms, etc.), but also in the very administration, logging technology.
At present, a multi-purpose approach to forests has prevailed throughout the world, i.e., obtaining wood, as it was before, is not considered the main goal of forest management. Not only wood should be reproduced, but also the forest landscape as a whole with the whole complex of its products and usefulness.
From a conservation point of view, first of all, the protective and environment-forming functions of the forest should be preserved, regardless of which functional subtype it belongs to - for all subtypes they are identical general events relating to the protection of forests from fires and protection from pests and diseases. However, their specific forms, types and intensity can vary significantly depending on local natural conditions, the main function and location of the forest in the socio-economic structure of the country (for example, near cities or in poorly developed areas).
The most complete use of felled wood is also of general environmental importance, i.e. not only stem, but also logging waste (logging residues, deadwood, etc.). This is in line with the modern policy of all-round saving of resources and is a kind of "non-waste technology". As a result, not only the area allocated for forest exploitation is reduced, but also conditions are created for the rapid restoration of forests on cleared cutting areas, the fire hazard and the risk of developing diseases and the reproduction of pests are reduced. Extending the service life of wood products (impregnation, etc.) belongs to the same category of measures. |
In the timber industry (protective-operational) subtype of the use of the territory, the main function of the forest is raw material. Deforestation and transportation of wood are the activities that cause the greatest damage to forest landscapes, especially when it comes to clear-cut concentrated cuttings. The main task of environmental protection measures in this case is to optimize the ratio of the forest resource function, on the one hand, and the protective and environment-forming function, on the other.
Of paramount importance in ensuring the conservation of forest landscapes and their protective properties, not only in the present, but also in the future, is the observance of the norms for the release of forests for felling - the so-called allowable cutting area. It is determined by the ratio of the annual timber supply to the annual increase in timber stock, taking into account the presence of a mature forest stand and other factors. For mountain taiga forests, cuttings should always be less than the annual growth in order to preserve the protective function of these forests. And in areas of intensive forest exploitation in the European part of Russia, the allowable cut should strictly correspond to the possibility of sustainable use of forests.
The protection of waters from pollution cannot be considered outside the problem of their effective use. The system of recommended measures for water bodies that can eliminate or significantly reduce pollution and depletion of river and lake waters primarily includes such measures that reduce the intake of fresh water. These include: limiting reduction or complete cessation discharges of untreated wastewater through the introduction of water recycling systems, the introduction of wasteless production, the construction of modern treatment facilities and their efficient operation.
Water bodies in agricultural areas are polluted by soil erosion products, pesticides, fertilizers, runoff from livestock farms and especially from large pig breeding complexes. Water protection measures in these cases should be of a preventive nature. All specific areas of conservation measures are listed in the map legend.
On large rivers and lakes used as transport routes, pollution is increasing river fleet(mainly oily sewage and garbage). The fight against this kind of pollution is associated with the proper organization of transport and the implementation of preventive measures.
One of the obligatory nature protection measures in the rational use of biological resources are measures to comply with the established norms and rules of fishing, fishing for sea animals and hunting for waterfowl.
With the help of this video lesson, you can independently study the topic "Rational use of nature and its protection." During the lesson, you will learn that nature is not an inexhaustible resource. The teacher will talk about the need for rational use of nature and ways to protect it.
Rational use of nature and its protection
BIOLOGY
9 CLASS
Topic: fundamentals of ecology
Lesson 64
Anisimov Alexey Stanislavovich,
biology and chemistry teacher,
Moscow, 2012
Each of us, regardless of age, has the power to positively or negatively influence the future of nature. Scientists and environmentalists argue that in order to contribute to saving the future of the biosphere, it is enough not to throw away plastic bags, constantly buying new ones, to refuse goods in plastic bottles, do not throw away batteries, accumulators and equipment with the appropriate designations in the bins. Being the master of nature is harder than being its consumer. But only responsible owners care about their future.
For many centuries, mankind has treated nature as an almost inexhaustible source of well-being. To plow more land, cut down more trees, mine more coal and ore, build more roads and factories was considered the main direction of progressive development and prosperity. Already in ancient times, with the beginning of agriculture and cattle breeding, human activity led to real environmental disasters: irreversible change of large ecosystems and devastation of large areas.
By the middle of the 20th century, it was already obvious that environmental disturbance was caused by anthropogenic impact, which has not only local, but also planetary significance. The question of the limits of the ecological capacity of the planet for the existence of mankind has become acute.
Population growth and the technogenic nature of the use of nature have led to the threat of environmental violations affecting not only individual states and countries, but also the biosphere as a whole. Change planetary circular cycles - the circulation of matter. As a result, mankind faced whole line environmental issues caused by anthropogenic impact on the environment.
Depletion of natural resources. The resources on which humanity lives are divided into two categories:
1. Renewable (soil, vegetation, wildlife).
2. Non-renewable (reserves of ores and fossil fuels).
Renewable resources are capable of recovery if their consumption does not exceed critical limits. Intensive consumption has led to a significant decrease in the populations of salmon, sturgeon, many herring, and whales.
Soil losses, settling and erosion, destruction and removal of the fertile layer by water and wind have acquired enormous proportions. Both arise as a result of improper agricultural exploitation of land. Tens of millions of hectares of valuable soils are lost every year.
Environmental pollution
As a result of industrial production, a huge amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere, water and soil as waste, the accumulation of which threatens the lives of most species, including humans.
A powerful source of pollution is modern agriculture, which saturates soils with excess amounts of fertilizers and poisons to control pests. Unfortunately, the practice of using these substances is still widespread.
Rational use of natural resources and nature protection
Currently, global environmental threats have begun to be recognized by society. Environmentally competent and rational nature management is the only possible path for the survival of mankind.
It is impossible to ensure the survival of mankind without the development of environmental science, rational use and nature conservation. The science of ecology allows you to understand in what ways you need to build relationships with nature in different areas. human activity. In addition, at different peoples accumulated over the centuries great experience respect for the natural environment and the use of its resources. This experience was largely forgotten with the advent of the scientific and technological revolution, but now it is again attracting attention. It gives hope that modern humanity is armed scientific knowledge(http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120323/497341921.html). The main difficulty lies in the fact that in order to prevent global environmental disasters and ensure the rational use of nature, it is necessary to maintain consistency in the activities of many environmental groups, all states of the world and individuals.
It requires the restructuring of each person from the old forms of exploitation of nature to constant care for her, the transition to new technologies of industry and agriculture. All this is impossible without large investments, universal environmental awareness and deep knowledge in every area of interaction with nature.
Universal environmental education is becoming one of the main requirements of the time. The present and future generations will face an intense conscious struggle for the coordinated activity of people to preserve the biosphere (http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120418/497610977.html). In the present and in the future, the restructuring of industry and agriculture on ecological foundations, the introduction of new legislation, new moral standards, the formation ecological culture in the name of further prosperity and development of mankind on Earth.
Ecological disasters of antiquity
The first ecological catastrophes caused by man occurred several millennia ago. Thus, forests were cut down in Ancient Greece and Asia Minor, the territory of the deserts was greatly expanded due to overgrazing, and the number of ungulates fell sharply.
Ecological catastrophes caused by the violation of natural ties have repeatedly occurred in different regions of our country.
Dust storms caused by plowing large areas, lifted up and carried away fertile soils in the USA, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Because of the deforestation, navigable rivers became shallow.
In areas of dry climate, excessive watering caused soil salinization.
In the steppe regions, ravines sprawled, taking away fertile lands from people.
Polluted lakes and rivers turned into sewage reservoirs.
Species extinction
Through the fault of man, the species diversity of plants and animals is catastrophically reduced. Some species have disappeared as a result of direct extermination. For example, a passenger pigeon, sea Steller's cow and others.
Significantly more dangerous were abrupt changes in the natural environment caused by man, the destruction of habitual habitats. Because of this, death threatens 2/3 existing species. Now the pace of anthropogenic impoverishment of wildlife is such that several species of animals and plants disappear daily. In the history of the Earth, the processes of extinction of species were balanced by the processes of speciation. The pace of evolution is incomparable with the destructive influence of man on species diversity.
Earth Hour
Earth Hour is an annual international event hosted by the World Foundation wildlife(WWF). It takes place on the last Saturday of March and calls on all individuals and representatives of organizations to turn off the lights and other electrical appliances for one hour. Thus, ecologists seek to draw attention to the problems of climate change. The first Earth Hour took place in Australia in 1997, and the following year this goodwill action received worldwide support. To date, Earth Hour is the most massive attempt in the history of mankind to draw attention to environmental problems.
According to the estimates of the Wildlife Fund, more than a billion inhabitants of the planet participate in this action every year.
1. When did a person begin to think about the harm caused to nature by his activities?
2. What international environmental organizations do you know?
3. How it has changed before and is changing now chemical composition atmosphere due to the growth of industry?
4. Suggest your own promising ways to save the natural environment from human destruction.
1. Mamontov S. G., Zakharov V. B., Agafonova I. B., Sonin N. I. Biology. General patterns. – M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Pasechnik V. V., Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A. Biology. Introduction to General Biology and Ecology: Textbook for Grade 9. 3rd ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2002.
3. Ponomareva I. N., Kornilova O. A., Chernova N. M. Fundamentals general biology. Grade 9: A textbook for students in grade 9 of educational institutions / Ed. prof. I. N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005.
F. Engels “... at every step, the facts remind us that we do not rule over nature in the same way that a conqueror rules over a foreign people, we do not rule over it like someone who is outside nature, that we, on the contrary , with our flesh, blood and brain we belong to it and are inside it, that all our dominion over it consists in the fact that we, unlike other creatures, are able to cognize its laws and apply them correctly. Rational use of wildlife and its protection.
Nature protection is a system of natural-science, technical-industrial, economic and administrative-legal measures carried out within a given state or part of it, as well as on an international scale and aimed at the conservation and controlled change of nature in the interests of developing mankind, at maintaining and increasing its productivity, ensuring the rational use (including restoration) of natural resources and the environment.
Ecosystems are distinguished between natural, agricultural and urban. The principle of rational nature management sounds like this: "Use, protect, and protect, use." You can harvest medicinal herbs and berries in the forest, hunt animals and still not disturb the ecological balance. If the ecological balance is not disturbed, then the forest ecosystem will be able to recover. Obtaining a high yield, high milk yield, weight gain or shearing of wool of farm animals can be combined with the preservation of soil fertility, productivity and species richness of hayfields and pastures, the purity of the atmosphere and water. Even the largest urban and industrial ecosystems become less hazardous to nature if low-waste technologies and reliable waste treatment and storage facilities are used.
Rational use of nature is not enough, special protection of flora and fauna, all living beings is needed. In ecology, two levels of wildlife protection are distinguished: population-specific and ecosystem. On the population species level the objects of protection are specific species of animals or plants living in populations, so the protection of populations grows into the protection of species.
Population - species level of protection. In order to organize the protection of flora and fauna, objects of protection are identified and "Red Books" are created, containing lists and characteristics of species that are threatened with extinction. The first "Red Book" appeared in 1966. The organizer of its creation was the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. He published 5 volumes with a list of endangered species. Each species was given a separate sheet, and the book was printed on red paper - the color of the warning. Since this year, similar lists of endangered species have been published all over the world, although the paper for them is now used plain and only the binding is red. was published in 1988.
Population - species level of protection. - in 1985. They include, respectively, 533 and 247 species of plants and animals. Created for many republics and regions of Russia. The protection of biological diversity in ecosystems at the population-specific level is carried out by prohibiting the collection of individual beautifully flowering representatives of the orchid families (Venus slipper, two-leafed love) or lilies (curly and tiger lilies, hazel grouse, etc.), the harvesting of those types of medicinal herbs whose populations are already weakened by intensive exploitation (in many areas, the collection of valerian officinalis, sandy cumin is prohibited). It is also prohibited to hunt rare species of birds (cranes, swans, bustards, little bustards, etc.) or mammals (roe deer, Ussuri tiger, muskrat), capture certain types of fish (sturgeon: sterlet and sturgeon, trout, etc.) and rare species of butterflies and beetles.
Population - species level of protection. The success of the protection of flora and fauna at the population-species level depends on many factors. You already know that the reason for the weakening and even destruction of populations can be excessive production, destruction of habitats, introduction of new species - competitors that displace the protected species, pollution, etc. In addition, any species is associated with other organisms and, for example, in order to preserve population of a large predator, you need to take care of the population of its victims and the conditions for their normal life. Therefore, the protection of a species at the top of the food chain in nature will develop into the protection of the entire ecosystem in which it lives. Ecosystem protection is the most reliable way to preserve biological diversity. For this reason, the protection of populations of certain species in human-operated ecosystems is often ineffective and therefore some special forms of conservation of endangered species are used, for example, breeding of species under human control, the creation of gene banks.
Breeding species under human control. Animals are bred in zoos, plants in botanical gardens. There are also special breeding centers for rare species, the Oksky State Crane Nursery, the Prioksko-Terrasny Bison Nursery, and others. At numerous fish factories, rare species of fish are bred, the juveniles of which are released into rivers and lakes. In Sweden, Germany, Austria, France, after breeding in captivity, the lynx has been introduced into the forests. Conservation of species is also facilitated by the activities of amateur gardeners, keepers of aquariums. In a number of countries "rehabilitation centers" have been set up to help injured and sick animals. There are more than 20 such centers in France. After treatment, most animals are released, but some have to be left in captivity due to the inability to survive on their own in nature.
Creation of gene banks. Creation of gene banks. Banks can be stored as plant seeds, tissue cultures, or germ cells (more often frozen sperm) from which animals or plants can be obtained. The collection of seeds of cultivated plants created by N. I. Vavilov continues to grow. Now the National Repository of World Plant Resources is located in the Kuban station of the former All-Union Institute of Plant Industry named after V.I. N. I. Vavilov. There, in 24 rooms located underground, at a constant temperature of +4.5 ° C, 400 thousand seed samples are stored. The first banks of frozen cells of endangered species of animals were created in a number of scientific centers of the world (including Pushchino-on-Oka). So far, the problem of human protection of species has not yet been solved. But there are successes. In Russia, many beaver populations have been restored, which in the post-revolutionary years were almost completely exterminated as a result of predatory hunting, and then long years suffered from land reclamation that destroyed its habitat. Now there are 150 thousand beavers and their number continues to increase. The position of the bison, gray whale, and Far Eastern walrus has also become less dangerous.
Environmental monitoring. The ecological situation in any city or rural area can change catastrophically in a very short time, often in a matter of hours, as the intensity of waste emissions by enterprises into the atmosphere or water, the recreational load on the forest park, the amount and type of pesticide used to treat crops change very quickly , the intensity of the ingress of livestock effluents into the river, etc., sometimes catastrophically increases. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct regular monitoring of the state of ecosystems and their elements. Constant monitoring of the processes taking place in ecosystems is called environmental monitoring (from the Latin word monitor - one who reminds, warns). There is ground monitoring (use special devices and monitor the concentration in water, air, soil or food of harmful substances) and aerospace. In this case, changes occurring in ecosystems are assessed using instruments on satellites and aircraft, which take into account the state of forests or crops, the degree of soil erosion, and the content of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Environmental monitoring. Based on the data obtained, forecasts are developed for further changes in the observed signs and decisions are made to improve the environmental situation - they build new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the atmosphere and water, change deforestation systems and plant new ones, soil-protective crop rotations are introduced, etc. Monitoring is most often carried out regional and republican committees for hydrometeorological service. Employees of these committees receive data on the state of the atmosphere through a system of special sensors installed in industrial cities, constantly take water and soil samples for analysis.
Environmental monitoring. A special type of monitoring is biological (biomonitoring). Biomonitoring monitors the state of flora and fauna of ecosystems. To do this, once every few years they conduct a survey of the territory and identify species in need of protection, which are included in the Red Books. Biomonitoring is also used to assess the level of environmental pollution according to the state of organisms in their habitat. An assessment of the environment according to the state of living organisms is called a biological indication, and the organisms themselves, by which the state of the environment is assessed, are called biological indicators. The use of bioindication methods for monitoring is convenient because the devices measure pollution several times a day, while plants measure it constantly. Instruments may not detect a one-time high emission of some gases into the atmosphere, but its lichens, mosses or linden leaves. In addition, biological indicators do not react to individual pollutants, but to their entire complex, and therefore are able to give overall score air or water pollution.
Conclusion Rational nature management of any natural ecosystem, forest or swamp, is aimed at the implementation of the principle. Complete conservation of biological diversity, even with rational use, is impossible. In any territory where a person manages, it is not possible to preserve all types of plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms. Complete conservation of biological diversity in the ecosystem used is as impossible as the creation of a perpetual motion machine.
The protection of resources in the process of their use is the main principle of nature conservation. "Everything is connected with everything" - says B. Commoner's law. Therefore, the protection of one natural object means the protection of objects associated with it.
Important principles of rational use of natural resources are:
- 1) study of resources. Competent and careful use of resources is impossible without information about their volume, quality, without predicting the consequences of their withdrawal from natural objects and the possibility of replacing them with others;
- 2) organization of monitoring of the state of natural resources;
- 3) improvement of technologies for the extraction, transportation and processing of resources, providing for their maximum use. Design, construction of new, as well as modernization of existing industries in order to reduce the use of natural resources. Use of alternative energy sources;
- 4) increase in productivity in agriculture in the developed territories, strict observance of norms and appointments when using mineral fertilizers and pesticides;
- 5) constant search for the latest environmental technologies with mandatory environmental expertise;
- 6) reduction of production waste generation - sewage, air emissions and solid waste.
Use of waste as a raw material for energy and products;
- 7) restoration of natural objects after technogenic impact - land reclamation, protection against soil erosion, reforestation and organization of fighting forest fires, etc.;
- 8) conservation of the biological diversity of the planet.
Organization of protected areas, reserves, national parks. Reducing the capture of commercial and marine invertebrates. Protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
- 9) open demonstration of the results of environmental activities. Environmental education of the population;
- 10) improvement of the environmental legislation of the countries and creation of effective mechanisms for its implementation.
An integral element of the natural environment and an object of protection is the animal world - the totality of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of Russia and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone Russian Federation. Animal world is an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere, protected in every possible way and rationally used to meet the spiritual and material needs of citizens. The main regulation is carried out by the Federal Law "On the Animal World" of 1995. As well as the protection of the entire environment and its individual parts, the protection and use of the animal world, the use of the animal world is inherent in the basic principles of the direction of this activity. Some of them are common for nature conservation, others are specific in nature, inherent in the protection of the animal world, the conservation and restoration of its habitat. That is why consideration of the problems of protection of individual natural resources, the use of which affects the state of the environment, and their conservation and restoration, in turn, depends on it, is necessary when studying the economics of nature management. The first principle of the protection and use of wildlife is to ensure its sustainable existence. This requires stable and regular use of the animal world, state and public support for the protection of the animal world and its habitat. In certain territories and water areas or for certain periods, certain types of use of the animal world, removal of its objects from the habitat may be limited, suspended or prohibited. When introducing virgin lands, swampy and coastal territories into economic circulation, grazing and driving farm animals, developing tourist routes and organizing places for mass recreation of the population, measures should be taken to preserve the conditions for feeding, migration, reproduction, rearing of young animals, wintering of wildlife objects. In case of allocation of protective plots of the territory with restriction of economic activity on them, compensation is paid to the owner of the plots.
An important principle of management activity in relation to any natural resource, including in relation to the animal world, is the inadmissibility of combining activities for the implementation of state control over the use and protection of the animal world and its habitat with activities for the use of objects of the animal world (an object of the animal world is understood as an organism animal origin (wild animal) or their population). This problem has been around for many years, since until the 80s. basic state task was the use of natural resources. And only their non-renewability, the proximity of exhaustion began to necessitate the establishment of control over environmental management, delimitation of consumption and supervision. The difficulties of the reorganizations of the last decade have shown the complexity of solving the problem of separating nature management and nature conservation, but to a large extent these issues are being resolved in relation to most natural resources. The separation of the right to use the wildlife from the right to use other natural resources is a no less painful principle of wildlife protection, inherent in the use of other natural resources. It's about on the demarcation of the subjects of regulation of various branches of environmental legislation (including land, forestry, water and other branches of natural resource legislation - parts of environmental legislation), civil, administrative, criminal.
The principle of the protection of wildlife is the implementation of its use in ways that do not allow cruelty to animals, in accordance with the general principles of humanity. This principle is implemented with the participation of norms civil law and has been repeatedly discussed in Russian society