Khalitdinov Rustam
Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are part of the word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone: and others. There are prefixes that have arisen from full-valued words: For example:
Foreign language prefixes in Russian of predominantly Greek and Latin origin
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10th grade student
Khalitdinov R.I.
Foreign prefixes in Russian.
Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are part of the word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone:in-, on-, for-, on-, pro-, re-, from-, over-other. There are prefixes that have arisen from full-valued words:Near-, between-, counter-, over-, after-. For example: international, confrontation, superconductivity, afterword.
Foreign prefixes in Russian are predominantly of Greek and Latin origin:
- Greek prefix a-(an-) synonymous with Russian prefix not - , has the meaning of the negation or absence of any property, quality:asymmetry, arrhythmia, immoral;
- anti- , also Greek, corresponds to Russian contra, used to form words with the meaning of opposite, hostility, opposition:antisocial, antifascist, antiterror, antisemite, antichrist, antibioticThese words are on everyone's lips. An antipode is a person who is opposite in his beliefs, traits, tastes to someone else. We read from Grigorovich: By nature, I am the opposite of Pechorin and I hate womanizers and don juans>> ;
- archi- - this prefix denotes the highest degree of manifestation of something expressed by the second part of the word: archival - very important, arch-conservative- extremely conservative arch-rogue - the word speaks for itself;
- hyper and hypo - two prefixes with opposite meanings ( hyper- "above, over", hypo- "below, under" ) indicate the position above and below the established norm. Compare hypertension and hypotension - high and low blood pressure. Hypodynamia - in the era of technological progress, reduced mobility of the human body, leading to many diseases. Hypocenter - earthquake source in depth earth's crust ( hypo- - under, below the earth).
Latin prefixes de- and dez- denote cancellation, deletion, negation and are synonymous with Russian prefixes from-, non-, times-:
- dequalification - loss of qualification disinfection - in Russian disinfection, disinformation - incorrect, false information, deactivation - a very relevant word in our atomic age, means the removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of various objects, from soil, water and other objects;
- deportation means exile, expulsion from the country or forced resettlement of individuals, groups, peoples. Example:deportation of Zakayev from England.
latin prefix inter- also known to everyone. Equivalent to the Russian prefix between - or a word in the middle:
- Interbrigade, intervidio, interclub, international and even an intergirl.
Less used prefix infra- corresponds to the meaning of the wordunder, below, near: infrared rays -electromagnetic radiation, invisible to the eye, infrasound - vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear. In the course now a word from the political vocabulary - infrastructure, or substructure - branches in the economy and social life that are subordinate and auxiliary in nature, for example:Industrial infrastructure includes roads, canals, bridges, ports, transport, communications, and so on; The Belarusian side undertakes to provide the necessary infrastructure– premises, roads, electricity, as well as service personnel(from newspapers)
We continue to talk about the meaning of Greek-Latin prefixes in Russian.
Here is the well-known Latin prefix counter-, contra-, or in Russian against , denotes opposition, opposition, the opposite of what is expressed in the second part of the word: counter revolution, counter attack, counter intelligence, counter strike, counter fact. In the word Rear Admiral , which is written with a hyphen, part counter- does not matter against: admiral - a word from French, into which it fell from Arabic, and means military rank or senior officer rank navy. And prefixes counter and vice indicate the order of precedence.
As for the Latin prefix con- , synonymous with our prefix with- or co- and denoting connection, accompaniment, joint action, then in the dictionary of foreign words there are about 60 words with this prefix. In some words, it stands out clearly, for example, in the words con federation, union, association of some organizations, states, con sensus (con- - co- and sensus in Latin feeling - literally sympathy or general agreement on a controversial issue, achieved as a result of the discussion -Duma deputies reached a consensus), consolidation (cohesion, strengthening, strengthening).
So, the prefix con- means co- or with- . But in many words it has merged with the root and is no longer perceived as a prefix. These are words likecontext, construction, conglomerate, consortiumand many others.
The next prefix is also from Latin - fast- . It matters following, coming after something, after something: fast Impressionism is a movement in art. latin expression fast factum - literally >, that is, after something has already happened, it has happened. Fast scriptum (literally >) - a postscript in a letter after a subscription, denoted by the letters P.S.
We know many words that start with a syllable re-: re construction, re vaccination, re organization, re broadcast and others. These words have a Latin prefix re- , meaning resumption, repetition of action: revaccination - this is a repeated introduction of a vaccine after a certain period of time to achieve the body's immunity to infection. The second meaning of this prefix is the opposite action or reaction. Re evacuation - return from the place of original stay, accommodation.
Sub-, or in Russian sub- , located below what is indicated by the stem of the word. Every military man, and even a civilian, knows the word sub ordination - a system of official subordination of juniors to seniors, based on the rules of service discipline. When they say: violated the chain of command, it means that he did not obey the boss. AT subordination was strictly observed in the department, and the assistant clerk did not dare to read the newspaper before the clerk(Serafimovich).
In words subtropics, subarctic this prefix denotes the location near, near something.
prefix super- is used in the language of youth already as a separate evaluative word, means the highest manifestation of any sign, action: Cinema is great! (indeclinable adjective), Relax - great! (adverb). AT individual words this prefix has the same meaning: super express super fashionable. There is also the meaning of "main" or "located on top, next to something" : super market, super cover.
Next prefix the ex- in the names of persons it is written with a hyphen and has the meaning "former": ex-champion, ex - the president. Another meaning of this prefix is the Russian prefix from-, for example: ex humation (ex - from, humus in Latin "earth, soil"). Ex tradition (ex - from-, outside- and traditio – transfer) – issuance foreign country a person who has violated the laws of that state.
Prefix extra- synonymous with prefix super- , denote "higher, beyond the ordinary:extraordinary, extravagant- unusual, not in accordance with generally accepted standards, fashion. There is also a separate word extra , meaning "the best", if we are talking about the type of product. In Russian, this is an indeclinable noun.
This is where we will end our conversation about foreign language prefixes and advise everyone to write prefixes correctly, and also to think more often about the meaning of not only the whole word, but also its parts, remembering the words of the great Pushkin: >.
- A-/an->
- Anti->
- Archi->
- Hyper->
- Hypo- decrease against the norm >>
- De- / dez->
- Re->
- Pro ->
- Proto->
- Trans->
- Pan->
Foreign (foreign language) prefixes in Russian and their meaning?
In Russian, there are quite a lot of borrowed prefixes from other languages, and most of all from the ancient Greek and Latin languages \u200b\u200bpro-, a, -an-, -dia-, -quasi-, -re-, -meta, -pan, -sub- from Arabic -al- - alchemy, algebra, many prefixes are taken from modern European languages, most of all from English, German, French, -su-extra, trance and so on.
Foreign prefixes entered the Russian language gradually. They are of Greek and Latin origin. Not all prefixes are used in modern language for the construction of verbal constructions, such are called unproductive and have several semantic meanings (for example, amphi-, ana-, apo-). Currently there are:
a- lack of quality (atypical, immoral)
anti- same as contra-opposite (antitrust)
amphi- double, from all sides (amphibious, amphitheater)
ana- repetition, reverse action, separation (anachronism, anabiosis)
anti- opposite (anti-alcohol, dystopia)
apo- negation, absence, origin from something (apophysis, apocenter)
archi- highest degree(archival, archimandrite)
bio- relating to life (biology, biocenosis)
hyper- excess of the norm, analogue of super- (hypertension, hypersensitivity)
hypo- failure to reach the norm (hypotension, hypodynamia)
dia- through movement (dialogue, diagonal)
dis-(dis-) de- (des/z-) separation, denial (dysfunction, disqualification, dismantling, deodorant)
inter- inward, between (international, interpretation)
infra- below, under- (infrastructure, infrasound)
kata-(kat-, kaf-) movement from top to bottom (cataclysm, catastrophe)
counter- against (counteroffensive, counterparty)
meta- intermediateness, change of state (metagalaxy, metamorphosis)
pan- comprehensive (pandemic, pan-American)
pair- being near or deviating (Paralympic, parapsychology)
peri- near, near (perihelion, periarthritis)
fast- after (post-stroke, post-imperialism)
pro- continuation in time, preference (prolonged, prophase)
proto- initial, main (protozoic, protodeacon)
re- renewal or opposite action (retransmission, reorganization)
syn-(si-, sig-, sil-, sys-, sim-) compatibility of action (symbiosis, synthesis, synergy)
sub- subordinate, not chief (subculture, subordination)
trance- crossing, moving through (transgenic, transatlantic)
ultra- the highest degree, ultra- (ultra-strong, cutting-edge)
the ex- outwards or anterior (exudate, expresident)
epi- over something (epidermis, epigram)
extra- the highest degree (extraclass, extramodern)
The most common foreign prefixes used in Russian are as follows: super, ex-, hyper-, sub-, anti, hypo. Their meanings, respectively: very, replacing, expressing negation, low content.
Prefix ex means former. Example: ex-head.
Prefix ultra matters extreme. Example: ultramarine.
Prefix trans means through. Example: transatlantic.
Prefix super matters best quality. Example: superman.
Prefix sub has the meaning of sub. Example: subtropical.
Prefix re means resumptionquot ;. Example: restoration.
Prefix pseudo matters imaginary. Example: pseudo-sick.
Prefix post matters after. Example: post-Soviet.
Prefix poly matters different. Example: polymer.
Prefix para means about. Example: parascience.
In Russian, there are several dozen foreign prefixes. These are mainly prefixes of Greek and Latin origin.
Prefixes of Greek origin
There are 20 of them in total. Here are some of them:
A-: absence of something, negation, opposite. For example: immoral, asocial.
Anti-: the opposite. For example: antisocial.
Archi-: the highest degree. For example: archdevil.
Hyper-: exceeding the norm. For example: hyperplane.
Hypo-: failure to achieve the norm. For example: hypodynamia.
Prefixes of Latin origin
Some of these attachments are:
Extra-: over. For example: extrapolation.
Sub-: under something. For example: subtropics.
Inter-: between. For example: intercontinental.
Now there are quite a lot of prefixes in the Russian language, just not all of them are spelled out in dictionaries. For example megaquot ;, milliquot ;, macroquot ;, gigaquot ;, teraquot ;, kiloquot ;, centi - these prefixes are used primarily to denote quantities. But some are transferred to other areas: mega discounts.
And here is a list of the most common foreign language prefixes, their meanings and examples:
There are a lot of foreign prefixes in Russian. I will indicate some of them, the most common and often found in words.
Prefix a- expresses negation, the absence of any sign, quality, for example, illogical, asocial, immoral;
prefix ultra- means over, more, furtherquot ;: trendy, cutting edge;
prefix anti expresses negation: anti-people, anti-war;
prefix extra matters over or out of quot ;: extraordinary;
prefix hyper- over, a lot: hypersensitive, hyperactive;
prefix trance- between: transcontinental, transarctic;
prefix super- very: super attentive;
prefix hypo indicates a lack of something, a small dose: hypoallergenic, hypodynamia.
E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University
§ 2. Spelling prefixes
Prefix, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: a in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.
2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:
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called out, stop, sediment, go numb |
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reach, reach, guess |
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belief, courtyard, cut, rely |
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boil, gap, trick, grow |
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In a special sense: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language |
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attack, cover, overtake |
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ask, prisoner, pick up, score |
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OVER- (OVER-) |
bite, crack, inscribe, tear |
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POD- (POD-) |
melt, undermine, suggest, wait |
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OT- (OTO-) |
give away, rest, push back, open |
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OB-(OBO-) |
cut off, grind off, wipe off, bypass |
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B- (VO-) |
relish, sew, cling to, involve |
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PREV- |
chairman, predecessor, predetermine |
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RE- |
humus, overflow, skew |
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C- (CO-) |
move
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No prefix in words: |
2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate W
and With
:
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)
In .. click; along .. walking; ..make; ra.. burn.
The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:
2.3. Spelling prefixes PRE- and PRI-
Words starting with pre- and at-, have different origins in Russian.
Some came from Latin. In these words, the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, reward, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root starting with at (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their book character.
Finally, many words pre- and at- are of Russian origin.
It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is clearly guessed.
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Let's remember some cases: |
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shape, shine
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betray a friend, dreams
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2.4. Spelling of vowels in prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.
Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: doing nothing, worthless, worthless, worthless, in a draw.
2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of the prefix and the root.
Retelling + tale = retelling (-s-)
race + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)
Remember:calculation (race + even), but: calculate (race + count);
countless (dev + s + even).
In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin write one 3.
Answer from Irina Kulyomina[master]
in politics, and there is no such thing
Answer from KATYUKHA ALCHEVSKAYA[master]
ab-, (abs-; lat. ab-, abs-) - a prefix meaning "removal", "deviation"; corresponds to the Russian prefix "ot-".
prefix anti- with the meaning of the opposite
bi-two, double duality
Hyper... - 1. Initial part complex words, introducing meaning: exceeding
Derivatives with the prefix DE- (DEZ-) refer to the processes of destruction of what constituted the essence of the past: de-Sovietization - “liquidation or transformation of councils as organs state power”; deindustrialization - "the process of downsizing, simplifying the structure of industrial production"; debureaucratization - “rejection of bureaucratic methods of management, the destruction of bureaucracy”, etc. “In its functional role, the prefix DE- approaches negation,” notes V.V. Baranov, “but this negation differs from the negation expressed by the prefix NE-.
Di... (Greek di...), a prefix meaning "twice"
dis-
In ancient Greek: a prefix that negates the positive meaning of the word (dismenes "evil") or reinforces the negative (dispenthes "causing terrible suffering").
In Russian, the meaning of the prefix dis is "naming the absence of that or the opposite of what is called the motivating word"; in addition, the prefix acquired the additional meaning of a violation, difficulty, disorder of any system.
For example:
1. Borrowed words with this prefix: dyspepsia (digestion disorder); imbalance, dysfunction, dystrophy.
2. Words formed in Russian: disqualification, disharmony, uncomfortable.
The prefix is productive in Russian (especially in scientific terminology) in the field of formation of adjectives and nouns.
inter-
(lat. inter between, among, mutually) a prefix meaning: location between structures, connection, interaction between them; corresponds to Russian "between", "among", "mutually".
counter- (meaning "against", it is always written together - although it means "against", but it obeys the basic law of spelling of our prefixes!
the Greek prefix "pan-" means "everything", "universal. also" everywhere "everywhere" - in medicine
Poly- (poly-)
prefix denoting: 1. A large number; a bunch of. 2. The extreme degree of manifestation of any sign. 3. Generalized; affecting various parts of the body.
re- "opposite action" or "reaction"
SUB...
A prefix in the composition of words that have meanings: 1) located below or under what is indicated by the basis of the word, for example. : subcortical, subaqueous; 2) indicating subordination, the dependence of one action or object on another, for example. : subordination, sub-inspector;
3) smaller in one or another parameter than what is indicated by the basis of the word, for example. : subgiant, subcontinent; 4) located near what is indicated by the stem of the word, for example. : suborbital, subtropics.
eks- (ek-)
In ancient Greek, the prefix had the meanings:
1) outward movements, distance, removal (eksago "I bring out");
2) completion (eksidasko "learning");
3) a high degree of sign (ekselos "very clear").
MN Slavyatinskaya notes that "most of the words with the prefix ex- are of Latin origin (ex-)". In Russian, the prefix is mainly used in the first meaning (the Russian prefix "iz-" is synonymous); there is the use of ex- in the meaning of "a high degree of sign". The Greek prefix did not acquire new meanings in Russian.
Examples of words: ecstasy (from eks - "the highest degree of sign", "outward movement" and stase "strike", rebellion, stop, transformation" - the highest degree of delight, enthusiasm); eczema (from eksemo "spewing, spewing"; rash on skin, a disease with a characteristic rash); exergy (from ek-, eks- "highest degree of sign" and ergon "work" - the maximum work that a thermodynamic system can do), ectopia (literally "displacement" - congenital or acquired displacement internal organ or tissue with access to the surface of the body).
The prefix is productive in the field of medical terminology