The Swedish diplomat Johann Philipp Kielburger, who visited Moscow during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, wrote in his book "Brief News of Russian Trade, How It Was Produced Through All Russia in 1674" that all Muscovites "from the most noble to Merchants love the simplest things, which is the reason why there are more shops in the city of Moscow than in Amsterdam or at least in any other principality. This is how Kielburger saw Moscow. But it should be said that in the XVII - XVIII centuries the concept of "merchants" did not yet represent a certain category of the population. It characterized the type of commercial and industrial activity. Since the 40s of the 18th century, the concept of merchant class has embraced the entire township population of a certain wealth. Access to this state was also widely open to the peasants. This led to the fact that the number of merchants constantly increased, and from the 1750s, the "merchants" demanded a monopoly on trade for themselves, and received it in 1755.
The history of the Moscow merchants proper began in the 17th century, when the merchant class from the category of taxable people stood out into a special group of urban or townspeople, which in turn began to be divided into guests, a living room and a cloth fold and settlements. The highest and most honorable place in this trading hierarchy belonged to the guests (there were no more than 30 of them in the 17th century). Merchants received this title personally from the tsar, and only the largest entrepreneurs were awarded it, with a trade turnover of at least 20 thousand a year, which was a huge amount for those times. The guests were close to the king, were exempted from paying duties paid by merchants of a lower rank, occupied the highest financial positions, and also had the right to buy estates into their possession. If we talk about the members of the living room and the cloth hundreds, then in the 17th century there were about 400 of them. They also enjoyed great privileges, occupied a prominent place in the financial hierarchy, but were inferior to guests in "honor". Living rooms and cloth hundreds had self-government, their common affairs were managed by elected heads and foremen. Finally, the lowest rank of the Moscow merchant class was represented by the inhabitants of the Black Hundreds and settlements. These were predominantly handicraft self-governing organizations that themselves produced goods, which they themselves then sold. This category of merchants was in strong competition with professional merchants of the highest ranks, since the "Black Hundreds" traded their own products, and, therefore, could sell them cheaper. In addition, the townspeople who had the right to trade were divided into the best, middle and young.
The activities of the Moscow merchants were regulated by the New Trade Charter, adopted in 1667. The charter prescribed a clear system of taxation for merchants: instead of tamga1, a half tax (from trading activities) and a tax (from fishing) were introduced. The Moscow merchants of the 17th-18th centuries were characterized by the absence of a certain specialization in the trade of any one product. Even large merchants simultaneously traded in a wide variety of goods, and other operations were added to this. So, for example, extracts from customs books collected in 1648 about the goods brought by the merchant - guest Vasily Shorin testify that in 1645 he transported through the Arkhangelsk customs 7 1/2 halves of cloth, 200 arshins of satin, 25 arshins of red velvet , gold spun into tinsel, but also thin copper, red plank copper and 100 thousand needles, and on the other plank there were 16 copper bells weighing 256 pounds and 86o reams of writing paper. From the same books it follows that in another year they brought groceries. Of the export items, Shorin's clerks carried lard, glue, butter, fish, caviar, but also yuft and oars. So the same merchant traded in cloth and velvet, copper, needles, paper, oil, fish, and various other goods. Trade in the XVII-XVIII centuries in Moscow went right on the street or in special shops located within the Gostiny Dvor, which was founded in the middle of the XVI century under Ivan the Terrible. Then, at the behest of the Sovereign, merchants from all over Moscow were resettled in Kitai-Gorod. At first, the shop rows were wooden, but in 1595, after a fire, they were replaced with stone ones. Baron Sigismund Herberstein, an envoy at the court of Ivan the Terrible, wrote about the old Gostiny Dvor in his Notes on Muscovy: "Not far from the Grand Duke's castle stands a huge stone building called Gostiny Dvor, in which merchants live and exhibit their goods."
By the way, not all Moscow merchants had the right to trade in Gostiny Dvor. The fact is that in the 17th century, shopping areas in Moscow were divided into ordinary shopping arcades and the rows of Gostiny Dvor. According to the Code of 1649, retail trade was to be carried out in the ranks, and wholesale in the living rooms - "not to sell any goods separately in the gostiny yards."
A typical shop of a Moscow merchant, in the trading rows, in Gostiny Dvor, was a room 2 sazhens wide, 2 1/2 deep. Such a shop was called full. Along with full shops, there were so-called half-shops, quarters of a shop, and even eighths of shops. In 1726, in Moscow Kitai-Gorod, out of 827 trading properties, there were only 307 owners of full shops, while in 76 cases they occupied less than a whole shop, and in 328 cases the trading place was only half a shop.
But there were other cases as well. For example, some Moscow merchants connected several shops, but this was a very rare phenomenon: there were only 32 cases of owning 1 1/2 shops and 15 cases of more than 2 1/2 shops, of which only one was when the merchant occupied 3 3/4 shops. . In 1701, 189 people owned one shop each, while 242 occupied only half a shop, and 77 people 3/4 shops.
The shops were joined by a huge number of trading places, which were only temporary, portable premises. There were 680 such places in Kitai-Gorod, for example, in 1626, of which 47 were huts, 267 benches and the so-called "bench places", and even here the merchant often occupied half a hut or part of a bench place.
So, large-scale trade in Moscow existed alongside small-scale trade. Of course, the big merchants had a clear advantage. For example, in choosing a place for trading, which, moreover, cost a lot. Thus, the Moscow gardener Kondraty the Boastful, the largest distiller in Moscow in the first quarter of the 18th century, bought a shop for 1,000 rubles in Kitay-Gorod in the Smolensk Cloth Row, and V. Shchegolin, one of the first "cloth" manufacturers under Peter, bought a stone shop for 500 rubles. . The price of such a shop was equal to the cost of a large yard with good buildings. Its location in a lively place was also appreciated. Shopkeepers paid a solid income to the treasury, which was a benefit for all parties involved: the buyer (more goods - lower price), the merchant himself and the treasury.
The main trading place of Moscow was, of course, Kitay-gorod. There were more than a hundred trading rows here: almost 20 clothing, needle, knife and others, in which metal products were traded; jewelry rows, distinguished by the cleanliness and politeness of the sellers; the quietest icon row; a bleaching row where archery wives and widows traded. Apple, melon and cucumber rows stood separately. Grain trade was carried out mainly on the banks of the Moscow River. On the bridge spanning the moat from the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin, books and manuscripts were sold. They also traded in other areas, for example, in the squares at the gates of the White and Earthen City, but there the bargaining was much less lively. In their daily activities, large and small Moscow merchants sometimes clashed. For example, in the late 1920s In the 18th century, a group of "merchants-companion workers" were at the mercy of the entire vodka trade in Moscow. Having paid a lot of money to the treasury for the ransom, they extremely raised the price of vodka in the city. Seeing this, part of the dissatisfied Moscow small merchants began to buy and bring vodka from the suburbs, selling it at a lower price. The "company workers" did not put up with this and erected in 1731 around all the heavily populated outskirts of the city a low earthen rampart with a wall of wooden poles driven into the ground. Outposts were set up on the main roads, where all the carts were examined, checking whether vodka was brought into the city. However, such a palisade turned out to be not a hindrance for small traders. Soon a lot of loopholes formed in it, and then it was completely taken away for firewood. And again, cheap wine began to be sold in Moscow in large quantities.
It is interesting that even at the beginning of the 18th century, according to the Decree of 1714, all Moscow merchants and artisans were obliged to settle in suburban settlements. Soon, a belt of various suburban settlements quickly began to take shape around Zemlyanoy Val (the old border of Moscow).
The decision to evict merchants from Kitay-gorod was made, among other things, due to the fact that the number of Moscow merchants was constantly increasing. In Kitai-Gorod, there was not only nowhere to live, but even to trade. And therefore, at the end of the 18th century, Empress Catherine II instructed the architect Giacomo Quarenghi to draw up a project for a new Gostiny Dvor within the streets of Ilyinka and Varvarka, since the old Gostiny Dvor, which by that time had 760 shops, barns, tents, no longer accommodated everyone. And this is not surprising, since by the end of the 18th century more than 12 thousand merchants and members of their families lived in Moscow.
Tamga - since the 13th century in the Russian state, a duty levied for the transport of goods, which was superimposed with a special stamp - tamga.
Prechistenka was formed in the city, it can be considered by chance, due to the fact that in 1524 the Novodevichy Convent was built. At the end of the 16th century, a road leading to the convent ran here. Soon, urban buildings arose along this path and the new street was given a dissonant name - Chertolskaya, in honor of the Chertoroi stream, which flowed nearby. Prechistenka owes its sonorous name to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
The road leading to the monastery of the Most Pure Mother of God could not have a name associated with devils, so in 1658, by decree of the tsar, the street was renamed Prechistenskaya, and the Chertolsky gates of the city, located at its beginning, were renamed Prechistensky. Over time, the long toponym of the street was reduced to Prechistenka.
The street, having finally received a "shameless" name, soon became the center of attraction for the Moscow nobility. FROM late XVII centuries, estates appeared here that belonged to the aristocratic families of the Lopukhins, Golitsyns, Dolgoruky and many others. Most of the mansions built at that time have retained the original architecture to this day. In addition, the names of the aristocratic inhabitants of Prechistenka were immortalized in the names of lanes: Vsevolzhsky, Eropkinsky, Lopukhinsky and others.
In the 19th century, Moscow was considered a quiet patriarchal city with a population of 250 thousand people (from the 30s of the 19th century, the number reached 300 thousand).
Neither the pompous luxury of St. Petersburg, nor the capital's high-society balls and receptions - in a word, a large village.
Alexander Pushkin, describing the arrival of the provincial Tatyana at the house of her Moscow aunt, emphasized that the girl had to travel every day "for family dinners" in order to be introduced to "grandmothers and grandfathers."
D.N. Kardovsky. Ball in the St. Petersburg Nobility Assembly. 1913
Wikimedia CommonsMaintaining family ties was extremely characteristic of noble Moscow: here everyone was each other's aunts, nephews, cousins and cousins. Relatives constantly paid each other visits and discussed the latest family news. It is interesting that this was done, as a rule, over a cup of tea: the Moscow nobility preferred this particular drink, while in St. Petersburg the nobility liked to drink coffee. As for food, Russian cuisine was not held in high esteem by the Moscow nobles, who were more fond of German, English, French and Italian dishes. Moreover, forks were always present on noble tables, which, up to late XIX century remained unconventional cutlery in merchant houses.
The older generation of Moscow aristocrats felt quite comfortable in the city: they have the necessary connections, they have someone to chat with and play cards with, but at the same time they are not disturbed by the bustle and noise of the capital.
However, young nobles often got bored in such a patriarchal and too calm environment for them.
Especially this contrast between social life in Moscow and St. Petersburg became noticeable in winter, when one could diversify one's leisure time only with Christmas fortune-telling.
No less remarkable is the church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi, the house church at the Tretyakov Gallery, where the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir is constantly kept, and on the feast of the Holy Trinity, Rublev’s icon “Trinity” is transferred here. And that's not all: the Moscow merchants honored Orthodox traditions, and rich merchants considered it a good deed to donate money for the construction and restoration of churches.
Merchants knew how to relax. Only the sedate merchants of Zlatoglava could have such a beautiful tea party.
“Here to the right, at the wide-open window, a merchant with a bushy beard, in a red shirt for lightness, with imperturbable composure destroys the boiling moisture, occasionally stroking his body in different directions: this means that it has gone to the soul, that is, through all the veins. But to the left, an official, half-covered with bullshit [geraniums], in a Tatar robe, with a pipe [of the factory] Zhukov tobacco, either sips tea, or inhales and blows smoke in ringlets.
By the way, sugar was never added to tea, because it was believed that this spoils the taste of the drink: it was always drunk only with sugar.
B.M. Kustodiev. Moscow tavern. 1916
Wikimedia CommonsOf course, merchant families rested not only at home. Fairs and festivities were traditional entertainment, which took place along the main Moscow streets around the Kremlin, in Sokolniki and Maryina Roscha, as well as in the then suburbs - in Tsaritsyn, Kuntsevo, on Sparrow Hills, in Kolomenskoye and Arkhangelskoye. The nobles left for their country estates for the summer, so no one bothered the merchants to listen to regimental bands, have fun with gypsies and watch fireworks in the evening.
By the middle of the 19th century, theaters began to come into fashion among merchants. Moreover, plays of a dramatic or comedic nature, reminiscent of fair performances on everyday topics, were especially popular.
But operas and especially ballets - because of the strange costumes and the behavior of the actors on stage - the merchants did not understand and did not like.
Gradually, the merchants of Zamoskvorechye began to adopt the attributes of noble life and arrange ceremonial dinners and balls in their homes. However, even here it could not do without petty-bourgeois specificity. The houses of merchants were divided into two parts - front and residential. The front part was usually furnished as luxuriously as possible, but not always tastefully. An interesting feature was that all the window sills in the front rooms were full of different-sized bottles with liqueurs, tinctures, honey, etc. Because of this, the windows did not open well and the rooms were practically not ventilated. The air was refreshed by fumigating the premises with mint, vinegar or "tar" (a lump of resin in a bag of birch bark, on top of which a smoldering ember was placed).
As time has shown, Moscow has remained true to merchant traditions. The rapid development of industry in Russia after the abolition of serfdom led to the strengthening of the philistine class, whose representatives became manufacturers and entrepreneurs. So the merchants began to oust the nobility from Prechistenka as well.
From the middle of the 19th century, noble estates were actively bought up by new bourgeois.
Instead of the old noble families on Prechistenka, new, merchant families sounded: Konshins, Morozovs, Pegovs, Rudakovs. At the same time, the appearance of the street was changing: classical mansions were rebuilt into more magnificent and pompous ones, so that it was “expensive and rich”. “The new houses stun the passer-by with all the unbridledness of their obviously perverted and stupid taste and make them shed late tears for the perishing, if not completely dead beauty of the capital,” this is how the Architectural and Artistic Weekly wrote about these events in 1916.
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Life of peasants and merchants in Siberia in the XVII - XVIII centuries. Kotova Natalia Arkadievna Teacher of history and social studies MBOU Kholmogory secondary school
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The penetration of Russian fishermen into Eastern Siberia began in the 17th century. Traditionally, the colonization of Siberia is classified in two directions: government and free people. The purpose of the government's resettlement policy was to provide the serving population with bread allowances through the use of the natural resources of the annexed territories. In the XVIII century, it was planned to create an agricultural region in Siberia, which not only provided for the needs of the region, but also covered the growing needs of the center in bread. Those wishing to move to Siberia "on the sovereign's arable land" were given benefits for two, three years or more, assistance and loans of various sizes. The farmers of Siberia in the 17th century were plowed and quitrent peasants. At first, the peasants sent to Siberia were given assistance in their old place. The government made sure that the peasants moved to Siberia with a full economy.
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The newcomers borrowed a lot from the natives from the tools of hunting and fishing, and the natives, in turn, began to make extensive use of tools for agricultural labor. Borrowings from both sides manifested themselves to varying degrees in the dwellings under construction, in outbuildings, in household items and clothing. For example, in the lower reaches of the Irtysh and Ob, Russian residents borrowed coats, parkas, reindeer fur shoes, and much more from the Nenets and Khanty. The Yakuts willingly lent their kayaks to the Cossacks.
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Buildings in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the northern and southern regions had their own specifics. On the outskirts of Siberia, on Far East and especially in the lower reaches of the Kolyma, the temporary dwellings of the Russians in the haunts differed little from the huts of the natives. In the early years, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, where there was a shortage of building materials, the new settlers built only huts. Over time, the proportion of buildings of the two-part type reached 48%. Three-part houses in the steppe and forest-steppe regions accounted for 19 - 65%.
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Ascribed peasants preferred the option "hut - canopy - cage". The local administration contributed to its preservation. There were very few multi-chamber buildings, which included several living quarters and a canopy, in all regions of Western Siberia - up to 3%. They were owned by families with a complex structural and generational composition, trading peasants, rural priests and philistines.
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The main food products were cereals: rye, wheat and oats. Oatmeal was ground from oats, which was used to make kissels, kvass and beer. Everyday bread was baked from rye flour; on holidays, bread and pies were baked from white wheat flour. A great help for the table were vegetables from the garden, which was looked after and looked after by women. Peasants learned to preserve cabbage, carrots, turnips, radishes and cucumbers until the next harvest. Cabbage and cucumbers were salted in large quantities. For the holidays, they cooked meat soup from sour cabbage. Fish appeared on the peasant's table more often than meat. The children went to the forest in a crowd to pick mushrooms, berries and nuts, which were essential additions to the table.
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Russian service people who lived in the fortified towns of Western Siberia, enterprising merchants-industrialists, on their own initiative, penetrated into new lands. They were often followed by military detachments. On the banks of the rivers, new small fortifications arose - fences, from which the cities of Eastern Siberia later grew - Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Nerchinsk and others. Servants and merchants-industrialists collected tribute (yasak) here for the Russian Tsar, seized rich booty for themselves, took local elders and princelings hostage, attached to Russian state new lands.
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In Siberia, the merchant class began to form at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, but the term "merchant" came into use much later. At first, merchants from among the townspeople were called townspeople, only in the 1730s. the word “merchant” began to be used, which became widespread in the 1740s–1760s.
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Women's clothing in the merchant environment was very diverse. The most common women's costume of merchants was a dress with long sleeves made of wool, silk, muslin, over which a short jacket without a collar, brocade or silk, was put on. Pearls were widely used jewelry. Merchants wore pearl threads around their necks, pearl earrings. In winter, they wore coats, fur coats and coats on hare, fox, marten furs. Women's fur coats were very diverse, they differed in cut and could be covered with cloth, damask, nanke, plush, velvet.
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Russian merchants were engaged in trade. They hired caravans and transported their goods from one city to another. Sometimes hostile merchants raided the caravans of their enemies and robbed them. But on the other hand, they lived better than the peasants, they dressed in the best shops in the city. Merchants wore richly decorated camisoles, which were sewn from taffeta, brocade, and satin. They were decorated with gilding and sphincters (large gold buttons.
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Merchants' dwelling. The building was: a narrow facade overlooking the street, the house itself is extended into the depths of the site, outbuildings (stables, a barn, a brewery) and premises for servants are located in the courtyard. The first room in the merchant's house is a spacious foyer with a small kitchen, behind which are the living quarters. Goods were stored in the basement and on the upper floors.
Connection of the Ages: Studies in the Source Studies of the History of Russia until 1917. In memory of Professor A.A. Preobrazhensky: collection of articles / ed. ed. A.V. Semenova; Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute Russian history. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2007. 446 p. 28 p.l. 20.57 ed. 500 copies
Materials about the merchant life of medieval Moscow
annotation
Keywords
Time scale - century
XVII XVI XV XIV XIII XII
Bibliographic description:
Perkhavko V.B. Materials on the merchant life of medieval Moscow // Communication of the Ages: Research on the source study of the history of Russia until 1917. In memory of Professor A.A. Preobrazhensky: collection of articles / Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian History; resp. ed. A.V. Semenova. M., 2007. S. 51-86.
Article text
V.B. Perhavko
MATERIALS ABOUT THE MERCHANT LIFE OF MEDIEVAL MOSCOW
The domestic side of the life of merchants of the Russian Middle Ages (especially for the period before the 17th century) remains insufficiently studied. And above all because of the very limited source base. In written sources of the XII-XIV centuries. there is practically no evidence of the living conditions of the first representatives of the Moscow merchants. Only from the end of the 15th century. there are laconic references to the estates of Moscow merchants (for example, about the courtyard of the Vesyakov guests-surozhans when describing the fire in Bolshoy Posad). Therefore, in the process of reconstructing the merchant life of that early period, one has to rely mainly on archaeological materials, which are widely used in studying the trade of medieval Moscow. When identifying complexes that could have belonged to merchants among the remains of excavated dwellings, archaeologists are guided by finds of imported items, imported coins, and trade equipment. As a result archaeological sites in Zaryadye, the remains of a merchant's estate of the 16th century were found: metal weights, a steelyard; wooden counting tags; fragments of Central Asian, Tatar and Arab pottery; knives with stamps of Western European masters; several lead commercial seals attached to rolls of cloth.
Only from the 17th century when localizing the merchant estates of Moscow, one can use materials from census books, as well as city plans. So far, no traces of scribe's descriptions of the capital of Russia in the 16th century have been found. They survived only for a later period, after the Troubles of the early 17th century. The earliest census of Moscow courtyards that has come down to us, dating from 1620 and having no beginning, contains concise information about the owners, location and general size of the estates. I.E. Zabelin published extracts from the duty books of the Printed Order of 1620 and a description of the city rows of 1626 with information about trading shops. The census book of the Kadashev settlement of 1630-1631 has also been published. In the census book of Moscow in 1638, the composition of the city militia was recorded with a list of weapons. We have only fragmentary written evidence of life and life in the family circle, the spiritual interests of the trading people of Moscow, without the reconstruction of which it is impossible to give a complete picture of the merchant world of the Russian Middle Ages.
The houses of merchants, as well as other representatives of the Moscow population (boyars, artisans), were built in the XII-XIV centuries. exclusively from wood. The oldest (according to written evidence) merchant stone house was built in Moscow by the founder of the famous Tarakanov dynasty. According to the Lviv Chronicle, in 1471 "Torokan the merchant laid brick chambers for himself in the city of Moscow near the city wall at the Frolovsky Gates, a single summer and a swede." According to V.P. Vygolov, the use of the verb “reduce” in describing the construction of the chambers indicates “the presence of vaulted ceilings in them”. He also refuted the opinion that has spread in the literature about the localization of the Tarakan estate to the left of the Frolovsky Gate at the entrance to the Kremlin. In the same place in 1485-1486. the stone chambers of the Khovrin-Golovin family of guests, the Surozhans, appeared in rage. Opposite his courtyard, the Grand Duke's treasurer V. G. Khovrin, around 1440, erected a house stone church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and after its death during a fire, a new church of the same name, in the technique of mixed stone and brick masonry. In the Kremlin until the end of the XV century. other richest Moscow merchants also lived - Antonovs, Afanasievs, G. Petrov, resettled by order of Ivan III in the 1490s. to the landing In a number of provincial cities (for example, in Veliky Ustyug and Murom), representatives of the merchant class retained small siege courts in the fortress in the 17th century.
Unlike the countries of Western Europe, stone construction in medieval Russia did not become widespread. Until the 17th century in Russian cities, mainly a few defensive structures and religious buildings were built of stone and brick. The latter stood out noticeably against the background of the wooden residential buildings surrounding them, which suffered especially from frequent destructive fires, but was much cheaper for the townspeople. Stone construction, on the other hand, required much more money than the assembly of houses and other structures from wooden log cabins, which were usually sold ready-made. Customers of city stone temples along with feudal aristocrats were sometimes representatives of the merchant elite. In the second half of the XV century. some of the eminent guests (V.D. Ermolin, Khovrin-Golovin) even acted in Moscow as building contractors. Obviously, this kind of contract work was both profitable and prestigious for them, as has been pointed out more than once in the literature.
Of course, not only the house, but also the table of a wealthy merchant was noticeably different from the diet of the ordinary trade and craft population. Wealthy Moscow guest Dmitry (in monasticism - Dionysius) Yermolin, who in his declining years took tonsure in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery under Abbot Dositheus (1446-1447), protesting against the monastic orders and the provisions of the cenobitic charter, refused to participate in a common, rather modest and monotonous meal . “What can the imam do, as if I cannot eat your bread and jam? And you know yourself, like a grown-up in your homes, not feeding on such food, ”Elder Dionysius explained his behavior (“The Tale of Dmitry Yermolin” from the III expanded Pakhomievsky edition of “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”). When bread, honey, beer, fish and other foods were brought from the refectory directly to his cell, he threw away food, saying with disdain that "our dogs are like that ... did not eat."
Only a few mentions of rural estates of wealthy merchants, which appeared no later than the 14th century, have survived. The earliest evidence of merchant land ownership in the Moscow Principality dates back to the era of Dmitry Donskoy, when the villages of Nekomat, a Muscovite-Surozhan, are mentioned. Under 1375, the annals contain a message about the flight from Moscow to Tver of the son of a thousand Ivan Vasilyevich Velyaminov, who did not get along with the Moscow prince, and a wealthy guest-Surozhan Nekomat (judging by the name, apparently, a Greek by origin). Soon Nekomata went to Golden Horde for a label for a great reign for the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich. He successfully completed the task of the new benefactor, returning to Tver in July 1375 with the khan's label and the Horde ambassador Achikhozheyu. But in August, Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the troops of Mikhail Alexandrovich and forced him to renounce the great reign, then ordered the confiscation of the villages of Ivan Vasilyevich and Nekomata, and later executed the traitors themselves.
Paid with his head for political intrigues, Nekomat, of course, was far from the only landowner from the merchant environment. With famous in the XV century. Merchant surnames are associated with the names of a number of villages near Moscow - Salareva, Tropareva, Khovrina. The bill of sale of 1491-1492 has been preserved. for the acquisition by Dmitry Vladimirovich Khovrin of the village of Krasulinskaya in the Moscow region from the guest of Surozhan Fedor Danilovich Salarev. Several large land holdings in the Dmitrovsky district - the villages of Staroe Yermolinskoye, Kunoki, Spasskoye-Semenovskoye - belonged to the wealthy merchant dynasty of the Yermolins. Engaged in trading affairs and often going on long trips, the guests-surozhans, of course, did not have the opportunity to permanently reside in their own estates and placed control over the performance of feudal duties by the peasants on their servants-managers or village elders.
The literature has long been discussing the question of whether the Moscow guests-surozhans and cloth workers of the XIV-XV centuries represented. special merchant corporations with certain privileges, like guests - members of the living room and cloth hundreds of the 17th century? If M.N. Tikhomirov, for example, answered positively, then V.E. Syroechkovsky, A.M. Sakharov, L.V. Cherepnin showed a certain caution and skepticism when considering this problem. And although no documents (charters) have been preserved in which their rights would have been legally formalized, judging by indirect data, the rudiments of a corporate organization among the Surozhans clearly existed. Its members had certain obligations in relation to each other, enjoyed privileges and privileges (for example, the right to acquire land holdings), obviously arranged joint feasts (brotherhoods), built churches. Such a patronal merchant church in Moscow at that time was the Church of St. John Chrysostom, located in the later White City in the monastery of the same name, known since the beginning of the 15th century. According to chronicle evidence, in 1479 Ivan III laid a new stone church of St. John Chrysostom in Moscow, ordering to dismantle the “previously former wooden structure” that stood on this site ... but from the very beginning, the church of the guests of Moscow structure. Why, then, did she come to desolation by that time, according to the chronicler, “began to become impoverished”? Obviously, Moscow eminent merchants, for some reason, ceased to consider it their patronal church and refused to contribute funds for maintenance.
In the XVI century. the merchant life of Moscow, while maintaining continuity with the previous century, has not undergone significant changes. In the trade and craft settlement of the capital of Russia, wooden buildings still prevailed, and houses made of stone and brick were a rarity. At the base of the now restored building of the English Embassy Court on Varvarka, apparently, the remains of a stone building of Moscow guests Yuri Urvikhvostov and his nephew Ivan Bobrischev from the Ontonov family have been preserved. The folk form named after Yury - Yushka was imprinted in the name of the nearby Yushkov Lane. As the architects-restorers suggest, the original construction of the stone chamber of the Ontonovs, dating from the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century, could have been erected under the guidance of the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin. It apparently did not differ much from the building of the neighboring Old Merchant's Yard, described in 1669: “A stone floor 6 sazhens was partitioned into two dilapidated ... Under the same hollow cellar ... Near the cellar, the storeroom was partitioned into two ... ". Another earlier description of it is contained in a document of 1643 entitled "Repair of the merchant's yard, which was a money yard." There are mentioned, in particular, the back porch of the room vestibule, stoves in two chambers and in the basements. In the basement under the dwelling house of the Ontonovs, as well as in the stone basements of merchant churches, valuable goods were clearly stored. Even under them, the courtyard, obviously, included an orchard, in the middle of the 17th century. it consisted of 21 apple trees, 11 pears, 22 cherries.
The stone house of Y. Urvihvostov was not the only merchant residential building made of stone in Moscow in the 16th century. According to the deposit book of the XVII century. Trinity-Sergius Monastery, in 7057 (1548/49) “Ivan Kuzmin, the son of Yakovlev, gave his court to the contribution in Moscow in China, the city, near the settlement of Ivan Tretyakov, and in the yard there was a chorus: an upper room of three fathoms and a trapdoor, yes a canopy, yes a stone floor, a cellar under it; Danae for that court is written in the patrimonial book in Moscow chapter 14. In all likelihood, this rich townsman resident of Kitai-Gorod kept the most valuable things in his stone chamber, and expensive goods in the cellar-basement under it. Traces of some stone structure of the XVI century. in the form of details of ceramic decor, archaeologists discovered during excavations of a merchant's estate, presumably owned by the well-known family of guests Tarakanovs.
As you can see, although quite rarely, representatives of the merchant elite of the capital of Russia built in the 16th century. houses made of stone and brick, which required considerable funds. In Moscow, they acted as customers and builders of stone structures from the 15th century. only representatives of the richest and most privileged group of merchants - the guests of Surozh, who were engaged in trade with the Crimea, the Horde, Byzantium and who had accumulated significant capital.
However, wooden buildings still prevailed in the development of the Moscow suburb. In Kitay-Gorod there was the estate of the clerk and merchant Anfim Silvestrov, as evidenced by the charter of Ivan IV dated April 15, 1556 to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery on Lobanovsky Yard instead of another monastery courtyard transferred to him: “Behold the king and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of all Rusii was granted by Esmi of the Trinity Monastery of Sergius, Abbot Iasaph and his brother: that they had their court in Moscow, in the New City, in Bogoyavlensky Lane, from Ilyinsky Street to Nikolskaya Street on the left side, twenty fathoms in length with half a fathom, and fourteen fathoms across; and that yard was taken from them and given to Onfim Seliverstov’s son, and to hegumen Iosaph and his brother, in that place of their yard, they were given a yard in the same Bogoyavlensky lane, from Ilyinsky streets on the right side, Lobanovskaya Ivanov’s son Sliznev, cloth tax, in length forty fathoms with half a fathom, and across nine fathoms without elbows, and in another place in the garden eight fathoms. It is not clear, however, where the new Anfim courtyard was located with a total area of 287 square meters. sazhen: in front of the Epiphany Monastery or behind it, if you move from Ilyinskaya to Nikolskaya Street. Maintaining business contacts with the royal treasurer H.Yu. Tyutin, who came from a merchant environment, A. Silvestrov acted as a witness in the execution in 1550/51 of his exchange letter with the Trinity-Sergius Monastery for the Moscow courtyard, also located in Bogoyavlensky Lane ( “on the note of Khosei, he put his hand and the word Alfim attributed his hand.”
Comparing the descriptions of the rich townships in Moscow, Kaluga, Vologda and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky from the "business record" of December 6, 1577 of Nikita, Semyon and Maxim Stroganov, it is easy to notice their uniformity. Yards differ only in the number of wooden huts, upper rooms, cages, closets. The kitchen (kitchen), as a rule, was located in a separate courtyard building. Household stocks were stored in barns, cages, cellars and glaciers. Cattle were kept in barns and stables. The upper room, canopy, and sometimes barns were placed on the basement. A wealthy man from a trade and craft environment preferred to go to his own bathhouse (soap room). In the suburbs, merchants used the mowing necessary for keeping horses and other livestock. So, outside the village of Lesser Atary near Kazan, according to the cadastral books of 1565-1568, "Meadows are mowed by Kazan guests, brought in from different cities." Among them were also translators from Moscow. Wealthy Moscow guests and members of the Living Room of the Hundred sometimes owned courtyards not only in their native city, but also in other places where they were engaged in trading.
According to Stefan Geys (Gisen), a member of the retinue of the imperial ambassador Nikolai Varkoch, who visited Moscow at the end of the 16th century, there were up to 1,500 churches there: “Even some rich merchants and boyars build churches in which they correct their rites, as they have it's supposed to." At Basil III, in the first quarter of the 16th century, the church of St. Athanasius of Alexandria in the Kremlin was built by the guests of Bobynina, the church of St. The barbarians in Kitay-Gorod are the Ontonovs (Antonovs).
Participated in the stone building of Moscow with religious buildings and rich merchants-transferrs from Pskov, Novgorod the Great and other cities. Savva Emelyanovich Vagin, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, who moved to the capital, probably from Galician Salt, in 1595 built a stone church of St. Great Martyr Nikita for the river. Yauza, on Vshivaya (Shvivaya) hill. The text of the building inscription has been preserved: “In the summer of 7103, the temple of the great holy martyr Nikita, a Moscow tenant of the living room of a hundred, a merchant Savva Omelyanov son of Vagin, completed the temple.” But in the Piskarevsky chronicler, in an entry under 7106 (1597/1598), Dm.I. Godunov is named as the initiator of the construction of the church, and the name of Vagin is not mentioned at all: “In the days of the pious tsar and Grand Duke Feodor Ivanovich of all Russia, by the petition of the boyar Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov , a stone temple was erected on Moscow behind the Yauza: Nikita the Martyr of Christ. Perhaps the boyar Godunov petitioned for the construction of the temple at the request of the merchant Vagin, who became its builder-ktitor.
The life and cultural image of the trading people of Moscow in the 17th century, in contrast to the later era of the 18th - early 20th centuries, also remain poorly studied in Russian historiography. This topic was touched upon only in a number of generalizing works on the history of culture, merchants and entrepreneurship in Russia. Meanwhile, it would be interesting to determine the place of the capital's merchants in the beginning of the 17th century. the process of "secularization" of Russian culture, which was accompanied by a noticeable growth of secular and democratic elements. And in the cultural creations of that transitional period, the tastes and demands of the top of the townspeople of Moscow, their ideas about the world around them and beauty, must certainly have been reflected. Studying this process, it is impossible not to take into account the property and social heterogeneity of the merchants of the 17th century. The leading positions in trade and entrepreneurial activity in Russia in the 17th century were occupied by the most privileged and wealthy group of Russian merchants - the guests. They surpassed the rest of the trading people both in terms of capital, and in terms of the volume of turnover of goods, and in social influence, along with trade, they also engaged in crafts and invested in industrial production.
One of the most characteristic external signs A new stage in the development of the country's culture was the spread, along with temples, of stone buildings for secular purposes, often built not only by the feudal nobility, but also by representatives of the wealthy merchant class. Having accumulated considerable funds through large-scale trading operations, they, imitating the aristocracy, invested them in the costly construction of brick residential buildings. Standing out against the backdrop of the then prevailing wooden buildings in Moscow, such high and spacious merchants' chambers immediately caught the eye.
The Nikitnikovs, one of the richest and most famous merchant families of the 17th century, who came from Yaroslavl, gained wide popularity. Their ancestor, Nikita, lived there in the 16th century. The family trading business was continued by his son, Leonty, and then by his grandchildren, Grigory, Pavel, Tretyak, Nikita, whose visiting court existed at the end of the 16th century. in Kazan. The most successful was Grigory, who was elected as a Zemstvo headman of Yaroslavl while still young. He repeatedly contributed large sums to the treasury of the Second Militia in 1612. The Yaroslavl yard of the Nikitnikovs was located near the Uglitsky Gates and the Spassky Monastery, near the shopping arcade. Near the house, Gregory built a wooden church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Nearby, on the banks of the river. Kotorosli, there were fish and salt barns that belonged to him. Grigory Nikitnikov, being a guest since 1613, was engaged in a large trade in fish and salt along the Volga and Oka, where in many cities (Astrakhan, Kazan, Kolomna, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.) he had yards, warehouses and shops, including in the Cloth, Surozh, Silver and Hat Rows near Red Square in Moscow, where he moved on the royal order in 1622. He often had to perform various state duties: the customs head in several cities, the collector of the "fifth money" from the trade and craft population, the participant of the zemstvo councils. He allocated money on credit and the treasury to pay salaries to military people, demanding their return on time. Commissioned and financed by Grigory Nikitnikov in 1631-1634. in Moscow, in Kitai-gorod, in the courtyard of his estate, a stone church of the Trinity was erected, which was not only a house, but also a parish church. Next to it were the stone chambers of Grigory Nikitnikov.
From the marriage with Euphrosyne, Gregory had a son Andrei and daughters - Anna, Domnica, Maria. Andrei Nikitnikov and his wife Marfa Mikhailovna Kosheleva had a son, Boris, and a daughter, Tatyana. Maria Nikitnikova and her husband, merchant Vasily Bulgakov, named their son Grigory after his grandfather. A family tragedy was the death around 1648 of his father's closest assistant, Andrei, a literate man with an artistic taste. Shortly before his death, he invested in the Church of the Trinity a memorial book, including the names of 154 representatives of the Nikitnikov family (82 males and 72 females), ornamented with colorful headpieces and now stored in the manuscript department of the State Historical Museum (Moscow). Grigory Nikitnikov himself died in 1651 and was buried not in the chapel of the Trinity Church, but in the Spassky Monastery of Yaroslavl, where before his death he was tonsured under the name Gerasim. By will, he transferred all capital, real estate and crafts to the indivisible possession of the grandchildren of Boris Nikitnikov and Grigory Bulgakov (by father), who died quite early. Boris was distinguished by his education, in 1653 he was still listed as part of the Living Room of the Hundred, and died the following year. Grigory Bulgakov in 1649-1650 was in the state service in Arkhangelsk and Kholmogory. The only successor to the family commercial and industrial enterprise was in the 60s and 70s. 17th century great-grandson of Grigory Nikitnikov - Ivan Grigoryevich Bulgakov. He completed the interior decoration of Trinity Church. The Nikitnikovs had a home collection of Russian old printed books - “Conversations of John Chrysostom”, “Minei”, “Trefola”, “Code of Court Cases” (Cathedral Code of 1649), etc. After the death of his grandfather, Boris donated some of them to various churches and monasteries, where money was also made to commemorate ancestors. The Nikitnikov family is also recorded in the Synod of the Vvedensky Monastery in Tikhvin.
These are the impressions that Archdeacon Pavel of Aleppo, who came to Moscow in the middle of the 17th century, evoked at the Moscow home of the wealthy guest Grigory Leontyevich Nikitnikov. to Russia from Syria: “We saw in Moscow the luxurious dwelling of this merchant, which is more extensive than the chambers of ministers. He built a wonderful church, like which we have not seen even the king. We are talking about the most beautiful five-domed church of the Trinity in Nikitniki, erected of brick and tastefully decorated with carved white stone (keeled kokoshniks, figured architraves, semicolons, portals) and polychrome glazed tiles. It is well preserved, unlike the chambers that were dismantled in the 17th century. For the first time in the practice of Moscow religious architecture, a hipped bell tower was included in the structure of the temple with an emphasized asymmetric composition. The artel of stone carvers, who participated in the construction of the royal Terem Palace in the Kremlin, is clearly involved in its external design. The basement of the church was used for storing goods, and its southern aisle of Nikita Voin became the family burial place of this famous merchant family, which originated from Yaroslavl. The interior design of the temple was completed by the mid-1650s, after the death of G.L. Nikitnikov, his grandchildren. Icons for the temple were ordered from the most famous icon painters of that time, including Iosif Vladimirov (“The Descent of the Holy Spirit”) and the iconographer of the Armory Simon Ushakov (“The Great Bishop”, “The Savior Not Made by Hands”, etc.), whose stone mansion was located nearby. When painting the walls of the Church of the Trinity, the masters were the first in Russia to creatively use as samples (rather, iconographic schemes) engravings from the Piscator Bible, published shortly before in Holland, and on one of the frescoes they depicted a group portrait of the Nikitnikovs from 11 persons.
On Ipatievskaya Street, five sazhens from the Nikitnikovs' estate, near the Church of Pope Clement, which is at the Barbarian Gates, there was the courtyard of another richest guest Vasily Grigoryevich Shorin. Its length reached 43 sazhens, and its width 16-24 sazhens. On it, at a short distance from the temple, there was some kind of “stone building”, which most likely had an economic purpose and therefore was not called chambers in the building book of 1657. Shorin owned several smaller yards, located nearby, on illegally seized church land. There, in wooden huts, his people lived, including shoemakers. Back in 1644, V.G. Shorin addressed a petition regarding the restructuring of the stone chapel of the temple "Renewal of the Resurrection of Christ, in Kitay-gorod, near his Vasilyev yard". The house temple of the Shorins is the church of Dmitry Solunsky, which was located on the territory of their estate, in which, over time, stone housing appeared. They, as expected, could also be the customers for the renovation of the Church of Clement at the Barbarian Gate. In the neighborhood of their stone house on Ipatievskaya Street, which was in good condition at the beginning of the 18th century, lived in 1695 the boyar F.P. Sheremetev and the roundabout I.A. Matyushkin.
The Shorins came from Vyazma, from where in 1610 the Great Grigory Shorin came to trade in Novgorod with his son Bogdan. In the middle of the XVII century. V. G. Shorin, mentioned as a guest since 1641, having increased his hereditary capital, already occupied a strong position in the trade and business business, owning not only numerous shops in Moscow, Astrakhan, and other cities. Given the huge demand for dressed leather, the resourceful merchant started his own production (tannery) in Nizhny Novgorod. He stood at the origins of the monetary reform of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the 50s. 17th century In the Galicia and Kolomna districts, Shorin owned over 50 peasant households, several villages in the Ustyug district, in the area of Salt Vychegodskaya, inhabited by black-skinned peasants, for which he had to make payments to the sovereign's treasury. Some of them passed to him in the 70s. 17th century after the conclusion of a second marriage with the widow of a member of the Living room hundred N. Revyakin. The local peasantry, dissatisfied with the concentration of land in the hands of an eminent merchant, repeatedly sued Shorin with varying success. At the suit of a townsman from Veliky Ustyug, S.F. Yakushev, a criminal case was opened in 1676 about the removal by Shorin's people of the hut that belonged to the plaintiff from the village.
VG Shorin's clerks traded in Moscow, in Vologda, in Veliky Ustyug, visited the cities of the Volga region and Siberia, eastern countries. The clan of one of them, “Lari Shevyrev, the Moscow merchant Vasily Shorin,” was commemorated in the Svensky monastery, where the owner, obviously, sent him more than once with goods to the fair. Having acquired considerable influence in government circles, V.G. Shorin twice served as the customs head of Arkhangelsk, in 1676 he was listed as the head of the guests, and more than once spoke in defense of the interests of the domestic merchant class. On August 15, 1674, on the feast of the Assumption of the Mother of God, a treat was sent to him, like to the guest Fyodor Yuryev, from the patriarchal table of Joachim - “steam sterlet”. Shorin also participated in the construction of the first Russian military three-tiered sailing ship Oryol. The life of this richest man was not idyllic, troubles more than once fell upon his head. During the Salt (1648) and Copper (1662) riots, the yards, shops and warehouses that belonged to him were destroyed and devastated by the rebellious Moscow people. Later, the merchant caravan of Shorin, sailing along the Volga, was plundered by the Cossacks of Stepan Razin. In the end, a significant part of his property (shops, a cellar, a stone tent in Astrakhan) was written off to the treasury "for many arrears" in paying taxes. Obviously, the shaken financial condition explains the modest contribution of V. G. Shorin to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, made on December 13, 1676: “velvet of gold on worm-like earth to the extent of 9 arshins with two vershoks” . Among historians, at one time there was even an opinion that Vasily Grigorievich died in 1680 in complete poverty and obscurity. But, as it was possible to find out with the help of new archival materials, his son Fyodor (a guest since 1666) and grandson Mikhail had a chance to continue, albeit not on such a scale, the work of his father and grandfather. Back in 1675, M.F. Shorin was granted the rank of guest “for the many services of his great-grandfathers and grandfather and uncle and his father, and for honor and for the fatherland” . In an effort to strengthen her influence among the Moscow trading elite, in January 1687, on the occasion of the “Eternal Peace” concluded with Poland a little earlier, Princess Sophia granted her most prominent representatives cash and land salaries, including 750 quarters (210 hectares) by special decree land and 85 rubles - Mikhail Fedorovich Shorin. Memorial records of the Shorin family are available in the synodics of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Trinity Church in Nikitniki, the Nikitsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky. In the most complete record of the family of “guest Grigory Shorin and his guest’s son Vasily Shorin” from the Synod of the Assumption Cathedral, 40 male (27) and female (13) names are listed, including 16 who took monastic vows and 14 who died in infancy.
Participant Zemsky Cathedral 1598, guest Menshoi Semenovich Bulgakov, who lived in stone chambers, at the very beginning of the 17th century. built the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Kitai-Gorod. It became the home temple of this merchant family, as evidenced by the entry in the construction book of 1657: “... To the church, except for Bakhteyar, and Rudelph Bulgakov (sons of M. S. Bulgakov. — V.P.) there were no parishioners; but how Bakhteyar and Rudelph were alive and they put their parents to the church, and they themselves were buried in the same church, and after Bakhteyar and Rudelph Bulgakov’s relatives there were no relatives left. When questioning the neighbors, “Boris Ivanovich Pushkin said: on the Varvarsky krests, the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, the building of Menyyav Bulgakov, is near the yard, but Menshov has a stone pavilion in the yard, and who built that pavilion and how long - he doesn’t know.” At the entrance to the Bulgakov estate, marked, along with a few courts of the nobility, on the "Peter's drawing" (circa 1597-1599), there was a sentry hut.
The yard of "deacon Olmaz Ivanov", mentioned in the bill of sale of 1647, was located in Kitay-Gorod, "in the parish near the Vedenya of the Most Pure Mother of God Zolotoverkhovo". Almaz (Erofey) Ivanovich Ivanov (?-1669) came from a merchant family of Chistykh. His genus is recorded in the synodics of the 17th century. Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Traded with Eastern countries and knowing a few foreign languages, the guest eventually became a Duma nobleman and head of the Ambassadorial Department, making a significant contribution to the activities of the diplomatic department of Russia. As part of the Russian embassies, Almaz Ivanov traveled to the Commonwealth and Sweden. He met with him more than once in Moscow in 1665, a member of the Dutch embassy, Nikolaas Witsen. And here is how Ivanov was characterized by the envoy of the Austrian emperor Augustine Meyerberg, the author of the essay “Journey to Muscovy”: “... Coming from parents of a simple rank, he was happily engaged in trade. Then, being familiar with foreign lands, while correcting many embassies, he showed so many examples of cunning, deceit, resourcefulness that he was awarded the post of superintendent of the secret archives of the kingdom, of foreign ambassadors and reporter of their embassies. There is evidence of donations by A. Ivanov, who had a collection of printed books. According to the contribution book of the Rostov Borisoglebsky Monastery, “in the summer of 7170 (1662) on August 23, the Duma clerk Almaz Ivanovich and the son of the Evo clerk Dmitry Yarofeevich, out of his good warm faith, for his long-term health, gave three books in tetratech: the book is an apostle in ten printed yes a book of multi-layered scroll at noon printed yes a book of grammar printed at noon ... " .
On Bersenevka (modern Bersenevskaya Embankment of the Moskva River) in the middle of the 17th century. a new house was built from large-sized bricks for Averky Stepanovich Kirillov (1622-1682), who was originally referred to in documents as "Averko Stepanov" and who had become rich from the taxpayers of Sadovaya Sloboda. In the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin, an altar cross with painted enamel and gold carvings is kept, which was donated to the Trinity Cathedral of Bersenevskaya Sloboda on August 1, 1658 by the sovereign's gardener Averky Kirillov in memory of his parents. With his financial participation, the parish stone church of the “Life-Giving Trinity, in Sadovniki, behind Berseneva” was obviously being built; to expand the church cemetery, A.S. Kirillov gave up “two courtyards of his brothers” and gave the huts standing on them to the sexton and the watchman of the church. And the following year, he, bypassing the Living Room Hundred, was enrolled in the corporation of guests. “The clan of the guest Averky Stepanov, and Mikhail Pirimov the gardener”, recorded in the memorial book of the Novospassky Monastery, has 33 names (including 13 babies, 2 killed, 9 monastics). A.S. Kirillov donated two printed books to the distant Anzersky Skete on the Solovetsky Islands - “Instructions of Ephraim the Syrian” and “Ladder”.
Kirillov owned yards and shops in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Vologda, potash industries, land and villages with peasants. Expanding your entrepreneurial activity, in the early 1660s. he received in use plots for the construction of salt pans in Solikamsk and land along the river. Usolka, and soon acquired for 1000 rubles. a large patrimony near Moscow, assigned to him in 1666 by a special nominal decree of the Boyar Duma. Kirillov was well known in government circles. For example, his report on the Armenian-Russian trade, compiled for the Ambassadorial Order, has been preserved. In 1677 he was attracted to public service with the award of the rank of Duma clerk, a rare case for a representative of the merchant class. Managing the orders of the Great Treasury, the Grand Parish, the Grand Palace, Novgorod, Kirillov dealt with issues related mainly to industry, trade and finance. During the famous riot in May 1682, he was killed by furious archers, who wrote on a pillar placed in the middle of Red Square, along with the names of other victims of the “guilt” of this outstanding figure from the merchant environment: “I took great bribes and taxed all sorts of untruths.” It is difficult to recognize this accusation in relation to Kirillov as fair, because the clerk seemed to be distinguished by incorruptibility. A little later, having strengthened her power, Princess Sophia dealt with the troublemakers and ordered to tear down the archery "pillar" with the shameful inscription. A.S. Kirillov, like his wife, who also passed away at the age of 60, was buried under the northern porch of the church of St. Nicholas on Bersenevka, where gravestones were found during the autopsy. On one of the tombstones there is an inscription: “In the glory and praise of the Father and the son and the holy spirit, the servant of God, the duma clerk Averky Stefanovich Kirillov, from the birth of his life of 60 years and from the beginning of the world in the summer of May 7190, on the 16th day, martyred in memory of our reverend father Theodore the Sanctified » . Their son Yakov Averkievich, who made major contributions to the Donskoy Monastery and received the great schema there in 1693 under the name of Jonah, became a guest and deacon; his family is recorded in the Synod of the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
The stone two-story chambers of Averky Kirillov, reminiscent of their first owner, have survived to this day (in a rebuilt, however, form). According to the building book of 1657, "... in that garden, next to the Averkiev courtyard, the Averkiev polata was built again ...". It is confirmed by a simultaneous inscription placed around a carved cross on a ceiling plafond in one of the corner rooms of the first floor: “This holy and life-giving cross was written in the year [o] 7765, of that summer and the chamber was corrected (according to another version, delivered— V.P.)" . Even then, the owner of the chambers, who was still listed as a gardener, achieved a high financial position through trading operations.
This rich Moscow house, furnished and arranged in the Western European manner, made a vivid impression on the Dutchman N. Witsen, who visited Moscow in 1665: “I visited Averky Stepanovich Kirillov, the first guest, who is considered one of the richest merchants. He lives in the finest building; it is a large and beautiful stone chamber, the top is made of wood. In the courtyard he has his own church and a bell tower, richly decorated, a beautiful courtyard and garden. The situation inside the house is not worse, there are German painted glasses (stained-glass windows) in the windows. In short, he has everything you need for a richly furnished home: beautiful chairs and tables, paintings, carpets, cabinets, silverware, etc. He treated us to various drinks, as well as cucumbers, melons, pumpkins, nuts and transparent apples, all served on beautiful carved silver, very clean. There was no shortage of carved goblets and cups. All his servants are dressed in the same dress, which was not accepted even by the king himself. He treated us very kindly, talked about the recently appeared comet; Russians talk about it wrong. He showed us a book of predictions of the future, translated into Russian, as if it contained true predictions, and asked my opinion about it.
Several stone chambers were erected during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich by merchants Yudina. They stood in the Moscow estates of the brothers Andrey, Vasily and Ivan Afanasyevich Yudin, the sons of the “Moscow guest Afonasy Ivanov son of Yudin”, whose family is recorded in the Synod of the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The yard with a stone residential building from Andrei Afanasyevich passed to his son Ivan, who in 1642 made claims for real estate and other valuables of his deceased cousin Grigory Ivanovich, who still had a mother, Aksinya, from the family of boyar children. Part of this property was claimed by their more distant relatives - Vasily Grigoryevich Yudin, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, and his sister Martha. Justifying their rights, both sides presented the authorities with their own genealogical lists (perhaps the earliest reconstructions in Russia in the field of merchant genealogy). Aksinya Yudina, who had lost both her husband and son, also did not want to remain in her old age without means of subsistence and addressed petitions to the tsar. In connection with this confusing property dispute about the escheat inheritance of the apprentice of the Order of Stone Affairs, forest kissers of the Novgorod hundreds and merchants of the iron rows, at the direction of the authorities, evaluated the property: and for every wooden courtyard building and huts and a roofing and gorodbe (fences. - V.P.) and a garden and courtyard land 1300 rubles; there are 40 iron gratings in the flat windows, the price is ruble grating; at the windows there are 20 howling iron shutters, the price of the shutter is a ruble; three iron doors, the price is osmi rubles a door...” It seems that this stone house originally housed the icon-painting workshop of the famous “isographer” of the 17th century. Simon Ushakov, who later, in 1673, was given the estate of guest Ivan Chulkov with stone chambers.
The abundance of barred mica windows in the merchants' chambers is striking, the owners of which, with the help of iron doors and bars, sought to protect their property from looting. But inside such stone chambers, as noted in the treatise of the Czech Jesuit Jiri David " Current state Great Russia, or Muscovy" (1690), it was a little dark "partly because of the thick walls, partly because of the disproportionately small windows" . In the petition of Ivan Andreevich Yudin, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, unfortunately, it is not indicated where it was located and from what material the "Church de God's Resurrection of Christ, the structure of his parents Yudin, was not parished" was built. It was located within the family estate of the Yudins or next to it (“in Paneh”, near the Pansky courtyard) and actually became their home church, in which, back in 1628, Patriarch Filaret buried the guest Ivan Afanasyevich Yudin.
Barefoot (Bosovo) came from Veliky Ustyug. Being in the sovereign’s service for six years “in Perm near Medny and near the mountains”, Kirill Alekseevich Bosov (Bosovo), who became a guest on July 5, 1646, “for Moscow life he set up a stone and protected from fire fighting” and became related to the princely by the Myshetsky family. His daughter Anna became the wife of Prince Ivan Danilovich Myshetsky and, having become a widow, sold in 1674/1675 to the guest Vasily Ivanovich Grudtsyn-Usov family estates in the Ustyug and Usolsky counties, inherited from her father and from her uncle Vasily Alekseevich Bosykh.
From the painting of the money of Maxim Ilyich Tverdikov, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, spent by the husband of his aunt, deacon Andrey Galkin (November 28, 1671), you can find out that 70 rubles were paid for a brick for church construction, from which “guest Ivan Savin son Khudyakov made himself chambers » . Sometimes utility rooms were built from stone in merchant estates. The courtyard “with a roof and a garden” of the guest Maxim Grigoryevich Tverdikov in Kitay-gorod, as escheat property, passed to his niece Praskovya Grigorievna Galkina (nee Tverdikova), wife of the sovereign clerk Andrei Galkin. But after a big fire in 1668, only “a pantry tent on a stone cellar” survived from this courtyard.
After the death of the guest Fyodor Mikhailovich Nesterov (Neustroev), a native of Yaroslavl, “his court remained in Barashy with stone ceilings and with all kinds of wooden mansion and courtyard buildings, and a country courtyard in Krasnoye Selo, and silver and pewter and copper dishes, and any home factory, and in the shops in Surovsky Ryad ... goods and money. According to a separate charter dated September 5, 1698, the estate with stone and wooden buildings in the Barashskaya Sloboda passed into the possession of his two sons, Ilya and Alexei, and their brothers Ivan Bolshoi, Ivan Menshoi and Vasily received the rest of the family real estate, money and goods inherited from father. The Church of the Entrance to the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos was associated with this merchant family, where the patriarch came on October 15, 1690 to the burial of F.M. Nesterov. Another guest, Maxim Afanasyevich Chiriev, from Moscow, “built the courtyard and stone ceilings with the money and belongings of his father-in-law Zakhary Kuzmich,” therefore he bequeathed them at the beginning of the 18th century. to his wife Tatyana Zakharyeva "with every courtyard building and with a garden."
The Ushakov brothers from Yeniseisk - Ivan (a member of the Living Hundred since 1683, a guest since 1685) and Alexei (a member of the Living Hundred since 1686), who were engaged in large-scale trade in bread, salt production in Siberia, carried out state-owned wine contracts, at the direction of the authorities moved in 1689 to Moscow, where they had their own courtyard. After the death of Ivan Ushakov (between 1694 and 1697), an investigation began about his insolvency. The Order of the Great Treasury and the Siberian Order filed claims against Alexei Ushakov for huge sums. And in September 1698, by order of the Great Treasury, the Moscow courtyard of the Ushakovs with stone chambers, estimated (obviously, together with movable property) at 29,336 rubles, was confiscated on account of a debt for contract wine. 30 altyn 5 money.
O appearance and the internal planning of such rich urban housing at the end of the 17th century. can be judged from the materials of the case of 1694-1701. about the theft in the Discharge Order of gold award coins, which were bought up by members of the Living Room of the Hundred Evtifey Lavrentiev and his son Afanasy Evtifeev, who owned shops in the Silver Row of Moscow. In the price list dated January 24, 1695, “Afonka Evtifeev’s yard with all the mansion wooden and stone buildings was unsubscribed, and a drawing was assessed and made.” This is how his two-story stone chambers on Yakimanka looked like: “At the stone building, according to the order of the apprentices, the length was 9 fathoms without a arshin, it crossed 5 fathoms without a quarter, the height was half-3 fathoms. The walls are half-3 bricks, at the bottom there are 4 warm dwellings. Dining room - length 4 sazhens, across 3 sazhens with a arshin, the ceiling is rolling, 10 windows from the lattice. Polata naugolnaya - the length is half-3, across 2 sazhens without a quarter, it has 5 windows. Attached to it is a hasty and a hearth in a polished manner with connections, it has 3 windows, half-3 long, across 2 sazhens without a quarter. Near the locker there is a pantry tent, in it there is a valuable stove, 2 fathoms long without a polar, across 4 arshins with a vault. On that tent is a bedroom, the length is the same as that of the lower tent, the ceiling is rolling, the oven is tsenin, a stone sprout from the lower vestibule, 2 butts. As you can see, the walls of the house were made of two and a half rows of bricks; it was heated by two stoves lined with glazed tiles. A stone staircase led to the upper floor, where the master's bedroom was. The drawing shows two entrances to the building. The length of the yard reached 75 sazhens. There was enough space on it for a gate hut with a passage, and for a kitchen (kitchen), and for a stable with three stalls, and for a garden, and for a vegetable garden, and even for a pond. All this was originally estimated at 570 rubles. 16 altyn 4 money, including "a stone building for 265 rubles." In the second price list, compiled on April 5, 1695, the cost of courtyard buildings and A. Evtifeev's land was reduced to 305 rubles. 16altyn 4 money, but they are not described in such detail: “... A mansion building on stone floors: a roof, covered with boards, an oak cellar with a cellar, a stable near the cellar, a canopy behind that cellar. Gate hut with canopy under one roof. Kitchen with a closet, a well for two [ 78 ] re...". And on the estate of his father in the Kadashevskaya Sloboda there were only wooden residential and outbuildings. According to the Dutch merchant Isaac Massa, who first visited Russia in 1601-1609, “in Moscow, every merchant, not even rich, keeps horses, and rides from one street to another on horseback.” For wealthy merchants, walking even a short distance was considered shameful. This information is confirmed by the presence of stables on merchant estates. On the eve of the “Salt” riot of 1648, the Duma clerk Nazariy Chistoy, who came from among the guests, rode a horse from the Kremlin to his house, located nearby in Kitai-Gorod.
In April 1696, the patriarchal peasants Klim and Nikita Kalmykov, despite the resistance of Patriarch Joachim, were finally enrolled in the Living Hundred. In his Moscow estate, Klim Kalmykov started the construction of stone housing.
Next to his two-story stone chambers at the Pokrovsky Gates, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, Mikhail Semenovich Sverchkov, in 1696 instructed the craftsman Pyotr Potapov to build the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka, built in the style of the "Naryshkin" Baroque two years later. Unlike the church, which was destroyed in the 20th century, M.S. Sverchkov's house has survived to our time. In the capital and other cities of Russia in those days, wealthy representatives of the merchant class built stone churches not only at their estates. The guest Ivan Matveyevich Sverchkov, who died in 1703, was referred to as a “temple builder” in the 80s. 18th century the priests of the Church of the Assumption on Sretenka and the Church of St. Nicholas, "which is at the Butcher's Gate", in whose possession, according to the will, two of his shops were. Back in 1644, his father, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, Matvey Sverchkov, received a blessed letter “for the three thrones of the stone church in Moscow, at St. Apostle Matthew, and St. Martyr Ivan of Rylsky. A brief commemorative record of the Muscovite clan of a trading man “Matthew Ivanov son of Sverchkov” (“Ivan in the monks of Joseph. Monks Pelageya”) is available in the Synod of the end of the 17th century. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. And in the church of St. Nicholas in Myasniki in 1692, in the presence of the patriarch, his son, a guest Semyon Sverchkov, was buried.
Another eminent merchant, Sofroniy Fedorovich (Tomilo) Tarakanov, clearly participated in the construction or allocated money for the maintenance of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, located on Vvedenskaya Street of Kitai-Gorod, next to his courtyard. On a large stone there was the following inscription: “In the summer of 7147 (1639) February, on the 17th day, in memory of the holy Great Martyr Theodore Tiron, the servant of God, the guest of God, Zephanius Fedorov, reposed, nicknamed Tomila Torokanov, and his memory is a deck ...” The text on a smaller stone about the death of his wife. On the inner altar wall, above the altar, in the chapel of St. Maxim the Confessor of the Church of Maxim the Blessed on Varvarka On June 20, 1699, a memorial inscription was made to the clan of its “temple-builder”: “The clan of the living room of the hundreds of the builder of this church, Maxim Filippov, son of Verkhovitin. Ermila, Peter, Philip, Martha, Maxim, Natalia, Iosaph the schemer, Ermil the drowned man, Ivan, Matrona, Akinfia, Avtonom, Andrei, Agafia, Fevronia, Theodore, Thomas, Michael, Paraskeva, Peter, Glykeria and their relatives. The merchant Maxim Sharovnikov also participated in the construction of this temple. The stone church of the Great Martyr George, on Vspolye, was built in 7181 (1672/1673) by “the Moscow guest Semyon Potapov for the sake of eternal remembrance, under the power of the great sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the autocrat, and with the blessing Great Lord His Holiness Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow and All Russia. Thanks to the guests Filatiev, immigrants from Arkhangelsk, in the 1680s. in Kitay-Gorod, the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker appeared, “which is near the Grand Cross”, at the Ilyinsky Gate. On May 3, 1692, the patriarch went to it “for the burial of the body of the guest Ostafi Filatiev”, who during his lifetime was engaged in the purchase and sale of sables on behalf of the treasury.
But nevertheless, it was not brownies that prevailed in the capital of Russia, but parish churches (“worldly buildings”), erected with donations from all parishioners. The guests (M.S. Bulgakov, M. Erofeev, G.L. Nikitnikov and the Yudins) were sole patrons of only four of the 45 churches of Kitay-Gorod in the first half of XVII in. At the expense of the residents of Kadashevskaya Sloboda, with the financial support of the guest Kodrat (Kodraty, Kondrat Markov) Markovich Dobrynin, a native of Balakhna, and his son Login in 1687, the architect Sergey Turchaninov built a stone church of the Resurrection of Christ in Kadashi, for which a number of icons were ordered, in including "Kodraty Apostle". K.M. Dobrynin is recorded in the temple Synod, and on March 12, 1692, the patriarch himself came to his burial in the same church. And in the Tolmachevskaya Sloboda, the Dobrynins built a stone church dedicated to the feast of the Descent of the Holy Spirit, with a chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Nikolo-Tolmachevskaya Church). Guest Login Dobrynin, whose family is recorded in the Synodikon of the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, also bequeathed to transfer to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery "a bull and a German cow".
From the end of the 17th century, imitating the feudal nobility, eminent merchants began to order epitaphs for the tombstones of their loved ones. In 1690, at the request of Maxim Labozny's "living room son", the famous poet Karion Istomin composed a short (5 couplets) poetic inscription on the tomb of his wife Theodosia:
Putniche looking at this coffin and be wise (,)
Rely on the body of an honest wife
Feodosia, Labozna Maxima
Living room of the son, in fairness we say.
Even from the dead it is reliable to rise,
If you please, and asks, remember the soul.
God, grant her eternal glory (,)
Guide us on the right path.
Maya died on the sixth day (,) at the tenth hour (,)
Seven thousand one hundred and ninety os.
In merchant's spiritual letters one can often find orders to executors to donate large sums of money. sums of money temples and monasteries. For example, guest Gavrila Romanovich Nikitin in 1697 bequeathed: “In Moscow, to the church of Gregory the Theologian, in Dmitrovka, for a church building, 100 rubles. To Salt Vychegotskaya to the Church of the All-Merciful Savior to commemorate parents 200 rubles. To Charanda to the Church of the Supreme Apostles Peter and Paul, where his parents, the Gavrilovs, lie, for the church building 100 rubles. And in the will of the guest Ilya Fedorovich Nesterov, drawn up on May 1, 1697, 500 rubles were allocated for the posthumous commemoration of his soul. Andrey Prokofievich Sveshnikov, a member of the Hundred living room, clearly donated to the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos in Putinki on Dmitrovka, as evidenced by the memorial inscription of his family on the south wall of the church.
Rich merchants of Moscow built bricks from bricks in the 17th century. most often not temples and chambers, but shops and warehouses. Representatives of only one of the branches of the Yudin merchant dynasty in 1642 owned 29 shops in Kitai-Gorod, including 13 stone shops. In the third quarter of the XVII century. in Moscow, the construction of a stone cellar cost 130 rubles, the annual rent for one stone shop reached 40 rubles. Wooden shops cost three to four times cheaper (25-30 rubles on average), but more expensive goods could die in them from fire. To extinguish large fires, of course, there were not enough wooden tubs of water, which were usually placed on the roofs of shops. The icons hanging in the shops did not save them either. As evidenced in the Brief Moscow Chronicle of the second edition, in 1605 in Moscow “rows were burning along the big wall (weight.— V.P.), vomited the potion (gunpowder.— V.P.), in Moscotilny Row, 80 shop people were killed in one row, and according to an estimate, up to three hundred people were killed in all rows. According to the information of Jiri David, already mentioned above, “merchants who suffered in the past (1683.— V.P.) year, great losses, when their shops burned to the ground, now they are building stone ones. At the very beginning of the XVIII century. the price of one stone shop in the center of Moscow, in Kitay-gorod, varying from 300 to 1000 rubles, averaged 500-600 rubles, that is, approaching the cost of a brick house.
According to Article 26 of Chapter IX Cathedral Code 1649, it was prescribed on Saturday to close the malls three hours before the evening, and on Sundays "the rows should not be opened, and nothing should be traded, besides food products and horse feed". It was also forbidden to trade in the shops during the procession. Shops in the ranks of their owners or tenants had to take turns guarding against dashing people. In Moscow, for example, at night, evil watchdogs ran along the malls. But neither stone shops, chambers and cellars, nor iron doors and bars on the windows could completely protect merchants from theft of goods and other valuable property.
At the beginning of the XVII century. stone buildings in merchant yards in Moscow were still quite rare. And in this regard, the compiler of the Sigismundov explication of the plan of Moscow in 1610 noted: “No one can build from stone or rubble, except for a few of the nobility, and the first merchants can build vaults in their dwellings - small and low, in which they hide the most valuable during the fire." The construction of houses and commercial premises made of stone and brick became more widely practiced by the capital's merchants after the events of the Time of Troubles and strong fires in 1626 and 1633. It was also promoted by the creation at the end of the 16th century. Order of stone affairs, which had at its disposal both master masons and building materials. On the stone buildings of the Moscow Posad in the 17th century. Salt (1648) and Copper (1662) riots also influenced, during which the rebellious commoners smashed the courtyards and shops of eminent guests (clerk, a native of the merchant environment Nazarius the Pure, Semyon Zadorin, V.G. Shorin and others). The benefits provided to the builders of stone housing in Moscow in the last years of the reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, when those who wished could receive state-owned building materials with a ten-year installment plan for their payment, also played their role.
As a rule, representatives of the capital's merchants took part in the meetings of royal people and foreign embassies. In 1635, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was returning from his village of Taininsky, the guests and “the living room were ordered to meet hundreds of merchants and black hundreds with all kinds of people with bread behind the settlement, where they were met in advance.”
For faithful service in collecting customs and tavern duties, trade operations beneficial to the treasury and fulfillment of paying off obligations, the tsarist government sometimes gave merchants additional gifts in the form of expensive overseas cloth, satin, marten and sable furs, and sometimes silver utensils with name inscriptions. In the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, in particular, silver ladles are kept, granted to the guest Ivan Guryev "for the device" in the Moscow customs in 1676, to the member of the Living Hundred Filat Khlebnikov for profit when collecting tavern and customs money in Perm, Solikamsk and Cherdyn (1698 G.).
In turn, the merchants tried to appease the king and the royal court with rich gifts. Ivan Bulgakov, a member of the Living Room of the Hundred, presented Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1656 with a saber in a sheath, made in Istanbul from damask steel and richly decorated with inlay, notches, niello, gold, and jade. The property status of ordinary merchants did not allow making such precious gifts. Eminent merchants in their everyday life imitated the feudal aristocracy, were drawn to it, sought to enlist its support. Foreigners drew attention to this circumstance, in particular, the Saxon diplomat G.A. merchants and inform that the Lord God gave them a son or daughter. And the merchants know how to understand this, they go to them, wish the young mother all the best, pass on their kiss and present a gift wrapped in paper as a token of attention, and then leave with a deep bow. Whoever gave the most will be especially kind to the owner and can always go to him easily. According to the observations of Adam Olearius, the governors of county towns arranged feasts for rich merchants two or three times a year in order to receive expensive gifts from them.
Not only in the volume of trade operations, but also in the way of life, the top of the capital's merchants differed from the ordinary townspeople. As noted in the “Sigismundov” explication of the plan of Moscow in 1610, “local merchants are very knowledgeable and prone to commercial transactions, very swindling, but somewhat more decent and civilized than other inhabitants of this country” . Guests and other wealthy merchants were invited to ceremonial dinners at the Patriarch and Great Sovereign Filaret Nikitich. In particular, on October 19, 1623, “guests Nadezha Svetechnikov, Nazarei Pure” dined with him, on December 9 - “guests Ivan Yudin and merchants Mikhailo Tsybin and comrades.” And on December 21 of the same year, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was present at the patriarchal dinner, “Moscow guests Ilya Yuryev, Ivan and Vasily Yudin, Grigory Tverdikov, Rodion Kotov, Ondrey Yudin, Bakhteyar Bulgakov, Nadeya Sveteshnikov, Yuri Beloshnikov, Smirnoy Sudovshchikov, Grigory Shurin (Shorin. - V.P.), Ivan Sverchkov, Smirnoy Eroksalimov”, and they were served such dishes as “autumn caviar, black pike fish soup, salted salmon, beluga whale, Shekhon sturgeon”. Guests and members of the Living Room of the Hundred could also be met at royal receptions in the Kremlin. They, maintaining close ties with the boyar milieu and the clerk's bureaucracy, tried in every possible way to imitate the feudal aristocracy in everyday life and in this regard were much closer to it than to the ordinary townspeople of Moscow. And with small merchants, the top of the merchant class was united only by certain professional traits and origins, but not by home life.
Cm.: Latysheva G.P. Trade relations of Moscow in the XII-XIV centuries: (based on archaeological excavations in 1959-1960 in the Moscow Kremlin)// Antiquities of the Moscow Kremlin. M., 1971. S. 213-229. (Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR; No. 167); Kolyzin A.M. Trade of ancient Moscow (XII - the middle of the XV century). M., 2001.
Belenkaya D.A., Rozanova L.S. Knives with hallmarks from Zaryadye // Antiquities of the Slavs and Russia. M., 1988. S. 24-25.
PSRL. SPb., 1910. T. 20. Part 1. S. 282; A similar message is placed in the Sofia II chronicle. See: Ibid. SPb., 1853. T. 6. S. 191.
Vygolov V.P. Decree. op.; compare: Zabelin I.E. History of the city of Moscow. M., 1990. S. 194; Skvortsov N.A. Archeology and topography of Moscow. M., 1913. S. 169.
Cm.: Florya B.N. Changes in the social composition of the population of the Moscow Kremlin at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century // Medieval Russia. M., 1996. Issue. 1. S. 111-119.
Perkhavko V.B. Merchants and stone construction in Moscow in the second half of the 15th — 16th centuries // Russian merchants from the Middle Ages to the New Age. Scientific Conference. Moscow, November 2-4, 1993: Report abstracts. M., 1993. S. 15-17; He is. Architect and scribe Vasily Yermolin. M., 1997; He is. Moscow merchant builders of the 15th century // OI. 1997. No. 4. pp. 3-13.
ASEI. Moscow, 1952, vol. 1, pp. 444-445, 596, 601, 630; Syroechkovsky V.E. Surozhan guests. M.; L, 1935. S. 27-29, 112.
Cm.: Sakharov A.M. Cities of North-Eastern Russia of the XIV-XV centuries. M., 1959. S. 164-167; Syroechkovsky V.E. Decree. op. pp. 37-39; Tikhomirov M.N. Medieval Moscow in the XIV-XV centuries. M., 1997. S. 180-184; Cherepnin L.V. Russian education centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries. M., 1960. S. 415-421.
Russian merchants have always been special. Merchants and industrialists were recognized as the wealthiest class in the Russian Empire. They were brave, talented, generous and inventive people, patrons and connoisseurs of art.
Bakhrushins
They come from the merchants of the city of Zaraisk, Ryazan province, where their family can be traced through scribe books until 1722. By profession, the Bakhrushins were “prasols”: they drove cattle from the Volga region to big cities in a herd. Cattle sometimes died along the way, skinned, taken to the city and sold to tanneries - this is how the history of their own business began.
Alexei Fedorovich Bakhrushin moved to Moscow from Zaraysk in the thirties of the nineteenth century. The family moved in carts, with all the belongings, and the youngest son Alexander, the future honorary citizen of the city of Moscow, was carried in a laundry basket. Alexey Fedorovich - became the first Moscow merchant Bakhrushin (he has been included in the Moscow merchant class since 1835).
Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin, the same honorary citizen of Moscow, was the father of the famous city figure Vladimir Alexandrovich, the collectors Sergei and Alexei Alexandrovich, and the grandfather of Professor Sergei Vladimirovich.
Speaking of collectors, this well-known passion for “collecting” was hallmark Bakhrushin family. The collections of Alexei Petrovich and Alexei Alexandrovich are especially worth noting. The first collected Russian antiquities and, mainly, books. According to his spiritual will, he left the library to the Rumyantsev Museum, and porcelain and antiques to the Historical Museum, where there were two halls named after him. They said about him that he was terribly stingy, because "he goes every Sunday to Sukharevka and bargains like a Jew." But it is hardly possible to judge him for this, because every collector knows that the most pleasant thing is to find yourself a truly valuable thing, the merits of which others did not suspect.
The second, Alexei Alexandrovich, was a great lover of the theatre, chaired the Theater Society for a long time and was very popular in theatrical circles. Therefore, the Theater Museum became the world's only richest collection of everything that had anything to do with the theater.
Both in Moscow and in Zaraysk they were honorary citizens of the city - a very rare honor. During my stay in the City Duma there were only two honorary citizens of the city of Moscow: D. A. Bakhrushin and Prince V. M. Golitsyn, the former mayor.
Quote: "One of the largest and richest firms in Moscow is the Trading House of the Bakhrushin brothers. They have leather and cloth business. The owners are still young people, with higher education, well-known philanthropists donating hundreds of thousands. They conduct their business, albeit on new principles - that is, using the latest words of science, but according to old Moscow customs. Their, for example, offices and receptions make much to be desired. "" New time ".
Mammoth
The Mamontov clan originates from the Zvenigorod merchant Ivan Mamontov, about whom practically nothing is known, except perhaps the year of birth - 1730, and the fact that he had a son, Fedor Ivanovich (1760). Most likely, Ivan Mamontov was engaged in farming and made a good fortune for himself, so that his sons were already rich people. One can guess about his charitable activities: a monument on his grave in Zvenigorod was erected by grateful residents for the services rendered to him in 1812.
Fedor Ivanovich had three sons - Ivan, Mikhail and Nikolai. Mikhail, apparently, was not married, in any case, he did not leave offspring. The other two brothers were the ancestors of two branches of the respectable and numerous Mammoth family.
Quote: “The brothers Ivan and Nikolai Fedorovich Mamontov came to Moscow rich people. Nikolai Fedorovich bought a large and beautiful house with a vast garden on Razgulay. By this time he had a large family.” ("P. M. Tretyakov". A. Botkin).
The Mammoth youth, the children of Ivan Fedorovich and Nikolai Fedorovich, were well educated and gifted in various ways. The natural musicality of Savva Mamontov stood out especially, which played a big role in his adult life.
Savva Ivanovich will nominate Chaliapin; make popular Mussorgsky, rejected by many connoisseurs; will create in his theater a huge success for Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Sadko. He will be not only a philanthropist, but an adviser: the artists received valuable instructions from him on issues of make-up, gesture, costume and even singing.
One of the remarkable undertakings in the field of Russian folk art is closely connected with the name of Savva Ivanovich: the famous Abramtsevo. In new hands, it was revived and soon became one of the most cultural corners of Russia.
Quote: "The Mammoths became famous in a wide variety of fields: both in the field of industry, and, perhaps, especially in the field of art. The Mammoth family was very large, and the representatives of the second generation were no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third the fragmentation of funds went even further. The origin of their wealth was a farmer's trade, which brought them closer to the notorious Kokorev. Therefore, when they appeared in Moscow, they immediately entered the rich merchant environment. " ("Dark Kingdom", N. Ostrovsky).
The founder of this one of the oldest trading companies in Moscow was Vasily Petrovich Shchukin, a native of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province. In the late seventies of the 18th century, Vasily Petrovich established a trade in manufactured goods in Moscow and continued it for fifty years. His son, Ivan Vasilyevich, founded the Trading House "I. V. Schukin with his sons "The sons are Nikolai, Peter, Sergey and Dmitry Ivanovichi.
The trading house conducted extensive trade: goods were sent to all corners of Central Russia, as well as to Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Central Asia and Persia. In recent years, the Trading House began to sell not only chintz, scarves, underwear, clothing and paper fabrics, but also woolen, silk and linen products.
The Shchukin brothers are known as great connoisseurs of art. Nikolai Ivanovich was a lover of antiquity: in his collection there were many old manuscripts, lace, and various fabrics. For the collected items on Malaya Gruzinskaya, he built a beautiful building in the Russian style. According to his will, his entire collection, together with the house, became the property of the Historical Museum.
Sergei Ivanovich Shchukin occupies a special place among Russian nugget collectors. It can be said that all French painting of the beginning of the current century: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Matisse, some of their predecessors, Renoir, Cezanne, Monet, Degas - was in the Shchukin collection.
Ridicule, rejection, misunderstanding by the society of the works of this or that master - did not have the slightest meaning for him. Often Shchukin bought paintings for a penny, not out of his stinginess and not out of a desire to oppress the artist, - simply because they were not for sale and there was not even a price for them.
Ryabushinsky
In 1802, Mikhail Yakovlev “arrived” to the Moscow merchants from the settlement of the Rebushinskaya Pafnutyevo-Borovsky Monastery in the Kaluga province. He traded in the Canvas Row of Gostiny Dvor. But broke in time Patriotic War 1812, like many merchants. His revival as an entrepreneur was facilitated by the transition to the “split”. In 1820, the founder of the business joined the community of the Rogozhsky cemetery - the Moscow stronghold of the Old Believers of the "priestly sense", to which the richest merchant families of the capital belonged.
Mikhail Yakovlevich takes the surname Rebushinsky (that's how it was written then) in honor of his native settlement and joins the merchant class. He now trades in "paper goods", starts several weaving factories in Moscow and the Kaluga province, and leaves the children a capital of more than 2 million rubles. So the stern and devout Old Believer, who wore a common people's caftan and worked as a "master" at his manufactories, laid the foundation for the future prosperity of the family.
Quote: "I was always struck by one feature - perhaps a characteristic feature of the whole family - this is internal family discipline. Not only in banking, but also in public affairs, everyone was assigned their own place according to the established rank, and in the first place was the elder brother, with whom others were considered and in a certain sense obeyed him. ("Memoirs", P. Buryshkin).
The Ryabushinskys were famous collectors: icons, paintings, art objects, porcelain, furniture... It is not surprising that Nikolai Ryabushinsky, "the dissolute Nikolasha" (1877-1951), chose the world of art as his life's career. An extravagant lover of living "on a grand scale" entered the history of Russian art as the editor-publisher of the luxurious literary and artistic almanac "Golden Fleece", published in 1906-1909. Almanac under the flag of "pure art" managed to gather the best forces of the Russian " silver age": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Bryusov, among the "seekers of the golden fleece" were the artists M. Dobuzhinsky, P. Kuznetsov, E. Lansere and many others. A. Benois, who collaborated in the magazine, evaluated his publisher as "a figure curious, not mediocre, in any case special.
Demidovs
The ancestor of the dynasty of merchants Demidovs - Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, better known by the surname Demidov (1656-1725) was a Tula blacksmith and advanced under Peter I, having received vast lands in the Urals for the construction of metallurgical plants. Nikita Demidovich had three sons: Akinfiy, Gregory and Nikita, among whom he distributed all his wealth.
In the famous Altai mines, which owed their discovery to Akinfiy Demidov, in 1736, the richest ore in terms of gold and silver content, native silver and horn silver ore, were found.
His eldest son Prokopy Akinfievich paid little attention to the management of his factories, which, in addition to his intervention, brought in huge income. He lived in Moscow, and surprised the townspeople with his eccentricities and costly undertakings. Prokopy Demidov also spent a lot on charity: 20,000 rubles for the establishment of a hospital for poor puerperas at the St. Petersburg Orphanage, 20,000 rubles for Moscow University on scholarships for the poorest students, 5,000 rubles for the main public school in Moscow.
Tretyakovs
They came from an old but not rich merchant family. Elisey Martynovich Tretyakov, the great-grandfather of Sergei and Pavel Mikhailovich, arrived in Moscow in 1774 from Maloyaroslavets as a seventy-year-old man with his wife and two sons, Zakhar and Osip. In Maloyaroslavets, the merchant family of the Tretyakovs existed since 1646.
The history of the Tretyakov family essentially boils down to the biography of two brothers, Pavel and Sergei Mikhailovich. During their lifetime, they were united by true kindred love and friendship. After their death, they will forever be remembered as the creators of the gallery named after the brothers Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov.
Both brothers continued their father's business, first trading, then industrial. They were linen workers, and flax in Russia has always been revered as a native Russian product. Slavophile economists (like Kokorev) have always praised flax and contrasted it with foreign American cotton.
This family was never considered one of the richest, although their commercial and industrial affairs were always successful. Pavel Mikhailovich spent a lot of money on creating his famous gallery and collecting a collection, sometimes to the detriment of the well-being of his own family.
Quote: "With a guide and a map in hand, zealously and carefully, he reviewed almost all European museums, moving from one large capital to another, from one small Italian, Dutch and German town to another. And he became a real, deep and subtle connoisseur painting". ("Russian antiquity").
Soltadenkovs
They come from the peasants of the village of Prokunino, Kolomna district, Moscow province. The ancestor of the Soldatenkov family, Yegor Vasilyevich, has been in the Moscow merchant class since 1797. But this family became famous only in the middle of the 19th century, thanks to Kuzma Terentyevich.
He rented a shop in the old Gostiny Dvor, traded in paper yarn, and was engaged in a discount. Subsequently, he became a major shareholder in a number of manufactories, banks and insurance companies.
Kuzma Soldatenkov had a large library and a valuable collection of paintings, which he bequeathed to the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum. This collection is one of the earliest in terms of its compilation and the most remarkable in terms of its excellent and long existence.
But Soldatenkov's main contribution to Russian culture is considered publishing. His closest collaborator in this area was Mitrofan Shchepkin, a well-known city figure in Moscow. Under the leadership of Shchepkin, many issues devoted to the classics of economic science were published, for which special translations were made. This series of publications, called "Shchepkinskaya Library", was a valuable guide for students, but already in my time - the beginning of this century - many books have become a bibliographic rarity.