The English language is rich in word forms and their combinations. Adjectives, an indispensable part of high-quality and understandable speech, are formed from verbs or from nouns. There are, of course, exceptions (without them in English language no way), but in most cases it is nouns and verbs that act as the basis for the word formation of the adjective. It is difficult to study all the features of the formation of English adjectives, since there are many exceptions, but there are basic rules that you need to know. They will help you understand the formation of adjectives in English and not make mistakes. In this article, we will introduce the main nuances of the formation of adjectives and the most striking examples of exceptions.
Verb stem + postfixes
Using postfixes allows you to make the semantics of the language more diverse. This partly refers to the English formative elements -able / -ible, which denote the ability of something / someone to perform the desired action (contribute to its formation). But! These postfixes are just a drop in the ocean. Adjectives are formed in several ways. Below is a table with postfixes, the function of which is to contain an indication of certain qualities or properties (to adjectives) and display them in a conversation.
| Confid ent | Arrogant, self-confident | Sarah is confident in her knowledge => Sarah is confident in her knowledge. |
| Resist ant | Hardy, able to resist | Andry is rather resistant to any changes => Andrew is rather resistant to any changes. |
| Pregn ant | Pregnant, pithy, fraught, rich | This specific area of research is pregnant with possibilities for company’s development => This specific area of research is full of opportunities for company’s development. |
| Miser able | Wretched, miserable, miserable, meager | My brother is miserable living on his own => My brother is very miserable living on his own. |
| Revers ible | Which is reversible, reversible, reversible | The climate change in this region is not reversible => Climate change in this region is irreversible (it is no longer possible to change natural processes). |
| Combine able | connecting, combining, matching | Is this statement combinable with our point of view? => Is this statement compatible with our point of view? |
| Evidence ent | obvious, obvious, clear, evident | This is evident for everybody that she is happy with him => It is obvious to everyone that she is happy with him. |
| Relev ant | pertinent, pertinent, pertinent | This is really relevant remark but we don't need it => |
| Depend ent | Conditioned, subordinate, dependent | I’m dependent on her success => I depend on her success. |
| progress ive | Perspective, progressive, progressive | This is very progressive topic on this discussion => This is a very progressive topic on this discussion. |
| effects ive | Efficient, efficient, efficient | An effective method is always a good idea => Effective method is always a good idea. |
| Conveni ent | Comfortable, Convenient, Fit, Suitable | This is a very convenient way to solve all our problems => This is a very convenient way to solve all our problems. |
| Arrog ant | Arrogant, arrogant, haughty | This guy has so arrogant look I can't stand him! => This guy has such a haughty look that I can't stand him! |
The table shows that there are several ways to compile. The most commonly used postfixes are => - ible / - able. This word formation is the most common.
But! Adjectives can be formed by other methods as well. It is important to remember that during the formation from the original adjective in English, it may be subject to some changes (formed in a different way from the standard one).
In oral speech, this is unlikely to be heard, but in writing, this is an important issue. Your speech must be correct!
- Rely => reliable (rely / reliable, one that is trustworthy).
Hey! We have already learned verbs in English with you, studied tables of English pronouns. It's time to relax a little and learn adjectives in English. These words are very important for a lively and rich English speech, so if you want to become a full member of the English-speaking society, then you just need to know at least basic adjectives.
English adjectives The adjective is the main part of speech that denotes a sign of a phenomenon, person or object - green room (green room), warm rain (warm rain), good friend (good friend). Answers the question (what? what? what?). As you can see from the question, unlike the Russian language, adjectives in English do not change by gender, number and case, do not form short forms, so it is much easier to learn them.
A number of English adjectives in their form, that is, in spelling, are no different from adverbs. To distinguish between them, it must be remembered that adverbs determine the Adjective, verb or other adverb - well (good), little (little), late (late), and adjectives - noun - well (good), little (small), late (late).
According to their meaning, adjectives in English are divided into:
- relative- do not match adverb very (very) and do not form degrees of comparison. There are much fewer of them, they convey such signs of a phenomenon, person or object that cannot be in them to a lesser or greater extent. For example: location central (central), material - g lass (glass) etc.
- quality- Larger group. They denote such features that may be inherent in a person, object or phenomenon to a lesser or greater extent, therefore, qualitative adjectives form three degrees of comparison: excellent, comparative and positive. For example, soft - soft(positive) — softer - softer(comparative) - softest - softest(excellent). The corresponding abstract nouns are formed from qualitative ones - darkness (darkness), cold (cold).
As in Russian, English has adjectives:
- Simple- in them, except for the root, the suffix and prefix are \u200b\u200bnot distinguished: little (small), black (black), short (short)
- Derivatives- in these words, both the root, and the prefix and suffix stand out: unkind (unkind), beautiful (beautiful), untrue (wrong)
- Composite (complex)- consist of several bases, most often separated by a hyphen: snow-white (snow-white), high-bred (well-bred), red-hot (hot).
A distinction should be made between English adjectives that end in " -ing" and " -ed". You need to know this so as not to confuse them with past verbs, gerunds and participles. In this case, you need to focus on their role and place in the proposal. In a word "-ing" usually describe the impression of an object, phenomenon or person, and words on "-ed"- the state of the person.
Study Table 1. What words did you know? Write down new words for you along with the translation and learn:
| shocking | shocking | shocked | shocked |
| surprise | amazing | surprised | surprised |
| exciting | exciting | excited | excited |
| tiring | tedious | tired | tired |
| interesting | interesting | interested | interested |
The role of adjectives in a sentence
The Adjective refers to a pronoun or, most commonly, a noun. The offer can perform the following functions:
- Definitions(attributive adjectives) He wears black shoes (He wears black shoes) comes before a noun. If there are demonstrative, possessive pronouns and an article, then the adjective is placed between the noun determiner and the noun itself: Moscow is a beautiful city (Moscow is a beautiful city). If the adjective is preceded by an adverb of degree that enhances its meaning, then the noun being defined is omitted, but the meaning is implied: I thought shi very clever (woman) - I thought she was very smart (woman).
In the case when a noun is determined by several adjectives at once, then those Adjectives that reflect the state of things are closer, and then the words that express an opinion: It was a nice sunny day - It was a nice sunny day. The fact that the day is sunny is a fact, a state, but the fact that it is glorious is a subjective opinion.
Study Table No. 2 to find out the rules for the placement of adjectives characterizing a noun:
Epithet, quality: | good |
|
large |
||
round |
||
old |
||
brown |
||
Origin: | Spanish |
|
Substance, material: | wooden |
|
A word that forms a single semantic group with a noun: | dining |
|
Noun: | table |
Attributive adjectives are placed after the noun if:
- The adjective defines an indefinite pronoun: There is nothing wrong (It's all right)
- The adjective itself has a dependent word in a comparative construction: They have a court yard larger than yours (They have a yard larger than yours)
- The definition is expressed by the words present (present), absent (absent) and some other words: Absent will be not in a rate (Absent will not be aware)
2. Composite nominal predicate(predicative) — His shoes are red (His shoes are red), stands after the linking verb - to be (is, am, are, was ...): Moscow is beautiful (Moscow is beautiful (beautiful). A number of other verbs can be used in the same capacity: to get, to turn, to become, to look, to seem - Shi is getting old (She is getting old).
Adjectives such as well (good health) and ill (sick), as well as words starting with "a" - awake (awake), asleep (sleeping), afraid (scared), alive (alive) and others are used exclusively in the function predicative and they have no degrees of comparison: Hi is ill again (He is sick again).
Adjectives for everyday communication
Adjectives that denote shapes, tastes, sizes, colors and qualities are very important, as they are most often used in everyday everyday communication.
Carefully study table number 3. Try to remember the most common words, write down the most difficult:
Colors | Sizes | Shapes |
||||||
| white | White | wide | Wide | triangular | Triangular | |||
| black | Black | thin | Thin | square | Square | |||
| yellow | Yellow | thick | Thick | straight | Straight | |||
| red | Red | tall | Tall | circular | Circular | |||
| purple | Purple | small | Small | - | - | |||
| orange | Orange | short | Short | - | - | |||
| green | Green | narrow | Narrow | - | - | |||
| gray | Grey | long | Long | - | - | |||
| brown | Brown | deep | Deep | - | - | |||
| blue | Blue | big | Large | - | - | |||
Tastes | Qualities | Quantities |
||||||
| sweet | Sweet | young | Young | wholesale | Whole | |||
| spicy | Spicy | old | Old | a few | Some | |||
| sour | Sour | bad | Bad | some | Some | |||
| salty | Salty | good | Good | part | Part | |||
| fresh | Fresh | heavy | Heavy | much | Lot | |||
| bitter | Bitter | easy | Easy | many | Many | |||
| - | - | dry | Dry | little | Little | |||
| - | - | wet | Wet | few | Some | |||
| - | - | soft | Soft | - | - | |||
| - | - | new | New | - | - | |||
In English, there is a truly great number of postfixes and prefixes involved in the formation of new adjectives from the original stems - nouns or verbs. Knowledge of such form-building elements and their features is a useful and necessary basis for learning adjectives in English.
Formation of adjectives in English: ways
1. With the help of postfixes from verb stems
Different postfixes introduce different nuances into the semantics of the formed adjectives. Formative elements -ible / -able indicate the presence of a certain ability to perform some action, the other postfixes indicated below contain an indication of certain properties, qualities, for example:
- reverses ible reversible, reversible, reversible
- convert ible- changeable, convertible, reversible
- miser able- meager, insignificant, unsightly, miserable, miserable
- combin able- combinable, combined, connected
- pregn ant- pregnant, rich, fraught, meaningful
- resist ant- able to resist, resistant, enduring
- relev ant relevant, pertinent, pertinent
- arrog ant- arrogant, haughty, arrogant
- confidential ent self-confident, self-confident, arrogant
- evident ent- clear, obvious, evident, evident
- conveni ent- suitable, suitable, convenient, comfortable
- depend ent dependent, dependent, conditioned
- effect ive- Efficient, Efficient, Efficient
- progress ive- forward-thinking, forward-thinking
Postfixes –ible / -able can present a certain difficulty on initial stage learning English. There are significantly more adjectives with –able in English. When forming derivative adjectives with the help of these postfixes, the original stems may undergo certain changes, namely:
- receive (receive) - receivable (able to be received, to be received): the final vowel "-e" of the original stem before the above suffixes disappears;
- rely (rely) - reliable (reliable, trustworthy, on whom you can rely): the final vowel "y" of the stem turns into "i" when these postfixes are added, and only the derivational postfix -able can be used after it;
- appreciate (highly appreciate, feel, recognize) - appreciable (tangible, significant, significant): after the final "i" in the original stem, only the postfix "-able" can be added.
2. Formation from noun stems
In the described way, adjectives are formed using the postfixes -al, -ful, -y, which emphasize the presence of any specific qualities or properties, the postfix -less, indicating the absence certain properties or qualities, the postfix –ous characterizing certain character traits or giving the corresponding qualitative characteristics, and a number of others, for example:
- logic al- logical, natural, logical, consequential
- tropical al- tropical, hot, hot
- power ful- powerful, strong, mighty, powerful
- dread ful- terrible, dreadful, dreadful
- allergy ic– allergic, sensitive, intolerant
- anaerob ic- anaerobic, anoxic
- danger ous dangerous, risky, threatening
- fam ous famous, famous, renowned, legendary
- micace ous- mica
- friend ly- friendly, amiable, amiable, peaceful
- man ly- masculine, masculine, masculine
- satisfact ory sufficient, satisfactory, satisfactory
- obligat ory obligatory, obligatory, obligatory
- coins ary- monetary, monetary, currency
- contr ary- opposite, opposite
- electr ic- electric, under voltage
- phonet ic- phonetic, pertaining to phonetics
- tact less- tactless, impudent
- mother less- motherless, motherless
- cloud y- cloudy, cloudy, overcast
- tast y- tasty, pleasant, (made) with taste
- simil ar similar, alike, alike, alike, alike
- circular ar- circular, circular, circumferential
- order ary- mediocre, mediocre, ordinary, ordinary, banal
- element ary- primary, initial, basic, elementary
- intermedia ate- intermediate, middle, transitional
- adqu ate- sufficient, adequate, satisfactory, appropriate
- arch ed- vaulted, curved in the form of an arch
- double-sid ed– bilateral
- gold en- made of gold
- wood en- made of wood, wooden
- Kongol ese– pertaining to the Congo, Congolese
- Japan ese- pertaining to Japan, Japanese
- Span ish- relating to Spain, Spanish
- short ish- short, not long enough
- Tunisia n- related to Tunisia, Tunisian
- Belgium n- pertaining to Belgium, Belgian
- mass ive- large, impressive, massive
- corporate ive pertaining to a corporation, corporate
Forming adjectives in English using prefixes
A feature of English derivative adjectives is the fact that the prefixes involved in their formation for the most part contain a negative meaning. Examples of such prefixes are un-, in-, im-, dis-. There are, of course, prefixes with other meanings:
Negative values
- visible (visible) - in visible (invisible)
- correct (correct, correct, exact) - in correct (incorrect, incorrect, inaccurate)
- dead (dead) - un dead (risen from the dead)
- reasonable (prudent, reasonable, reasonable) - un reasonable (unreasonable, unreasonable, unreasonable)
- legal (lawful, legal, lawful) - il legal (illegal, illegal, illegal)
- local (local, local) - il local (non-local, non-local)
- practical (practical, real, practical, usable) - im practical (impractical, unrealistic, practically impractical, unusable
- possible (feasible, probable, possible) - im possible (impossible, unbelievable, impossible)
- honest (open, honest, conscientious) - dis honest (secretive, dishonest, shameless, dishonest)
- rational (sensible, rational, intelligible, competent) - ir rational (irrational, unintelligible, incompetent)
- realizable (feasible, feasible, realizable) - ir realizable (impossible, unfeasible, unrealizable)
Precedence value:
- war (military) - pre war (before the war, pre-war)
- historic (relating to the past, historical) - pre historic (prehistoric, primitive, very ancient)
The value of exceeding any quality, characteristics:
- active (active, active) - hyper active (overactive, hyperactive)
- tonic (associated with muscle tone, tonic) - hyper tonic (possessing increased tone, hypertonic)
Formation of adjectives in English through word formation
- the adverb "well" + adjective, for example: accepted (common, accepted) - well-accepted (popular, generally accepted); well-kept (kept in order, neat, well-groomed);
- adjective + noun, for example: sea green (color sea wave), ivory white (ivory color);
- adjective 1 + adjective 2: this scheme is used, as a rule, in the formation of complex shades and colors, for example: dark-brown - dark brown; blue-black (blue-black); bluish-black (bluish black);
- participle + adverb, for example: above-named (above named); hard-bitten (persistent, persistent).
Hey everyone! Today we will discuss English adjectives, or rather: their role and order in a sentence, types, structure, formation, characteristic suffixes and prefixes, degrees of comparison and the use of the article with them. You need this! C "mon!
Adjective(adjective) is one of the main parts of speech, which denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions " which?», « whose?».
An adjective is used with a nounto show its special feature, property and give additional characteristics of a different nature. It is thanks to adjectives that our speech becomes diverse and emotionally rich.
Unlike adjectives in Russian, in English they do not change neither by gender, nor by cases, nor even by numbers.
Just take an adjective and put any noun after it. Easy!
smart cat - smart cat;
cute kids - cute children;
hot stuff is hot stuff.
Order of adjectives in an English sentence
adjective in definition functions stands before the noun to which it refers, and in nominal part functions compound predicate - after the linking verb:
I have bought a black cat. - I bought a black cat (definition).
This cat is black. - This cat black(predicative).
If adjectives two or more, then you need to use them in a certain order.
First there will be adjectives showing the attitude (opinion) of the speaker to the subject: handsome (attractive), ugly (ugly), luxurious (luxurious).
Second adjectives are used that describe the parameters of the object (size, characteristics, age, shape, color): black (black), old (old), huge (huge).
BUT before a noun usually destination: kitchen (kitchen), throwing (throwing), educative (educational).
| Article/Determinant | a | some | my |
| Opinion | lovely (delightful) |
stunning (stunning) |
reasonably priced (inexpensive) |
| The size | big (large) |
small (small) |
- |
| Quality (state characteristic) |
well made (skillfully done) |
artistic (skillfully done) |
boiling (boiling) |
| Age | new (new) |
old (old) |
- |
| The form | rectangular (rectangular) |
square (square) |
- |
| Colour | black | - | red (red) |
| Origin (the country) |
american (American) |
english (English) |
Ukrainian (Ukrainian) |
| Material (substance) | steel (steel) |
oil (oil) |
- |
| purpose | throwing (propelling) |
ceiling (ceiling) |
halloween (Halloween) |
| Noun | knife (knife) |
paintings (paintings) |
meal (dish) |
She has fascinating long hair. - She has charming long hair.
Take that small black metal box. - Take that one small black metal box.
It was a modern wooden dinner table. - This was modern wooden dining room table.
I've bought a new steel carving knife. - I bought new steel cutting knife.
I've bought some expensive square fragile china plates. - I bought several expensive square fragile porcelain plates.
adjectives, showing measure(deep - depth, high - height, long - length, wide - width, etc.) are placed after the noun being defined.
The highway is 10 kilometers long. - This track is 10 kilometers long.
This lake isn't big, but it is 30 meters deep. - This lake is small, but depth 30 meters.
Formation of adjectives in English
Adjectives are simple, derivatives and complex(composite).
- Simple adjectives have neither prefixes nor suffixes (big, short, black, red).
- Derivatives include suffixes or prefixes, or both at the same time (natur al, in correct, un nature al).
- Complex(composite) adjectives are formed from two words denoting one concept: dark blue,red-cheeked, snow white.
Suffixes, prefixes and adjective endings
The most famous suffixes adjectives are:
«- less': help less helpless, use less useless;
«- able,« -ible»: suit able(suitable), access ible accessible;
«- ous": fam ous famous, danger ous dangerous;
«- ful': use ful useful, care ful(attentive);
«- ent': intelligent ent(clever); preval ent(common)
«- ary': element ary(elementary);
«- ive': aggressive ive(aggressive);
«- al': form al formal, central al central;
«- ic»: hero ic(heroic);
«- y': sno wy(snowy).
The most well-known adjective prefixes include:
« un-»: un happy (unhappy), un equal (unequal);
« in-»: in complete (incomplete), in different (indifferent);
« im-»: im polite (impolite), im puberal (immature).
English has a list of adjectives that can be used and with suffixes, and with the words " more/most», « less/least».
able(capable);
angry(evil);
clever(clever);
common(general);
cruel(cruel);
friendly(friendly);
gentle(gentle);
handsome(beautiful);
narrow(narrow);
pleasant(nice);
polite(polite);
quiet(quiet);
serious(serious);
simple(simple);
sour(sour).
Types of adjectives in English
By meaning, adjectives in English are:
- quality(big - big, small - small, clever - smart).
- relative(wooden - wooden, central - central), etc.
Relative adjectives in English do not have degrees of comparison, and qualitative adjectives have the following degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives and adverbs of mode of action in English, as well as in Russian, have three degrees of comparison:
- absolute,
- comparative
- excellent (superlative).
So with absolute the form is clear: long, far, good, active, expensive etc.
comparative form An adjective is used when two or more objects or people are being compared.
A comparative adjective can be formed in two ways:
- adding a suffix«- er» to the absolute form of the adjective . This applies to single-syllable adjectives (long) and two-syllable adjectives with a “y” at the end (pretty).
This is a long er book.
This doll is prett ier.
Features of education:
in words ending in " e", is added" r» at the end (lam e- lame r);
- in words with one vowel and one consonant at the end doubles consonant and add "- er» (b ig- bi gger);
- in words with more than one vowel or with more than one consonant at the end, add "- er» at the end (ha rd- hard er).
- adding « more» before an adjective. This applies to two-syllable adjectives without a "y" at the end (charming) and adjectives with three or more syllables (powerful).
She is more charming than her friend.
This gun is more powerful than that one.
Features of education:
When comparing two objects (people), the word " than» located between adjective and object of comparison.
oranges are sweeter than grapefruits.
This painting is more interesting than that painting.
Superlatives used to show that a thing or person has the greatest amount of a particular quality (in a group or in its kind). Commonly used with article« the».
It can also be formed in two ways.
- adding «- est» to absolute form. This applies to single-syllable adjectives (big) and two-syllable adjectives ending in "y" (lucky).
This is the bigg est table in the room.
I'm the luck iest person in the company.
Features of education:
- in words, h ending in " e", the suffix "- st» at the end (large - the large st);
- in words with one vowel and one consonant at the end, the consonant is doubled and "- est» (big-bi gigest);
- in words with more than one vowel or with more than one consonant at the end, add "- est» (blue-blu est);
in words ending in " y', it is replaced by ' i" with addition "- est"(pretty - prettiest).
- adding « the most» before adjective. Applies to two-syllable adjectives with a "y" at the end, as well as adjectives with three or more syllables.
This is the most beautiful dress I have ever seen.
This is the most popular song on the list.
That was the most powerful weapon.
Note: adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees come before all others.
I'd like to buy this more beautiful white rose. - I would like to buy this more beautiful white rose.
At the there ceremony were some of the best young French actresses. - The ceremony was attended by some of the best young French actresses.
positive adjective form
The positive form is used when no difference between two compared things or people.
To form a positive, we use " as» before and after the absolute form of the adjective.
Danny is as smart as Phillip.
She is as beautiful as her older sister.
This can also be applied in a negative context by adding the word " not» before first « as". So we indicate that the compared objects not alike.
Danny is not as smart as Phillip.
She is not as beautiful as her older sister.
Exception adjectives
The following adjectives, the degrees of comparison of which are not formed according to general rule, and their forms should be known by heart.
good- better- the best(good - better - best);
bad - worse- the worst(bad - worse - worse);
little- less- the least(small - less - smallest);
many/much - more- the most(many - more - largest);
old- older- the oldest(old - older - oldest);
old- elder-the eldest(old - older - oldest) - about family members;
late- later- the latest/last(later - later - last / last in time);
late- the latter- the last(late - the second of the two listed - the last in order);
near- nearer - the nearest(closer - closer - closest in distance);
near- nearer- next/the next(closer - closer - next in time / next in order);
far- farther- the farthest(far - farthest - farthest);
far- further- the furthest(distant, distant - further - further / additional).
Using the article with adjectives
A noun with a definition expressed by an adjective in a superlative degree is used with a definite articleif the meaning does not require any pronoun.
London is the largest city in the UK.
My best friend lives in Seattle.
The definite article is preserved before the superlative degree even when the noun is not mentioned (that is, the noun is implied).
The London underground is the most beautiful in the world.
An English sentence, the two parts of which (separated by a comma) begin with an adjective or an adverb in a comparative degree with a definite article in front of it, is translated into Russian using the conjunctions " how …, topics … »:
The more we suffer, the stronger we get.
Note: in English we can make nouns out of adjectives. For this we need to add definite article « the» before an adjective, and we get the word in plural number.
All the doctors examined the sick. - All doctors examined sick.
He always used to help the poor. - He always helped before poor.
The rich also cry. - Rich cry too.
Adjectives ending in "- sh» «- ch» (English, French), turning into nouns, are used with a plural meaning to refer to the nation as a whole.
In this case, they are preceded by the definite article: the French (French), the English (English), the Dutch (Dutch), the Spanish (Spaniards).
Conclusion
We hope that the topic of adjectives is now more than clear to you. To consolidate the material, we suggest you try our simulator for adjectives and degrees of comparison.
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Big and friendly family EnglishDom
English adjectives are very capricious, which is why there are many suffixes and prefixes in the grammar of the English language that help create new forms that convey an emotional attitude and make speech more expressive and lively.
The formation of adjectives in English can be easily learned if you know suffixes, prefixes (prefixes) and other ways of changing this part of speech, which can be based on both a noun and a verb. However, most cases need to be remembered.
Ways of forming adjectives in English
1. With the help of suffixes
Education from verbs
If you want to express the ability to do something, then use the -able or -ible suffix, the other (listed below) suffixes reveal properties.
- capable - capable
- ible - permissible
-ant-resistant
- ent - dependent
-ive-attractive
- tive - talkative
Formation from nouns
The use of suffixes -ful, -y, -al - indicates the presence of certain properties, -less - the absence of quality characteristics, -ous - characterizes any character traits or indicates certain qualities.
- ful - peaceful
-al-historical
- ic - energetic
- ous - humorous
-ly - lovely
- ary (ory) - elementary
-ic - heroic
-less-useless
-y-stormy
-ing - interesting
2. With the help of attachments
Most of the prefixes with which new forms of adjectives are formed in English carry a negative meaning: in, un, dis, im. However, prefixes pre- convey the meaning "before", "before", and hyper- meaning "over".
Un - uncooked
In-incapable
il - illegal
I'm impractical
Dis- dishonest
Ir - irregular
Pre-prewar
Hyper - hyperactive.
3. With the help of word formation
When adverbs, nouns and participles are combined, new parts of speech are formed.
A. With the adverb well:
Well-done, well-cooked.
B. Noun + adjective:
Snow-white - snow-white;
C. App. + adjective. The main number of words formed in this way characterize the color or shade:
Dark blue - dark blue;
D. Adverb + participle:
far-famed - widely known, hard-bitten - persistent, persistent; forth-coming - forthcoming, approaching.
4. A special group is formed from nouns, denoting materials and substances:
A. The words ‘wood’ and ‘wool’:
Wooden, woolen - wooden, woolen;
A wooden house - a wooden house;
B. With the suffix ‘y’ or ‘en’:
Golden - golden; glassy - glassy, transparent; silvery - silvery; silky (silken) - silk; steely - steel; stony - stone.
Remember that the improvement of the English language should go in parallel with both the lexical and grammatical side. The best way to remember all the suffixes of adjectives in English is to constantly work and expand your vocabulary. When reading, listening to English speech, you can involuntarily remember the features of this part of speech, and with the help of this rule, understand how and what was formed.