Chapter 2
Deconcentration in the general array of psychotechniques 2.1. Classifications of psychotechnics The entire array of psychotechnical techniques can be ordered by introducing a classification according to at least three criteria. The first one is functional purpose of psycho-technology. Can be distinguished preventive, operational and rehabilitationtational psychotechnics. Preventive psychotechniques are used for proactive preparation for the action of factors to be mitigated or neutralized. Most often, the following techniques are used for preventive purposes: Autogenic training, developed by I. Schultz, and its subsequent modifications. Autogenic training is used to advance the formation of an image of an upcoming action to be performed, or a state to be formed in the future. In AT-immersion, suggestive or auto-suggestive attitudes can also be created to overcome undesirable functional states. suggestive programming future situations and options for behavior in them. Biofeedback (biofeedback), based on the principle of taking various physiological parameters (skin potential, EEG rhythms, heart rate, etc.), their computer processing, and presentation in the form of a dynamic visual or sound image. Conscious control of the dynamics of this image means conscious control of the corresponding parameter, and hence the purposeful formation of a given state. The biofeedback technique, in addition to its therapeutic application (compensation of paralysis, paresis, treatment of phobias, etc.), was also used for preventive training of operators. It was assumed that the technique facilitates mastering the skills of self-regulation. The set of psychotechniques for operational needs before the advent of DKV and techniques based on it was limited and mainly boiled down to the use of various psychopharmacological agents (for example, amphetamines for work in the mode of continuous activity, with fatigue and monotony), functional music, chi suggestive information in a latent form (“twenty-fifth frame”, suggestive orders on the periphery of vision or in the subthreshold sound range), stimulation of biologically active points, etc. Rehabilitation psychotechniques are designed to relieve the effects of overload, stress, traumatic experiences. Basically, they are modifications of AT (not so much in auto- as in hetero-suggestive mode), holotropic and free breathing, various types of meditation or pseudo-meditation. The second criterion is valid commencement of admission, starting the process. These beginnings are divided into autogenous, heterosuggestivenye, informational, technogenic, physical and chemical. autogenous Psychotechniques rely on the conscious efforts of the operator. The main active principle here is the will. Volitional efforts can be applied both to sensations (increasing sensory noise in techniques for increasing sensitivity to subthreshold stimuli and in certain types of alert hypnosis), and to images (the main array of AT techniques), and to controlling external images that reflect various physiological parameters (biofeedback techniques), and to the movements and postures of the body (holotropic and free breathing, yoga asanas), and directly to the current state (direct volitional control). heterosuggestian techniques presuppose the presence of a human suggestor. His will, speech, behavior, body movements, postures and other components of the impact together form the active principle of the heterosuggestive impact. But the main mechanisms here are empathy and transfer. These techniques include classical hypnosis, which uses the metaphors of sleep to form a control channel (rapport), alert hypnosis, based on the opposite metaphors of increased vigilance and inclusion in the environment, Ericksonian hypnosis, based on the use of personally significant for patient metaphors of the state, etc. Informational psychotechniques can be singled out into a separate group on the basis of the transition of control to information stored on various information carriers. Information impact differs from suggestive one in that it is not mediated by a person (yantras, archetypal images, abstract static or dynamic pictures, texts built according to NLP rules, etc.) man-made psychotechniques use various technical systems and their corresponding methods of encoding information as the main operating principle. Basically, these are various types of biofeedback, systems that form organized color and sound stimuli, etc. Physico-chemical state management methods, strictly speaking, cannot be classified as psychotechnics proper, but they are often an element of more extensive psychotechnics and psychotechnologies. Self-sufficient physical and chemical means of controlling the state are, for example, amphetamine drugs that provide high performance for a long time, or modulated electromagnetic radiation that can have a stimulating or depressing effect on the psyche. An example of chemical agents included in more extensive techniques are psychotomimetics that form altered states of consciousness (mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, dissociative drugs, etc.). The third criterion is a state that should result inthe use of this psychotechnics. The dynamics of the mental state as a result of psychotechnical impact can be divided into two groups - changes within normal co-states of consciousness (ISS) and changes leading to the formation altered states of consciousness. It must be said that almost all psychotechniques cause changes within the NSS, making a shift towards mobilization, relaxation, aggravation of sensitivity, etc. According to the direction of shifts within the framework of the NSS, relaxation, mobilization, sensitizing (to any influences), cathartic and other types of psychotechniques can be distinguished. The result of shifts can be a state of increased clarity of consciousness, removal of tension, changes in the functional state in the desired direction, etc. ASCs form a huge area, the classification of which is very difficult. As a rule, classifications are of a genetic nature and are determined through the technique that provoked this type of ASC. In the psychotechnical space, deconcentration takes its place. It can be functionally used for preventive, operational and rehabilitation needs. As a preventive preparation, planar DCI is included in the technologies for developing the skills of perceiving subthreshold stimuli, volumetric DCI can be used to prepare for work in conditions that require increased vigilance and inclusion in the environment, which makes it similar to alert hypnosis. But DKV is most effective for operational tasks, because, unlike AT or meditative techniques, it does not imply exit from activity for its implementation, which is typical for AT and meditation. DKV allows you to relieve tension, undesirable emotional states (fear, irritation, etc.), to dramatically expand the possibilities of perception and processing of information. This also determines the special effect of the operational use of dKV. In addition to the fact that dKV can be used directly "on the battlefield", this form of psychotechnics also allows the training of deconcentrative techniques directly in production conditions or in the process of tactical and technical training. The rehabilitation possibilities of dKV are determined by the proximity of its planar variant to AT. Planar dKV overcomes the limitations that exist for AT. DKV is not affected by fluctuations in blood pressure and other somatic disorders related to contraindications for AT. However, it should be noted that in the absence of contraindications, the rehabilitation effect of various modifications of AT is more pronounced than that of dKV. Deconcentration is fundamentally autogenous in nature, since it is carried out contrary to the main organismic process and requires constant volitional effort. Deconcentration cannot be caused by unilateral techno- and pharmacogenic influences, although for especially suggestible people, a suggestive variant of the formation of this state is also possible. The states formed on the basis of DKW techniques fluctuate in a wide range from states of relaxation and mobilization to ASCs of various types. It is possible to single out an area in which dKV techniques become inadequate. This is the area of concentrative states, states of narrowed consciousness and suggestive controlled states. Thus, among other psychotechniques, DKV occupies a fairly wide area, both in terms of its use and the results of its impact. This place of dKV is determined by the initial phase of the development of technology. It is obvious that as the dKV area matures, it will undergo further fragmentation and the relationship between the various forms will become as doubtful as the relationship between classical hypnosis and AT, although in the early 1920s their relationship was not in doubt. However, the first thing to consider is how states close to dKV are formed under natural conditions. 2.2. Deconcentration in vivo DKV is formed as a purposeful technique, however, there are its analogues in natural conditions. Its manifestations are quite varied. Let's briefly consider two examples - dKV in pathology and dKV as a response to chronic extreme conditions. DKV in schizophrenia Attention disorders in schizophrenia are often accompanied by phenomena close to dKV. Patients describe their states as follows: "Everything seems to capture my attention, although I am not particularly interested in anything ... While talking with you, I can hear the creaking of the nearest door and noises coming from the corridor." Too many thoughts come to mind at the same time. I can't sort them." Here we see how one of the main characteristics of states of consciousness in schizophrenia is reflected in the sphere of attention - the de-hierarchization of meanings. DKV as an adequate response to chronically acting extreme factors When working with contingents of volunteers who took part in local armed conflicts that accompanied the collapse of the USSR, the author drew attention to quite definite shifts in the state of consciousness of fighters who did not have prior special military training. These shifts, which are typical for volunteers, but not for regular officers, occurred directly in the course of hostilities, continued in the intervals between combat clashes, and rather quickly ended after the end of the military phase of the conflict or the volunteer’s withdrawal from active formations. The condition of these fighters is characterized by the following features. Attention loses its focused character, becomes diffuse, not highlighting individual details, but revealing significant characteristics of the surrounding background. Decisions are made based precisely on this irrational perception, and directly reflect the extreme environment, bypassing rational analysis. Persons with this type of response present certain difficulties for direct command, since strict control of their behavior becomes impossible. Their actions are more effective if they make decisions on their own, although this often violates the standard instructions for regular and emergency situations. This contingent presents certain difficulties for a novice psychologist, since the usual test tools (psychometric tests, questionnaires) turn out to be of little importance for a real assessment of the state and capabilities. Such parameters of attention as concentration and selectivity are sharply reduced in relation to the norm. On the other hand, the validity of projective tests increases, the results of which are not distorted by rational motives. Changes in the sphere of attention are adaptive. Stress tension in these cases is reduced due to the displacement from the consciousness of actually observed threats and their actual or potential impact. Of course, we are dealing with deconcentrative states that affect not only the sphere of attention, but the underlying mechanisms of environmental assessment, self-assessment and the formation of an adaptation strategy to extreme conditions. The adaptation strategy is closely related to the phenomenon collective consciousness, often observed in chronic extreme conditions, which is characterized by identification with other members of the team and the team as a whole. Events that happened to one of the comrades are perceived as having happened personally to this person. This is also one of the factors for reducing stress tension and increasing the efficiency of real activity. At the same time, the subjective significance of both dangerous and favorable conditions for the performance of a combat mission becomes the same. A decrease in the level of tension, however, does not lead to a return to the initial state, but transfers to special condition, in which lack of attention does not entail the usual negative consequences. The environment and one's own actions in it begin to be perceived as a single whole, while the incoming information is not divided into separate elements, which makes it difficult to rationally explain both the situation and one's own decisions. Reducing the sense of danger allows you to perform actions that are beyond the bounds of acceptable risk, but, due to the “fit” of the fighter in the environment, adequate to the combat situation. The closeness of the described phenomenology to the states of dKV, which are formed in the laboratory when using the corresponding psychotechniques, is quite obvious to the developer. 2.3. Deconce traction and relaxation The technique of autogenic immersion, developed by I. Schulz, uses muscle relaxation and vasodilation as a basic technique (also due to the relaxation of vascular muscles), the subjective correlate of which is a feeling of heaviness and warmth. There are, however, other varieties of AT that use the metaphors of alert hypnosis and are aimed at rapid mobilization. For them, the basic technique is to increase muscle tone, provoked by the formation of images of lightness and coolness in the body. DKV does not imply for the beginning of the process of changing the state of muscle relaxation. However, relaxation can be considered as one of the techniques that provoke dKV. At the very least, the experience of the disappearance or dissolution of the body can be considered as a reduced form of somatic DCT, since all differentiated somatic sensations are equalized in the experience of "disappearance" - quite specific and by no means reducible to the illusion of the disappearance of the body or its fragments. A detailed analysis of self-reports usually shows the presence of a background experience, devoid of clear boundaries, dimensions, etc. At the same time, in AT-immersion, the possibility of perception and purposeful formation of various visual and auditory images, differentiating in time, remains (hence the detailed scenarios for the passage of various situations in AT-2, using the natural process of differentiation of images from the initial uncertainty of “body dissolution” to complexly organized scenes). The second point of contact between AT and DEC is the facilitated transition from visual and somatic DEC to muscle relaxation and a sleepy state. Individuals who have previously practiced AT are, of course, more likely to make this transition than those who do not. In our observation, individuals with experience with AT tend to confuse the technique and consequences of dKV with AT. DKV, considered as the initial phase of entry into relaxation, has certain therapeutic advantages for patients with poor developed imagination or frightened by new unusual sensations. Preventive dKV helps to overcome this barrier of fear or undeveloped imagination. Fear is suppressed by an overload of the sphere of attention, leaving no reserves for the conscious selection of emotional states. The possibility of distributing attention over the field of perception makes it superfluous to form special visual or somatic images. Conversely, for those who have difficulty with dKV but have an easier time entering the AT-absorption state, AT can help speed up the learning of the dKV technique. In this case, the trainees enter the AT-immersion, form an imaginary field of view and distribute their attention over this imaginary picture. The skill formed in such an artificial situation is transferred to the conditions of normal wakefulness. These phenomena of mutual amplification of the consequences of the use of AT and dKV betray their deep relationship. We can postulate the presence of a certain basic device, the differentiation of which is both dKV and AT. It comes down to equalization of stimuli - purposefully produced in dKV or arising as an indirect result in AT. These techniques are based on the fundamental metaphor of Russian physiology - the doctrine of the phases of parabiosis. Equalizing and paradoxical phases are the foundation of the description of both the dynamics of AT and the dynamics of dKV. DKV is more abstract than AT, From the very beginning in DKV we are talking not about fixing certain somatic or visual images, but about working with attention. AT appears to be a more specialized technique. It contains much less potential for generating so many different psycho-technical lines than dKV. One could even say that this is one of the many techniques that can be approached by starting from the dKV. 2.4. "Flat" and "bulk" states and their compliance with the procedures of the traditional and alert hypnosis With planar DKV in the field of perception, all integral objects are destroyed, their semantic side disappears. Semantic energy leaves the sphere of differentiated perception and can be directed into consciousness in its pure form with its specific “deepening” (in this case we can talk about the formation of a meditative state of consciousness) or evenly distributed throughout the entire field of perception. At the same time, the “flattened” field of perception dominates and a special experience of “flat consciousness” arises, which is difficult to describe, but is easily recognized as a state of desemantization of the field of perception, a specific semantic detachment from the outside world, turned into a homogeneous background. At the same time, the inner world is actualized, and its meanings acquire new depth. This experience of deep introversion is especially interesting for pronounced extroverts, who often cannot imagine what introversion is. Volumetric dKV differs from planar one both in the initiation procedure and in the nature of the initiated state. The inner world is desemanticized, while the outer world, on the contrary, becomes saturated with meanings, which are intensified by the increased intensity of perceptions. The background, acquiring a visible meaning, becomes not a means of removal from the environment, but a means of drawing into it. Volumetric dKV thus extroverts the psyche of the operator. These effects make it possible to construct extension procedures personal experience for specialized individuals: for an extrovert, a planar DKV allows you to understand the inner world of an introvert, and for an introvert, a volumetric DKV helps to realize how an extravert orients himself in the world and in himself. Of interest are the correspondences of planar and volumetric DKV to the procedures of classical and alert hypnosis. In traditional hypnosis, which uses dream metaphors, the key moment in establishing rapport is the leveling phase, when the organized structures of the psyche that are under the control of the external world or the will of the patient are destroyed. It is this moment, preceding immersion in sleep, that is most favorable for the creation of new structures of the psyche, which are under the control of the suggestor. Thus, dKV is an implicit but necessary component of traditional hypnosis. In this case, we are talking about planar DKV. The situation is different with Ericksonian hypnosis and suggestive techniques based on NLP, when the suggestor “adjusts” to the individual behavioral language of the hypnotized and uses it to formulate suggestive messages. Here, the dKV stage is not observed. The procedure of alert hypnosis is directly opposite to the traditional formation of a suggestive state. Patients are given commands against the background of intense physical work to increase their inclusion in the environment, to form a state of increased activity and vigilance. In our opinion, the key point in establishing suggestive control here is the formation of a volumetric dKV, in which the introduction of new elements, in particular suggestive commands, becomes part of the overall perceptual picture and is not singled out as a separate fixed fragment. 2.5. De concentration on the field of view with eyes closed Visual deconcentration can be performed not only with the eyes open, but also with the eyes closed. In this case, the field of visual perception is a dynamic set of color spots. In this case, the DKW inevitably has a planar character, but its flatness is determined not by a special purposeful method, but by the nature of the DKW object itself. The field of view with closed eyes in the waking state is devoid of volumetric characteristics. But, we emphasize, only in the waking state. The transition to the sleepy state is accompanied by the appearance of additional spatial dimensions. Strictly speaking, the moment the dream images appear is the appearance of the third dimension in the field of view. The third dimension is added by the inclusion in the visual field of the space of spontaneous imagination, it is along this axis of depth that the projections of the inner space arise - the images of dreams. Observation of these images during dKV allows for a conscious transition into a dream and the preservation of waking awareness in a dream. Usually, an attempt to "consider" emerging images leads to the destruction of the transition process itself, since attention "collapses" either on the image that has arisen, or on the very fact of its appearance. Fixing the appearance of dream images restores the position of the "I" in mental space. If the state of dKV is formed before the start of falling into sleep and it is total, i.e. includes all available, and all that have taken place since the beginning of the dKV, and all newly emerging mental contents, then such a "collapse" can be avoided. In this case, the transition to a dream occurs without special fixation in the mind of the fact of the transition. The observation of the transition and the knowledge that such a transition is taking place, however, is retained, since this knowledge is itself an element of the perceptual field from which the DQF is generated. Thus, a paradoxical state is formed, undoubtedly related to the class of the altered, when the dream dynamics is combined with knowledge of the real location in time and space, and the plasticity of the sensual fabric of the dream is combined with an active position that allows you to save or change the main characteristics of the dream picture.
For modern Russia The development of impact technologies has become relevant due to the changes in the political, economic and social sphere that our country has undergone over the past ten years. The active development of the applied aspects of these technologies in recent years is due, in our opinion, to a combination of three factors: the presence of a democratic political system that establishes the rules of the "political game", at least outwardly; the determining role of state structures in both the political and economic spheres; significant influence of political and financial groups both on state structures and on the political system as a whole.
B. Yeltsin's victory in the presidential elections in Russia in 1996 and the defeat of the "Fatherland - All Russia" bloc in the elections in State Duma in 1999 most clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of applied technologies for influencing public opinion*.
Let us dwell in more detail on one of these applied technologies, called "neuro-linguistic programming" (NLP).
NLP: opportunities and limitations
Neuro-Linguistic Programming was introduced in the 1970s by John Grinder, an assistant professor of linguistics at the University of California at Santa Cruz, and Richard Bandler, a psychology student at the same university. D. Grindler and R. Brander attempted to systematize and formalize the techniques that three well-known psychotherapists used in their therapeutic activities: Fritz Perls, one of the founders of Gestalt therapy, Virginia Satir, a well-known therapist in the field of family problems, and Milton Erickson, a hypnotist and psychotherapist.
In the future, there were attempts to use (often successful) certain NLP technician in therapeutic activities, hypnosis, advertising, communication and other areas.
Under the slogan "NLP" both psychotherapeutic technologies for the treatment of phobias (for which the original NLP was actually used by its creators) and auto-training technologies for the internal development of a personality, both methods of therapeutic hypnosis and methods for creating advertising texts, as technologies for developing a strategy for the development of commercial firms, are served. , and methods of pre-election struggle.
The confusion is increased by the supported “mystical” component of the image of NLP as the main secret technology of the CIA and KGB, Masons and healers, with the help of which it is supposedly possible to instantly zombify both a specific person and entire nations. Some see NLP as just a cover-up for a lack of professionalism, a dubious psychotherapeutic method used by amateur psychologists, and so on. Without sharing these assessments, the author of the article at the same time is far from an enthusiastic attitude towards NLP.
Consider the possibilities and limitations of some NLP techniques in relation to the impact on public opinion.
The "therapeutic" origins of NLP undoubtedly left a certain imprint on him. If in psychotherapy the patient himself comes to the therapist, is attentive to his statements, is interested in the final result and, as a rule, strives to help him, then in the election campaign the situation is significantly different: the voter does not seek to contribute to the success of the psychological impact on him and is not interested in imposing one or another decision on him, and his attention has to be won.
In addition, in NLP, many techniques assume that the object of influence will perceive the implementation of the technique in its entirety, from beginning to end. In election campaign materials, as well as in advertising, the object of influence often perceives only the first part of the implementation of the reception, while other parts of it, perhaps, are not perceived both due to the unwillingness of the object itself, and due to certain features of the situation.
NLP was created on the basis of the possibility of direct and direct communication, communication with the object of influence - a person or an audience. In election campaigns, the main volume of communications takes place indirectly - with the help of technical channels of mass communication. These channels impose their own specifics on the transmitted information. For example, printed publications are characterized by the reversibility of the flow of information: after reading a certain part of the material and feeling the unusual forms of its presentation, the voter can return to the previous part and discover the fact of an attempt to influence him.
In NLP, non-traditional forms of using words and creating pseudological sentences are often used, which the object of influence does not have time to think on a rational level due to the rapid speed of communication, the replacement of old information with new information, etc. In addition, a rather important part of the NLP techniques is the selection of preferred channels and leading systems (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of the object of influence and subsequent "adjustment" to them.
For the effectiveness of the application of many NLP techniques, it is especially important to clearly monitor the reaction of the audience in order to respond quickly to it. In other words, the standard context for NLP is to have fast feedback.
In the event of an impact on public opinion during the election campaign, such a connection, as a rule, is various forms sociological research, which makes it possible to reveal the reaction of public opinion to a particular impact only after some time, and often not in the monitoring mode, but with one or another significant delay. It also reduces the effectiveness of some NLP techniques.
It should be noted that each of the above limitations does not call into question the effectiveness of the entire NLP, but only shows in what context this or that method will be effective, and in which it will not. Methods such as "metaphorization", "reframing", "Milton modeling", "choice modeling" and some others, in an adapted form, are quite effectively used in the communicative management of election campaigns.
The most striking example effective application psychotechnologies in the election campaign was the "information war" organized in the elections to the State Duma in 1999 against the "Fatherland - All Russia" bloc and its leaders Yevgeny Primakov and Yuri Luzhkov.
How we are being manipulated
By the beginning of 1999, the figure of Yu. Luzhkov began to come to the fore in the ruling elite, whose position was largely based on criticism of the previous course, the “young reformers”, etc. An active process of consolidating the regional elite and bureaucracy began around the Fatherland movement he created. . Yuri Luzhkov was considered as one of the most promising potential candidates for the President of Russia.
The appointment of Ye.Primakov as Chairman of the Government symbolized the weakening of Boris Yeltsin's power, and the Moscow mayor's position of criticism of the system of power that had developed under him seemed win-win.
At the same time, the appointment of V. Putin as Chairman of the Government, the sharp activation of the executive power, the creation of the Medved bloc significantly changed the political picture, which began to take shape not in favor of the Fatherland-All Russia bloc, formed on the basis of the Fatherland and All Russia movements. Russia".
The change in the situation made it possible to organize a large-scale "information war" against the OVR with the help of state print and electronic media, which forced Yu. Luzhkov and Y. Primakov to become "defended". The result of these measures was a significant lag of the OVR from the "Bear" in the elections to the State Duma in December 1999 (24.3% versus 13.3%) and the disappearance of the chances for groups associated with Y. Luzhkov and Y. Primakov to come to power .
One of the brightest elements of the “information war”, which had such a serious impact on the outcome of the vote, was Sergey Dorenko's TV shows on the ORT channel. According to a comprehensive study conducted by the PR Management consulting group in 1999, about a third of the total number of those who changed their attitude towards Yu. Moreover, it should be taken into account that a significant part of the respondents who changed their minds for the worse did not admit to the fact that they were influenced by S. Dorenko's programs, and believed that their attitude towards Yu. Luzhkov had been negative before. In this regard, the percentage of those who changed their minds for the worse becomes even greater.
Let's analyze the main methods of influence used in S. Dorenko's programs.
1. Method of "repetition". It consists in the repetition of a particular topic, information, symbol, word, etc. For example, in the program on October 4, 1999, S. Dorenko used the concept of "family" in relation to Yu. Luzhkov 51 times. In one of the broadcasts, the topic of "Skuratov's suits" was raised 12 times, of which 6 times the allegedly exact number was given - "fourteen suits". At the beginning of the programs, it was not uncommon to list the main topics that would be discussed in the middle of it, and at the end they were called again (“But I would like to return ...”).
Moreover, the topics of previous programs were often mentioned or future topics were announced, as, for example, in the following excerpt from S. Dorenko's program: “Now, as we promised in the last program, about Tsereteli's Cyclops in the city of Marbella in Spain.” In one of the broadcasts, parts of previous broadcasts were even briefly given.
2. The method of "sticking labels". It aims to create a negative attitude towards the object designated by it. In this case, various stereotypes, prejudices, negative assessments are used, with which the necessary object is associated (“labeled”). The label qualifies that object as something the audience fears, hates, loathes, finds suspicious or objectionable, and so on. Yu. Luzhkov, his relatives and close associates were labeled a “mafia family” (at the same time, however, it should be noted that this was rather a response to attempts to stick a similar label on B. Yeltsin).
One of the lines of counter-propaganda against Yu. Luzhkov was the accusation of carrying out illegal operations with the help of businessman A. Baturin, who allegedly used the coincidence of his last name with the name of Yu. Luzhkov's wife. At the same time, A. Baturin was described as a "member of the mafia family", after which this label was transferred to Y. Luzhkov. For this, the following phrases were used: “We ask him for order in the city, we ask him to stop the orgy of theft in his mafia family, but all in vain.
He keeps repeating the same thing, repeating everything about his wife, and in addition he calls himself a member of my wife’s family”; “This, Yuri Mikhailovich, is not our way, not the Sicilian way. You and I, like two dons, don Sergio and don Giorgio, we must not touch the subject of your wife”; “The Luzhkov family, I mean, of course, as usual, a family in the Sicilian sense, is guarded and protected by one thousand and two people.”
3. Methods of "binding" and "using polysemantic concepts and images." The method of "binding" is aimed at creating target audience necessary attitude (positive, negative, specialized) to a particular object (“new object”) and consists of two stages:
1) search for an object (“old object”) with an already formed attitude towards it on the part of the target audience, and the search criterion is the potential for creating a link between the “new object” and the “old object”, as well as the presence of such an attitude towards the “old object” , which coincides with the required relation to the "new object";
2) linking the "old object" with the "new object" based on one of the "linking" methods. As a result of the “linking” of two objects (“old” and “new”), some of the properties, characteristics, assessment, past and future actions or behavior pass from the “old object” to the “new” (projected from the “old object” to the “new” ).
The main factor influencing the effectiveness of the group's methods is the presence of a stable attitude towards the "old object", inherent in a significant part of the target audience. Persons, organizations, ideologies, moral values, basic human needs, society values, goods, programs, etc. can act as objects.
At a deep level, various archetypes, myths, stereotypes of mass consciousness, etc. can be used as objects. If there is a negative attitude towards the "old object", then in the case of effective binding it is projected to a certain extent and transferred to the "new object". If there is a positive attitude towards the "old object", then in the case of effective binding, this attitude is also projected to a certain extent and transferred to the "new object". For example, home, family, children, science, motherhood, health, love, happiness, freedom, peace, Christianity, democracy, the national flag can be used as positive values.
The basis of the method of "using polysemantic concepts and images" is the use of concepts and images that have a polysemantic interpretation. As a result, the following goals can be achieved:
1) when receiving information with ambiguous concepts and images, different target audiences perceive it differently through their own interpretation, which allows you to form a positive (negative) attitude and support (rejection) from several audiences at once, despite the fact that each of them invests in the received information a different, often opposite meaning;
2) with the effective application of the method, the audience, completing and thinking out the received ambiguous information, independently formulates the topics proposed to it in a form closer to itself, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of the topics and images used;
3) the planned results can be achieved without making any accusations, assumptions, or a specific assessment of objects. Firstly, it leaves the possibility for "reinterpretation" of information in the future, based on the requirements of the new situation, and secondly, it removes the transmitted information from the scope of legal laws, not allowing the source of information to be charged with its illegal use.
One of the lines of refutation of the counter-propaganda directed against Yu. Luzhkov was based on the arguments that A. Baturin is not a relative of the mayor's wife. To neutralize these arguments, S. Dorenko used the following phrases: “And who is a member of the family of Luzhkov's wife? And this is Luzhkov himself, he calls himself so allegorically. After all, Luzhkov's wife has a family with him, right? As I understand it.
Luzhkov's wife only has a family with Luzhkov, right? Since a woman is an adult and married, then her family is the one she has with her husband, right? Correctly. So, Luzhkov is a member of his wife's family. What a mess we have, this member of the Baturin family. Thus, Yu. Luzhkov was called “a member of the Baturin family”, and the phrase “Baturin family” simultaneously meant both the family of Luzhkov’s wife, Baturina, and the “family” of businessman A. Baturin, due to which the mayor was “linked” with A. Baturin.
4. Method "problem - solution". In general, this method is aimed at creating the necessary attitude towards this or that object (positive, negative, specialized) among the target audience and setting for the implementation of certain actions (refraining from the implementation of certain actions) and non-obstruction of the implementation of actions.
In the case under consideration, this method was used to form voters' negative attitude towards Yu. Luzhkov and set them to abstain from voting for him. The main and most important part of the method is a certain threat (problem). The threat of loss of life, health, status, family, friends, comfort, prosperity, etc. can be used as a threat (problem). Formation of a state with a negative or positive attitude to this or that object occurs by linking this or that object with a threat (problem) or getting rid of it. If the main purpose of applying this method is to create a negative attitude towards one of the objects, then this object is associated with a threat, if positive, then with getting rid of this threat.
In the case of S. Dorenko, explosions in Moscow were used as a threat, which contacted Yu. Luzhkov, and on whom the blame for them was “transferred”: “I must note that Andrey Baturin’s construction site is really not guarded by ordinary police, it is guarded by senior officers militia. The Moscow mayor did not have enough police to check all the basements of houses in time before terrible explosions, but the construction site of a man who calls himself the cousin of the mayor's wife is guarded by majors.
In another program, the need for the Moscow police to work "for twelve hours, seven days a week" appeared as a problem:
Now, when our program is going on, the Moscow police are in another enhanced mode. 12 hour shifts, no days off. It is difficult for officers and soldiers, privates. And the thing is that while our policemen lead the most intermittent lifestyle, as the heroine Leskova said, and tear themselves to the defense of Muscovites, there is a reserve police unit that could help out brothers in arms, but it is busy protecting the Luzhkov family. It has one thousand and two people. Please rate this number.
5. The method of "modeling the conditions of choice" in the form of "false choice". This method of influence has the same name analogue in NLP. The essence of the "false choice" method is to offer such a set of choices, each of which leads to the desired result. In one of the broadcasts, S. Dorenko voiced the following text: “We cannot say for sure which policemen are cordoning off the forests near Moscow on those days when Yury Luzhkov goes hunting on the estate of his son Mikhail Yuryevich.
Local residents in those parts say that riot police are standing around. Perhaps they are naive people and take for the riot police that very selective thousand of Luzhkov's guards. Perhaps they don’t confuse anything, and to protect the Luzhkov family, when they go to the forest, they really remove the OMON unit from service.” In this text, the viewer was offered a choice between the riot police and the "selected thousand guards", but at the same time, each of these options was associated with the "cordon off the forests near Moscow" for Yu. Luzhkov.
Unfortunately, the volume of the article does not allow us to consider other methods of influence used by S. Dorenko. In general, it can be argued that his programs have become a vivid example of the effective use of applied technologies to influence public opinion in one of the most rigid and morally ambiguous forms.
In conclusion, I would like to note that only having knowledge about the peculiarities of using various applied technologies of influence, one can effectively neutralize "negative" PR campaigns, successfully implement technologies for communicative management of election campaigns and socio-political processes.
Theoretical and practical levels of psychotechnology
Psychotechnology as a system of categories, principles and models that describe mental reality, a human being or a social group as a developing integrity, focused on practical work with individual psyche or group psychology, and includes specific methods, techniques, abilities and skills for the purposeful transformation of an individual and a group.
Two levels of psychotechnologies: theoretical and practical. The theoretical level of psychotechnology as a representation, concept and model of the essence, structure, factors of the psyche, personality, social group, the driving forces of their development and goals, objectives, methods, stages of psychological regulation.
The practical level of psychotechnology as the application of these theoretical structures is a system of skills and abilities of regulation.
Subject: The ratio of types and psychotechnologies and practical activities of a psychologist
Psychological technologies and the main types of practical activities of a psychologist
Psychological diagnostics as a technology as a specially organized process of cognition, in which, using appropriate methods, information is collected about a person or a group (family) in order to make a psychological diagnosis.
The technology of psychoprophylaxis as a system of psychological and pedagogical measures aimed at creating an optimal social situation child development, psychohygiene of the pedagogical environment.
Technology of development as a purposeful process aimed at the formation of mental processes, properties and qualities of a person in accordance with the requirements of age and individual capabilities of a person.
The technology of psychological counseling as determined by the problem and situation of the client, a purposeful procedure for creating psychological conditions for emotional response, clarifying the meaning, rationalizing this problem and finding options for solving it.
Topic: Psychotechnologies in the educational process
The use of various types of psychotechnologies in education . Orientation to the child as the basis for the use of psychotechnologies in education.
The technology of socio-psychological rehabilitation of children and adolescents as a systematic, purposeful process of their return, inclusion, reintegration into society (family, school, class, group of peers), contributing to the full functioning as a social subject.
The technology of psychological support as a complex of interrelated and interdependent measures presented by different psychological methods and techniques that are carried out in order to ensure optimal socio-psychological conditions for the preservation mental health family and the full development of the personality of the child in the family and its formation as a subject of life.
Psychotechnologies of psychological support of the family and family education. Variety of psychological practices in working with parents.
Topic: Psychotechnologies of psychological counseling in the correction of violations of parent-child relationships
Declared and hidden reasons for contacting a consultant. The position of the psychologist during the consultation. The psychologist is a neutral adviser. After listening to the client, develops advice or recommendations. Psychologist - programmer. After the client's story, he develops a program to influence the client's psychological problem. Psychologist-listener. Mirror psychologist. The client needs a neutral person to explain what is going on with the client. The Psychologist Catalyst. The client understands everything correctly in his life situation, but does nothing. The psychologist activates the position of the client. The rule for choosing the position of a psychologist.
Topic: Reflection of professional experience in order to improve counseling for students and parents
Requirements for the preparation of a psychologist-consultant. Requirements for the personality of the consultant. The ability to reflect as a professionally significant quality of the consultant's personality. Reflection of one's own and others' professional experience. Supervision as an internal position and a necessary condition for the development of the ability to reflect. Influence of the consultant's choice of psychotherapeutic approach on the emphasis of reflective activity. Reflection of one's own life experience as a means of deep understanding of clients in psychological counseling.
Topic: Consulting subjects educational process on the optimization of the educational process
Advising participants in the educational process: teachers, administration, pupils on the optimization of the educational process. The main reasons for the appeal of teachers to a consultant: the problem of relationships with students. Difficulties of children in mastering the subject. Problems of conflicts with the administration. Problems of personal relationships.
Topic: Features of designing a psychologically safe educational environment in modern school: substantive and procedural aspects
Structural model of a psychologically safe educational environment. Principles of creating the psychological safety of the educational environment. The main approaches to the concept of "psychological safety". Criteria of psychological safety of the educational environment. Monitoring the psychological safety of the educational environment. Expert approach to the assessment of the educational environment. Methods for diagnosing the psychological safety of the educational environment.
Topic: Psychological safety of the educational environment
Psychological analysis of security problems. Structure and tasks of safety psychology. Psychological and pedagogical characteristics of the educational environment. Types and structure of the educational environment. Features of the modern educational situation and the educational environment. Approaches to the definition of the concept of "psychological safety of the educational environment". Psychological security and reference as indicators of the psychological safety of the educational environment. Interpersonal interaction and psychological safety of the educational environment. Pedagogical communication and psychological safety of the educational environment. Psychological risks in the educational environment. Threats existing in the educational environment. Theoretical foundations of the concept of psychological safety of the educational environment.
2014 -> Athletics and motherhood: training, pregnancy and childbirth Middle and long distance running and its effect on female hormones and bone density Carmen Leon
2014 -> Orthodox religious organization-institution of higher professional religious education Kazan Theological Seminary of Kazan Republic of Tatarstan Kazan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church
Yaroslavl, 1998
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Department of Practical Psychology
PSYCHOTECHNOLOGIES
IN SOCIAL WORK
Edited by Vladimir Kozlov
Yaroslavl, 1998
BBK 88.4 + 53.57
UDC 159.98
Psychotechnologies in social work./Sat. ed.
Kozlova V.V. - Yaroslavl: MAPN, 1998 - 201 p.
The collection of articles presents an overview of theoretical and experimental work in social work and psychology.
The book is addressed to social workers, social educators, practical psychologists and specialists in the field of social work.
Kozlov V.V., 1998
CONTENT
Kozlov Vladimir
SOCIAL WORK METHODOLOGY AND
PSYCHOTECHNOLOGIES………………………………………………………..6
Albegova Irina
TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTATION TO CRITICAL SITUATIONS…………18
Antonova Lyubov, Kozlov Vladimir
INFLUENCE OF THE PROCESS OF ENTRY INTO RCC ON THE SPEED OF SENSO-MOTOR REACTIONS.………………………………………………….24
Belyakova Julia, Tumarkin Denis
EXPERIENCE OF USE OF RESPIRATORY PSYCHO TECHNIQUES IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF THE THERAPY OF NEUROSIS…………………..28
Veremeenko Natalia, Tsyganenko Maya
NEW SOCIETY - NEW VALUES………………………………33
Gavrishchuk Elena
STRESS AND RESISTANCE IN THE ACTIVITY OF A SOCIAL WORKER………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Geperle Irina, Kozlov Vladimir
INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTECHNOLOGIES ON THE DYNAMICS OF ANXIETY AND LONELINESS…………………….42
Glukhova Olga
IMPACT OF CORRECTIONAL WORK ON INDICATORS
ATTENTION AND MEMORY IN PEDAGOGICALLY
NEGLECTED CHILDREN………………………………………………………….65
Golubkova Elena
SUICIDE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON IN THE HISTORICAL ASPECT…………………………………………………..68
Guseva Elena, Zayarnaya Irina, Mulyar Andrey
THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING INTENSIVE INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE THERAPY OF BORDERLINE MENTAL DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS……………………………………………..73
Zhedunova Irina, Kiselev Igor
ABOUT PROJECTIVE STRATEGY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND THE NATIONAL IDEA…………………80
Zhukova Irina
INFLUENCE OF ENTRY IN RCC ON THE DYNAMICS OF ATTENTION OF A PERSON…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Kapustin Andrey
PEOPLE AND MONEY……………………………………………………………………85
Kiselev Yuri
PERSONALITY TRANSFORMATION AND PSYCHO-SPIRITUAL CRISIS….90
Kovshikov Mikhail
RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN SOCIETY AND THE ARMY……………………………………….101
Kovshikov Mikhail, Smirnova Svetlana
PROSPECTS OF SOCIAL WORK IN THE CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION…………………………………..108
Kuderinov T.K., Baklykova I.V., Parshina E.V., Syzdykova A.K.
TO THE QUESTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING
AND PSYCHOTHERAPY…………………………………………………………….114
Mazilov Vladimir
MODERN RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGY: SEARCHING FOR A NEW METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mazilov Vladimir
PSYCHOLOGY: SCHIZOPHRENIA AS SAID………….140
Maleeva Irina
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF LOOKING AT DEATH………………….174
Nepomilueva Elena
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INTERACTION WITH THE UNEMPLOYED…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………180
Smirnova Julia
TO THE QUESTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATIVE PSYCHOTECHNOLOGIES ON REACTIVE ANXIETY OF A PERSON……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Chernichkina Vera
SOME ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND REHABILITATION OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN YAROSLAVL REGION…..…187
Shcherbakov Alexander
MASS COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE POLITICS AS OBJECTS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS………191
Yashkov Alexander
A NEW FORM OF SOCIAL WORK IN YAROSLAVL…………...196
Nikolskaya Inna
IMAGE: DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES……………………………………200
METHODOLOGY OF SOCIAL WORK AND PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY.
Kozlov Vladimir, YarSU
At the moment, no developed country can do without social workers trained at universities and special educational institutions. They can professionally help all those in need to solve the problems that arise in their daily lives. First of all, to those who are not protected socially (the elderly, the disabled, children deprived of normal family upbringing, people with mental disorders, alcoholics, drug addicts, AIDS patients, families from “risk” groups, people with deviant behavior). They not only relieve social tension, but also participate in the development of legislative acts designed to more fully express the interests of various segments of the population.At the end of the second millennium in Russia, after the market reforms, which not only improved the former “bad” life under the communists, but also rather successfully lowered the already low standard of living, the question is acute not only about the socially unprotected segments of the population, but also about life middle class. Thanks to economic reforms, he came close to the poverty line. Long-term delays in payment of salaries, cutbacks in benefits, delays in student scholarships, endless promises from the Government have led to social tensions. The aggravation of socio-psychological tension in conditions of political instability and economic crisis makes the question of the practical activities of social workers, the methodology and technologies for its implementation especially relevant.
In the history of the development of any country, one can find a connection between the forms, types of social work and emerging social problems. And although in Russia social work as a professional activity (in the Western sense) is just beginning to develop, some of its types and forms have a long historical development(for example, patronage services, medical and social assistance, welfare services, etc.). Therefore, when dealing with the problems of social work at different levels, it is important to actively use the existing experience in helping various groups of the population. It should be taken into account that there are peculiarities in the organization of social work and in the use of its individual methods, due to the specifics of theoretical and methodological approaches to the same social problems.
Particular attention is required, on the one hand, to the technology of influence, the provision of social assistance at the individual-personal level of interaction with the client, and on the other hand, global social programs of social assistance to citizens in need of it.
The professional training of social workers in Russia is taking its first steps. Social work as an activity (especially as a non-professional, voluntary) has existed in Russia for a long time. Non-professional activities include various types of voluntary assistance and mutual support, which are integral components of the life of individual subjects and social practice in general in any society.
basis professional work relations “social worker - client” (the client can be both society, and a social group, and an individual). We can distinguish the following levels of objects of social work:
special person
various social groups(by profession, by age, by gender, etc.)
specific society
all mankind
For Russian society it is now vital to develop both structural social work and the activities of social workers using psychological techniques and technologies. It is important that both these directions complement each other.
A social worker, as a subject of specific activity, must possess a considerable arsenal of skills and abilities, have deep knowledge in the field of human sciences: psychology, acmeology, sociology, pedagogy, and law. Knowledge and skills, combined with relevant personal qualities and the ability to be creative, can be considered as readiness for professional activity.
In the very general view the essence of social work lies in the regulation of legal and economic relations of a person with society, assistance in solving personal problems.
The purpose of social work is to maintain a comfortable, dignified, legal existence of a person as a subject of society, as well as to adapt a person in society.
The object of social work is, as we indicated above, a person and various communities. In the current economic and social situation in our country, assistance is mainly directed to those who are in the most difficult and hopeless situation: families with many children, refugees, the unemployed, pensioners, and the disabled. At present, the concern of the state for the weakly protected sections of the population has almost completely disappeared. Benefits arrive very late, and their size is simply ridiculous.
The use of psychotechnologies in social work at the level of objects concerns the individual and groups. As for the levels of society and all of humanity, the author of this article is rather skeptical about the organization of social work at these levels. Especially in today's society.
The question of the methodology of social work is extremely important, because. it is the main question of the organization of science and professional activity.
An analysis of the leading trends in the development of the world theory and practice of social work indicates that new important processes are taking place in this area. The humanistic orientation of social activity as a whole is growing, which focuses not only on the protection of an individual in his specific difficult situation, but also on a holistic approach to a person. There is a growing public acceptance of social work as a profession. Social work is multifaceted and unique. It is connected with the person as a whole - in his biological, social and spiritual parameters. Due to a combination of interrelated factors that characterize the entire diversity human behavior and relationships.
The object of social work is a person. The subject of social work is also a person. Therefore, the relations "specialist - client" were and remain dominant. For effective professional activity, a social worker needs knowledge of psychology in order to competently establish contact with a client.
But a successful social worker must not only be to some extent professional psychologist but also a psychotherapist. Social work is the most integrative discipline. If you look at social work as a type of activity, you can see that this profession combines a lot of knowledge and skills from other areas. Indeed, there are specialists who specialize strictly in their field. But social work tries to get away from this narrow approach. She sees a person and understands him as an integral being, which in a particular situation experiences difficulties of a certain nature. When we say that a social worker should be a psychologist and psychotherapist, we do not mean professional activity as a psychologist or psychotherapist, but about professional functions, components of the professional activity of a social worker. This is extremely important because any profession, including social work, has a sphere of competence.
At the same time, we would like to note that for effective social work in the "professional-personality" and "professional-group" dyads, the psychological and psychotherapeutic components are extremely important, if not the main ones.
In accordance with this logic, it is the basic methodological principles of Russian psychology that are leading for the formation of the methodology of social work.
As we have already written (Kozlov, 1997), when applied to social work, the methodology of psychology acquires new features and characteristics.
In the applied aspect of social work, which are
Intensive Integrative Psychotechnologies (IIPT), the methodology is private and specific. But even at the same time, continuity with general scientific and psychological traditions is observed.
Modern social work in its development is approaching the formation of its own scientific paradigm. According to our ideas, the very process of this formation will change our understanding of the meaning of social work, its content and mechanisms.
In our opinion, the scientific paradigm of social work should be commensurate with the everyday life of human existence and instrumentally adapted to its problems of life in society.
We have already described those methodological principles that can become some basis for the formation of a paradigm of integrative psychotechnologies. We suggest that they can be considered as principles for the formation of a system of practical social work at the level of "professional - client".
For this reason, I would like to recall the main ones:
The first principle is a holistic approach, which implies a systematic analysis of the subject of science. The principle of integrity postulates the understanding of a person as a living, open, complex, multi-level self-organizing system that has the ability to maintain itself in a state of dynamic balance and generate new structures and new forms of organization.
The second principle is genetic considered based on the provisions of the theory of dissipative structures (Niklis G., Prigogine I., 1990). Non-equilibrium (dissipative) structures exhibit the following properties: selective instability, probabilistic selection of states, "aggravation mode" during the evolution of the system, as well as autonomy, independence of the system's own evolution from the initial conditions of its occurrence.
The third principle is the principle of conditionality, manifests itself in the following moments when working with clients:
The non-equilibrium state of the system affects the linear region, i.e. The effect affects the cause that caused it. The client in the zone of imbalance can interpret the facts of the biography from the point of the crisis state and the content of the interpretation will be determined by the non-equilibrium state of the system and distort the linear area;
The fourth principle is the principle of positivity indicates the focus of the specialist and the client on a positive experience.
The use of the principle of positivity is also due to the fact that a person attuned to positive states is a being with high vitality, a degree of self-actualization, manifestation in life, in creativity, in society.
The fifth principle - the principle of correlation - the need to take into account the intensity of the action of psychotechnology with the level of sensitivity of the client's psyche to the structure, content and form of influence.
The sixth principle - the principle of the multidimensionality of truth - any explanation and understanding of individual psychic reality, as well as the socio-psychological patterns of groups and communities, will always be incomplete, and therefore untrue.
With any explanation and understanding, there will be a number of unaccounted variables that affect the behavior of a person or group, and the patterns drawn in individual mental reality, group space will be valid only under certain conditions and with a certain (uncertain) probability.
Therefore, any explanation and understanding of man and groups can claim to be alive and true.
It is important for us, both in scientific and applied aspects, to use intensive integrative psychotechnologies in social work. Therefore, we want to dwell in more detail on the content, structure and strategic aspects of this particular direction.
As you know, the concept of integration was introduced into European psychology by Carl Gustav Jung. What he meant by integration is:
a) awareness of the conflict between fragments of consciousness;
b) acceptance of the conflicting parties as equal in importance.
The meaning of integration lies in the fact that the area of consciousness that was repressed, suppressed by the personality, is no longer rejected. At the level of the Freudian map, integration means the acceptance and awareness of the material of psychic reality that was expelled from the sphere of the Ego into the unconscious with the help of defense mechanisms (suppression, repression).
Integrative psychotechnologies are called systems of influence on the personality, which contribute to its greater integrity. The concept of "integration" in integrative psychotechnologies was introduced by Jim Lenard (the founder of the vayveishn movement). Jim Lenard understood integration as the attachment of a part to a whole, where the whole is consciousness, personality, and the part is a repressed complex. Before D. Lenard, the concept of “liberation” was popular in intensive psychotechnologies, which is close to the concept of “catharsis” in psychoanalysis. D. Lenard proposed a holistic psychotechnology, which he designated as vibration.
The concept of integration was more deeply developed among transpersonal psychologists (S. Grof, R. Assagioli, K. Wilber, A. Maslow).
Integrative psychotechnologies (“psyche” - soul, “technos” - skill, skill, mastery, “logos” - concept, teaching) are understood as a set of concepts, methods, skills, skills to achieve greater integrity and consistency of personality, consciousness, behavior and activity .
The intensity of psychotechnologies is caused by the following reasons:
A huge array of crisis states of the personality, a high representation of the crisis personality in society;
Time compression, acceleration and compaction of energy-information processes in society and individual consciousness;
A manifested need for quick and effective, accurate and safe resolution of personality problems by expanding the resources of self-awareness and reflection.
Intensive integrative psychotechnologies appeared in Russia in the early 90s in accordance with the problems that arose before society and the individual.
Intensive integrative psychotechnologies work at the following levels of the psyche as a living, open system:
a) physical and psychophysiological (work with the physical, somatic consequences of stress and stressful situations);
b) psychological (resolution of intrapersonal problems, personal transformation, psychotherapy, achievement of personality integration);
c) resolution of socio-psychological problems of the individual (problems of communication and social interaction, social adaptation, manifestation in public relations and relations);
d) solving the problems of self-actualization (expansion of personal freedom of choice; discovery of internal, vital, intellectual, emotional resources; finding the deep motivation of a person and acquiring the right for a person to show his individuality);
e) satisfaction of the individual's need for transcending (finding the psycho-spiritual dimensions of the individual, determining answers to the basic questions of human existence and accepting the right to "embodied" existence, "reconciliation of man with God", enlightenment and "second" birth).
Intensive integrative psychotechnologies satisfy the qualities of consistency, multidimensionality, and integrity.
High adaptability of intensive integrative psychotechnologies (IIPT) is provided by the following factors:
A huge prehistory of the use (40 millennia) of methods and techniques for the transformation and integration of the individual;
Close connection with the empirical techniques of self-integration, which are used by people in everyday life without theoretical understanding;
A high measure of science.
In IIPT there is a huge conceptual field, as well as verified psycho-physiological, socio-psychological, psychological research within the Cartesian paradigm of science, which corresponds to the principle of scientificity. Theories and concepts of IPPT have a huge variety of approaches (Jungian in-depth analysis, R. Assagioli's psychosynthesis, Stanislav Grof's extended map of the unconscious, K. Wilber's spectrum of consciousness, V. Kozlov's concept of the integrity of psychic reality, M. Shcherbakov's cluster theory of integration, S. Vsekhsvyatsky's matrix theory , information theory by I. Prigogine, etc.).
The theoretical layer of IPPT has the following qualities:
High dynamism;
openness;
sponginess;
Close connection with practice.
Theoretical representations with all the variety of approaches and directions have a number of common properties:
Nonlinearity and multidimensionality of space, time and human consciousness;
Holographic, holonomic interpretation of the psyche;
Expanded maps of the unconscious;
Technological problem solving based on empirical practices;
Holistic orientation of transformation.
The theory of IPPT has the following origins:
Theosophical (Taoism, Buddhism, Ch'an Buddhism, esoteric trends in world religions, philosophical mysticism);
The holonomic paradigm of science, formed in atomic physics and systems theory (the theory of relativity by A. Einstein, the studies of David Bohm and Karl Pribram - a holographic model of the brain, Jeffrey Chew's lace theory, I. Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures).
Psychological and philosophical theories of transpersonal orientation (St.Grof, K.Wilber, Ch.Tart, R.Dass, T.Mackena, etc.)
Personality-oriented psychological theories (W. James, Z. Freud, W. Reich, O. Rank, K. G. Jung, K. Rogers, A. Maslow, F. S. Perls, etc.).
We can consider psychotechnologies at the following levels:
Work with the body (shamanic psychotechniques focused on the body; body-oriented psychotechniques aimed at expanding awareness of the body and corporality; focused work with the body in styles: massage (Chinese, Japanese, European techniques); Reichian techniques; Rolfing; various static postures; dynamic movements; qi-gong; taijiquan; bodily meditation practices; synthetic massage; segmental massage; Boadell's bioenergetics; Sufi energy balancing techniques; trance dances; ritual practices; holistic palsing; reiki system; vipassana; pranayama, etc.).
Individual psychological level (rebirthing; waving; holotropic breathing; free breathing; transactional analysis; psychosynthesis; Jungian analysis; suggestive techniques; auto-training; relaxation trainings; reformulation techniques; game techniques; age regression; reincarnation therapy; various breathing techniques of immersion; directed visualization; biographical method, meditation, work with dreams, mandalotechnics, art therapy (body art, meditative painting, etc.).
Socio-psychological level (communicative trainings; sensitivity trainings; meeting trainings; psychodramatic acting out; role-playing games; loving relationships training; gestalt; various work formats: eye-to-eye processes; Sufi ritual game techniques; rituals; group chants; group ritual interactions; group dynamics).
Psycho-spiritual aspect (Buddhist and Taoist self-exploration techniques; transcendental meditations; dzogchen; zen psychotechniques; deep experience of various sessions from psychedelic immersions and immersions into an expanded state of consciousness; prayer practices; ascetic practices; deprivation practices; directed visualizations and identifications; various initiations).
Intensive integrative psychotechnologies, as a rule, use different levels of an altered state of consciousness, and for this there is a colossal toolkit for changing states of consciousness.
Of course, it would be inappropriate to talk about integrative psychotechnologies as a frequently used method of social work with clients. Naturally, these techniques are completely inappropriate when a person needs to provide material assistance or carry out a little legal advice on a particular issue. But when it comes to problems in the family, at work, personal problems (obsessive fears, physical discomfort, prolonged stress), here you can already use the whole arsenal of new techniques to alleviate the client's situation.
When working with clients, we are primarily faced with the following points:
First - the client himself, who is he? Child, adult, man, woman - socio-demographic status, age, education, etc.;
Secondly - the problem field, what is the client's problem? Internal psychological factors, mental health disorders, social maladjustment in the form of a conflict in the family, at work, various phobias, etc.
Thirdly, the problem of choosing a psychotechnology, how the system human psyche, which is in imbalance, to bring into a state of harmony, to integrate the problem?
The first and second points are set, as a rule, by the situation of social work. The third point is the most problematic and requires great knowledge and experience of a social worker.
In order to effectively choose a strategy for interacting with a client and methods of influencing him, at the initial stage it is necessary to conduct an in-depth interview, if necessary, using psychodiagnostic techniques. That is, the first stage of interaction with the client to choose the right strategy is to penetrate deeper into the client's personality, expanding ideas about the client's problem field.
In order for the resolution of personal problems to be effective, the following conditions must be observed:
Attunement to the state of the client;
empathy;
Positive orientation;
Not getting stuck in the problematic field of the client.
When working with a client, there is one very significant difficulty that slows down the resolution of the problem. This difficulty is connected with the fact that the client is already living normally with his problem, he has read a lot of literature about it, some even enjoy the consciousness of their own inferiority, and if their uncomfortable situation is abruptly resolved, they will begin to look for a new “sore” in themselves in order to focus all your attention on it. Therefore, much here depends on the ability of the social worker to create an attractive lifestyle without this problem, to make the client want to lose this problem and forget it. When working, it is especially important to accurately determine the problem field, to spare no time to delve into the client’s problem, since the mental and social “recovery” of a person depends on this.
At the same time, as experience shows, often the adaptive capabilities of the individual to transform the ego, change value orientations, orientation, motivational-need structures are limited. Also limited are the possibilities of the social niche in which the client lives to perceive and adapt his transformation. Old communication stereotypes and role expectations are broken, which often leads to partial and sometimes complete maladjustment of the personality. A person leaves work, leaves his family, etc.
All this puts forward requirements for the quality of interaction between a specialist and a client. The strategy for this interaction should be systematic and take into account:
1. Features of the client's personality;
2. The structure and content of the material that is integrated by the personality;
3. Possibilities and limitations of psychotechniques used in the process of interaction;
4. Providing feedback;
5. Possibilities of the system of support and tracking in society.
The first paragraph makes the following demands:
Mandatory individual interview for group work;
Compliance with the “law of eight” (one specialist should not have more than eight clients);
Possession by a specialist of professional psychological knowledge and skills for the study of personality.
The second point is of extreme importance in the strategy of interaction. If a specialist does not represent the complex internal architectonics of the material integrated by the personality, then this, as a rule, leads to methodological errors, loss of efficiency of transformational work, and sometimes to destructive changes in the client's personality.
Without a doubt, one can rely on intuition, spontaneity of consciousness and the inner wisdom of the human psyche. But experience shows that relying on professional knowledge and elementary scientific ideas about the mental make the quality of interaction more flexible, multifaceted and, most importantly, in possible accordance with the internal picture of what is happening.
The third point assumes that a social work specialist has not only theoretical ideas about psychotechnics, but also owns them. In psychoanalysis, it is a regularity that before the psychoanalyst starts working with clients, he goes through the psychoanalysis itself. We believe that before a social worker starts working with the use of various psychotechniques, he himself must go through them, test them in inner work with himself. This poses a requirement for curricula in the university and retraining programs in their special practical psychotechnical orientation.
The fourth point suggests that the social worker should have the time and opportunity to receive feedback from their clients. In a professional sense, the university is obliged to develop the skills of conducting a reflective, sensitive, open interview with a client.
The fifth point is extremely difficult in the organizational aspect due to the lack of time for a social worker and the high density of the work schedule. At the same time, it is a certain criterion for the effectiveness of work and a way to control the process of socialization of the client.
All five points in their synthesis open up wide opportunities in improving the efficiency, correctness and accuracy of social work.
There are currently more questions than answers in the psychotechnological provision of social work. There are a huge number of models and approaches. This shows that this topic in social work is promising both in theoretical and practical aspects.
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