The question of the existence of life on other planets has been tormenting the minds of scientists and the common man for many years. Previously, the cosmos seemed to be something mysterious and unknown, mysterious and inexplicable. With the development of technology, this mystery has been successfully solved so far. It all started with the launch of the first satellite into orbit, which made it possible to obtain data on the high layers of the atmosphere. Another giant leap in space exploration is the study of the nearest celestial body - the Moon. But the most memorable and large-scale event in the whole world is the first flight into space. Astronauts are the category of people that always causes awe and delight. They see the incredible beauty of planet Earth. And who, if not they, can say what the Universe is. So who are they - Russian cosmonauts, and what secrets does space hold?
The need for space exploration
Modern navigators, satellite dishes and television seem mundane and everyday, but this became possible only thanks to space exploration. His energy is colossal, it is a huge potential in the development of all spheres of life on the planet. Below are the most important aspects in the need to study the universe:
- Weather forecasting. The Meteorological Service reports the weather throughout the country every day. Heavy rains, heavy snowfall, raging winds or calm windless weather are all predicted from space data, making it possible to take timely safety measures in case of an emergency.
- In addition to the planets, the expanses of the Universe are criss-crossed by the remnants of once-existing stars, comets, asteroids, and meteorites. Their trajectory is unpredictable and their composition is unknown. Free wandering in the vastness of the Universe and the likelihood of their collision with the Earth can be tracked with the help of special equipment in observatories and catastrophes on a global scale can be prevented in time.
- The study of space is important for the security of a country. Rockets, torpedoes or other weapons can cause significant harm to the inhabitants or the settlement as a whole. To prevent this, special satellites are used to monitor outer space and take action in the event of an attack.
- Asteroids are rich in rare precious metals: platinum, gold, silver. Modern equipment allows them to be mined, thereby affecting the Earth in a smaller amount and allowing it to preserve its integrity.
- Information for planes, ships, cars comes directly from space. This allows you to lay the right route and see the obstacle in time that interferes with the movement.
- The environment is one of critical issues in modern time. plastic waste, household chemicals, metal production occupy vast areas on the planet and cause significant harm environment and human health. The exploration of outer space for waste disposal will solve this global problem.
These important components are of great importance for the development of all spheres of human activity. The space of space is unique, immense and fraught with many interesting things. And it needs to be studied.
First steps in the field of astronautics
For the first time, the USSR decided to find out what is outside the planet. On October 4, 1957, the first satellite was launched - PS-1 (stands for the Simplest Sputnik-1). Many scientists and designers worked on the creation of the satellite, including Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who developed the satellite, and Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who created the launch vehicle. It was he who put the satellite into orbit.
PS-1: flight results and significance for the country
PS-1 was launched from the Research Institute of Polygon No. 5 (now Baikonur). 4 hours after launch, the satellite gave a signal, it was heard for several minutes, after which it disappeared into outer space. The device successfully reached the orbit and moved along it for about three months, having completed more than 1400 revolutions around the Earth. But at some point, the fuel supply system failed, which led to malfunctions in one of the engines. Because of this, the satellite began to decline and burned up in the atmosphere. And yet the launch of the first satellite of the Earth is the grandest event in the whole world. This marked the beginning of the space race between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA.
Satellite flight results:
- Successful testing of the technical condition of the apparatus and verification of calculations for its launch.
- The possibility of studying the ionosphere using radio waves coming from a satellite from space and passing through the atmosphere.
- Study of the upper layers of the atmosphere. Data can be obtained by observing the craft and its speed as it rubs against the atmosphere.
PS-1 is simple in its execution, it did not have special sensors, but despite this, scientists obtained important data about the Earth's atmosphere, which is necessary in the study of the planet.
Laika in space
Before the astronauts of Russia, the USSR and other countries began to explore space, dogs were the first in the vastness of the Universe. In November 1957, the astronaut dog Laika went into space. In the apparatus where Laika flew, special sensors were installed to monitor the well-being of the dog. In addition, there was an automatic power supply, a special installation for saturating the cabin with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. The device with the dog on board had already been on the road for several hours when she died from overheating due to an undeveloped thermal control system.
Belka and Strelka
On August 19, 1960, the Sputnik-5 spacecraft was launched with the dogs Belka and Strelka. As in the case of Laika, everything necessary was installed in the cockpit, but sad experience showed that improvement of previous shortcomings was required. The dogs endured the flight calmly, without visible deviations from the norm. The flight was recorded on film, where it was later possible to view all the comments and deviations.
At the appointed time, the apparatus with the dogs on board landed successfully. After examination, they felt satisfactory.
Animals in the vastness of the Universe: contribution to the development of astronautics
The flight of Belka and Strelka into space left an indelible mark on the exploration of outer space. Obtained data from the flight of dogs show that a person can fly around the Earth, but with fewer turns. And a few months later, the first man flies into space - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
Human flight into space
This event became significant all over the world. Unprecedented discoveries have been made in this area, which made it possible to take a person into outer space. And it happened on April 12, 1961. The first person in the world to fly into space was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. He was born on March 9, 34 in small village Klushino.
In 1945, the whole family moved to Gzhatsk (which was later renamed in honor of the astronaut). In 1951, he became a student at the Saratov Industrial College and, having entered an amateur flying club in 1954, made his first flight in an airplane. It predetermined him later life. As a future cosmonaut, Yuri went through regular medical commissions and hard training. In parallel with this, the Vostok-1 ship, on which the flight will be made, was being refined to perfection.
On April 12, 1961, a spacecraft with a man on board was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The flight itself lasted less than two hours, the device made one revolution around the planet. At the beginning of the flight, the ship climbed a little more than planned. But a special coating did not allow the device to burn out in the upper atmosphere. In general, the flight went smoothly, without any incidents.
But when the ship was lowered for landing, there were problems in the braking system, so the device landed further than planned. Nevertheless, Yuri Gagarin successfully completed the mission. The cosmonaut was greeted with honors by his relatives and the top leadership of the country. He subsequently traveled to different countries where he was warmly received. In our time, April 12 is celebrated as Cosmonautics Day, and Yu. A. Gagarin will forever be remembered as the first man to fly into space.
Further exploration of outer space
After the flight of Yuri Gagarin, the cosmonauts of Russia and other countries actively explored space. During the flights, unique data on the planet were obtained, extensive studies were carried out on the influence of space on everyday life earthlings, many discoveries have been made in this area.
The cosmonauts of the USSR and Russia made a special contribution to the development of this area. The list and photos of them are presented to your attention:
- Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin. He flew on the twelfth of April 1961, the first man in space in the history of mankind.
- German Stepanovich Titov, who flew on August 6, 1961. The first cosmonaut to spend a day in zero gravity.
- Nikolaev Andriyan Grigorievich, who made his first flight on August 11, 1962.
- Popovich Pavel Romanovich. The flight took place on August 12, 1962. This is the world's first flight of two ships (together with A. G. Nikolaev).
- Bykovsky Valery Fyodorovich. The first flight took place on June 14, 1963.
- Kaleri Alexander Yurievich. He flew on March 17, 1992 as a flight engineer on the Soyuz TM-24 spacecraft.
This list is very long, and this is only a small part of it. In fact, there are a lot of astronauts. This once again shows that space was actively studied at that time. This made a significant contribution to the development of astronautics and aviation.
Russia in space exploration
In modern times, outer space is being studied more specifically. Newest technologies allow you to get more accurate data, calculations are carried out on powerful computers in just a matter of seconds. By the way, in the USSR it took more than an hour. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is one of the first scientists who suggested using a rocket engine for the speed of a spacecraft. Now it has been perfected. Cosmonauts of the USSR and Russia, as well as other countries, must know all the subtleties of the ship, its structure, and capabilities. It is important to be able to behave in certain circumstances.
Below is a small list of Russian cosmonauts in chronological order who flew into space:
- Kaleri Alexander Yurievich. On March 17, 1992, he made his first flight as a flight engineer on the Soyuz TM-24 spacecraft.
- Avdeev Sergey Vasilievich. On July 27, 1992, he went into space as a flight engineer on the Soyuz TM-15 spacecraft.
- Poleshchuk Alexander Fedorovich. The flight was made on January 24, 1993 on Soyuz TM-16.
- Tsibliyev Vasily Vasilyevich flew into space on July 1, 1993.
These are well-known cosmonauts of Russia. Photos of some of them are presented in this article.
Women in space
You can find information about astronauts in any source. Prominent people who left a huge mark on history - the cosmonauts of Russia. The list and photos, the years of life of these people are information that is in the public domain. And now we will talk about the fair sex in astronautics. Even in Soviet times, cosmonauts seemed to be something "transcendental", "heavenly". Children of that time dreamed about the stars and actively studied this science. I must say that many have achieved significant success in this area, as evidenced by their names, which are on everyone's lips.
It always seemed that Russian cosmonauts were purely men. After successful flights, they decided to launch the first woman into space. And this woman was Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. She came from a simple family. His father, a tractor driver, died in the war in 1939, his mother was a textile factory worker. The girl was gifted, science at school was easy for her. In her spare time, she played the domra.
Growing up, Valentina became interested in parachuting, and this played in her favor when choosing candidates for space flight. She made her first flight on June 16, 1963 from Baikonur on the Vostok-6 ship. In general, the flight, which lasted three days, went well. In spite of feeling unwell, the woman-cosmonaut coped with the task (keeping a logbook and a photo of the planet's horizon).
Other female cosmonauts of Russia and the USSR who left their mark on history:
- Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya. In August 1984, she made her first flight on the Soyuz T-7 spacecraft, and in 1984 she became the first woman in the world to go into outer space.
- Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova. The first flight took place in early October 1994 on the Soyuz TM-20 spacecraft. This is the world's first female astronaut who has been in space for a long time - 179 days.
- Serova Elena Olegovna She made her first flight on September 26, 2014 on the Soyuz TMA-14M spacecraft as a flight engineer.
As you can see, there are not as many representatives of the weaker sex as men. But all trainings, tasks, loads were carried out on a par with colleagues. Fortitude, perseverance, willpower, the ability to set a goal and achieve it - these are the qualities that Russian cosmonauts fully possess. The list of these qualities is replenished with each test passed for them. Despite the difficulties, they managed to conquer space and leave their mark on the history of mankind.
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There are only about 20 people who gave their lives for the benefit of world progress in space exploration, and today we will tell about them.
Their names are immortalized in the ashes of cosmic chronos, burned into the atmospheric memory of the universe forever, many of us would dream of remaining heroes for humanity, however, few would like to accept such a death as our astronaut heroes.
The 20th century became a breakthrough in mastering the path to the expanses of the Universe, in the second half of the 20th century, after long preparations, a person was finally able to fly into space. However, there was a downside to this rapid progress - death of astronauts.
People died during pre-flight preparations, during takeoff spaceship, upon landing. Total during space launches, flight preparations, including cosmonauts and technical personnel who died in the layers of the atmosphere more than 350 people died, only astronauts - about 170 people.
We list the names of the cosmonauts who died during the operation of the spacecraft (the USSR and the whole world, in particular America), and then we will briefly tell the story of their death.
Not a single cosmonaut died directly in space, basically all of them died in the Earth's atmosphere, during the destruction or fire of the ship (the Apollo 1 cosmonauts died in preparation for the first manned flight).
Volkov, Vladislav Nikolaevich ("Soyuz-11")
Dobrovolsky, Georgy Timofeevich ("Soyuz-11")
Komarov, Vladimir Mikhailovich ("Soyuz-1")
Patsaev, Viktor Ivanovich ("Soyuz-11")
Anderson, Michael Phillip (Columbia)
Brown, David McDowell (Columbia)
Grissom, Virgil Ivan (Apollo 1)
Jarvis, Gregory Bruce (Challenger)
Clark, Laurel Blair Salton (Columbia)
McCool, William Cameron (Columbia)
McNair, Ronald Ervin (Challenger)
McAuliffe, Christa (Challenger)
Onizuka, Allison (Challenger)
Ramon, Ilan (Columbia)
Resnick, Judith Arlen (Challenger)
Scobie, Francis Richard (Challenger)
Smith, Michael John (Challenger)
White, Edward Higgins (Apollo 1)
Husband, Rick Douglas (Columbia)
Chawla, Kalpana (Colombia)
Chaffee, Roger (Apollo 1)
It is worth considering that we will never know the stories of the death of some astronauts, because this information is secret.
Soyuz-1 disaster
Soyuz-1 is the first Soviet manned spacecraft (KK) of the Soyuz series. Launched into orbit April 23, 1967. There was one cosmonaut on board the Soyuz-1 - Hero Soviet Union engineer-colonel V. M. Komarov, who died during the landing of the descent vehicle. Komarov's understudy in preparation for this flight was Yu. A. Gagarin.
Soyuz-1 was supposed to dock with the Soyuz-2 spacecraft to return the crew of the first ship, but due to malfunctions, the Soyuz-2 launch was canceled.
After entering orbit, problems began with the operation of the solar battery, after unsuccessful attempts to launch it, it was decided to lower the ship to Earth.
But during the descent, 7 km to the ground, the parachute system failed, the ship hit the ground at a speed of 50 km per hour, the hydrogen peroxide tanks exploded, the cosmonaut died instantly, the Soyuz-1 almost completely burned out, the cosmonaut's remains were badly burned so that it was impossible to determine even fragments of the body.
"This crash was the first in-flight death in the history of manned spaceflight."
The causes of the tragedy have not been fully established.
Soyuz-11 disaster
Soyuz-11 is a spacecraft whose crew of three cosmonauts died in 1971. The reason for the death of people is the depressurization of the descent vehicle during the landing of the ship.
Just a couple of years after the death of Yu. A. Gagarin (himself famous astronaut died in a plane crash in 1968), having already gone along the well-trodden path of conquering outer space, several more cosmonauts passed away.
Soyuz-11 was supposed to deliver the crew to the Salyut-1 orbital station, but the ship was unable to dock due to damage to the docking port.
Crew composition:
Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Georgy Dobrovolsky
Flight Engineer: Vladislav Volkov
Research Engineer: Victor Patsaev
They were between 35 and 43 years old. All of them were posthumously awarded awards, diplomas, orders.
What happened, why the spacecraft was depressurized, could not be established, but most likely we will not be told this information. But it is a pity that at that time our cosmonauts were "guinea pigs", which they began to release into space after the dogs without much reliability, security. However, probably, many of those who dreamed of becoming astronauts understood what a dangerous profession they were choosing.
Docking took place on June 7, undocking on June 29, 1971. Was unsuccessful attempt docking with the Salyut-1 orbital station, the crew was able to board the Salyut-1, even stayed at the orbital station for several days, a TV connection was established, however, already at the first approach to the station, the astronauts turned the filming to some smoke . On the 11th day, a fire began, the crew decided to descend on the ground, but problems were revealed that disrupted the undocking process. Space suits were not provided for the crew.
On June 29, at 21.25, the ship separated from the station, but after a little more than 4 hours, communication with the crew was lost. The main parachute was deployed, the ship landed in a given area, and the soft landing engines fired. But the search team found at 02.16 (June 30, 1971) the lifeless bodies of the crew, resuscitation measures were unsuccessful.
During the investigation, it was found that the astronauts tried to the last to eliminate the leak, but mixed up the valves, fought not for the broken one, in the meantime they missed the opportunity to save. They died from decompression sickness - air bubbles were found during the autopsy of the bodies, even in the valves of the heart.
The exact reasons for the depressurization of the ship have not been named, more precisely, they have not been announced to the general public.
Subsequently, engineers and creators of spacecraft, crew commanders took into account many tragic mistakes of previous unsuccessful flights into space.
Shuttle Challenger disaster
“The Challenger shuttle disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger at the very beginning of the STS-51L mission was destroyed as a result of an external fuel tank explosion at the 73rd second of flight, which led to the death of all 7 crew members. The crash occurred at 11:39 AM EST (16:39 UTC) over Atlantic Ocean near the coast of the central part of the Florida peninsula, USA.
In the photo, the crew of the ship - from left to right: McAuliffe, Jarvis, Reznik, Scobie, McNair, Smith, Onizuka
All of America was waiting for this launch, millions of eyewitnesses and viewers on TV watched the launch of the ship, it was the climax of the conquest of space by the West. And so, when there was a grand launch of the ship, seconds later, a fire began, later an explosion, the shuttle cabin separated from the destroyed ship and fell at a speed of 330 km per hour on the surface of the water, seven days later the astronauts will be found in a breakaway cabin at the bottom of the ocean. Until the last moment, before hitting the water, some crew members were alive, trying to supply air to the cabin.
In the video below the article there is an excerpt from the live broadcast with the launch and death of the shuttle.
“The crew of the shuttle Challenger consisted of seven people. Its composition was as follows:
The crew commander is 46-year-old Francis "Dick" R. Scobee. Francis "Dick" R. Scobee. US military pilot, US Air Force lieutenant colonel, NASA astronaut.
The co-pilot is 40-year-old Michael J. Smith. Test pilot, US Navy captain, NASA astronaut.
The scientific specialist is 39-year-old Allison S. Onizuka. Test pilot, US Air Force lieutenant colonel, NASA astronaut.
The scientific specialist is 36-year-old Judith A. Resnick. NASA engineer and astronaut. She spent 6 days in space 00 hours 56 minutes.
Scientific specialist - 35-year-old Ronald E. McNair. Physicist, NASA astronaut.
The payload specialist is 41-year-old Gregory B. Jarvis. NASA engineer and astronaut.
The payload specialist is 37-year-old Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe. The Boston teacher who won the competition. For her, this was her first flight into space as the first participant in the “Teacher in Space” project.”
Last photo of the crew
Various commissions were created to establish the causes of the tragedy, but most of the information was classified, according to assumptions - the reasons for the crash of the ship were poor interaction between organizational services, violations in the fuel system that were not detected in time (the explosion occurred at launch due to burnout of the wall of the solid fuel booster) and even. . terrorist attack. Some have said that the shuttle explosion was staged to hurt America's prospects.
Columbia shuttle disaster
“The shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, shortly before the end of its 28th flight (mission STS-107). The last flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia began on January 16, 2003. On the morning of February 1, 2003, after a 16-day flight, the shuttle returned to Earth.
NASA lost contact with the spacecraft at approximately 14:00 GMT (09:00 EST), 16 minutes before the expected landing on Runway 33 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida, which was scheduled to take place at 14:16 GMT. Eyewitnesses filmed the burning wreckage of the shuttle flying at an altitude of about 63 kilometers at a speed of 5.6 km / s. All 7 crew members were killed."
Pictured is the crew - From top to bottom: Chawla, Husband, Anderson, Clarke, Ramon, McCool, Brown
The Columbia shuttle was making its next 16-day flight, which was supposed to end with a landing on Earth, however, as the main version of the investigation says, the shuttle was damaged during launch - a piece of thermal insulation foam came off (the coating was intended to protect oxygen tanks from ice and hydrogen) as a result of the impact damaged the wing coating, as a result of which, during the descent of the apparatus, when the heaviest loads on the hull occur, the apparatus began to overheat and, subsequently, destruction.
Even during the shuttle expedition, engineers repeatedly turned to NASA management in order to assess damage, visually inspect the shuttle body with the help of orbital satellites, but NASA specialists assured that there were no fears and risks, the shuttle would safely descend to Earth.
“The crew of the Columbia shuttle consisted of seven people. Its composition was as follows:
The crew commander is 45-year-old Richard "Rick" D. Husband. US military pilot, US Air Force colonel, NASA astronaut. Spent 25 days 17 hours 33 minutes in space. Prior to Columbia, he was commander of the STS-96 Discovery shuttle.
The co-pilot is 41-year-old William "Willie" C. McCool. Test pilot, NASA astronaut. Spent 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes in space.
The flight engineer is 40-year-old Kalpana Chawla. Researcher, first female NASA astronaut of Indian origin. Spent 31 days 14 hours 54 minutes in space.
Payload Specialist - 43-year-old Michael F. Anderson (Eng. Michael P. Anderson). Scientist, NASA astronaut. Spent 24 days, 18 hours, 8 minutes in space.
Specialist in zoology - 41-year-old Laurel B. S. Clark (Eng. Laurel B. S. Clark). US Navy Captain, NASA Astronaut. Spent 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes in space.
Scientific specialist (physician) - 46-year-old David McDowell Brown. Test pilot, NASA astronaut. Spent 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes in space.
Scientific specialist - 48-year-old Ilan Ramon (Eng. Ilan Ramon, Heb.אילן רמון). First Israeli NASA astronaut. Spent 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes in space.
The shuttle descended on February 1, 2003, landing on Earth was supposed to occur within an hour.
“On February 1, 2003 at 08:15:30 (EST), the space shuttle Columbia began its descent to Earth. At 08:44 the shuttle began to enter the dense layers of the atmosphere. However, due to damage, the leading edge of the left wing began to overheat badly. From the period of 08:50, the ship's hull endures strong thermal loads, at 08:53, debris began to fall off the wing, but the crew was alive, there was still communication.
At 08:59:32, the commander sent the last message, which was interrupted in mid-sentence. At 09:00 eyewitnesses have already filmed the explosion of the shuttle, the ship fell apart into a lot of debris. that is, the fate of the crew was a foregone conclusion due to the inaction of NASA, but the destruction itself and the death of people occurred in a matter of seconds.
It is worth noting that the Columbia shuttle was operated many times, at the time of its death the ship was 34 years old (in operation with NASA since 1979, the first manned flight in 1981), flew into space 28 times, but this flight turned out to be fatal.
In space itself, no one died, in the dense layers of the atmosphere and in spacecraft - about 18 people.
In addition to the catastrophes of 4 ships (two Russian - Soyuz-1 and Soyuz-11 and American - Columbia and Challenger), in which 18 people died, there were several more disasters during the explosion, fire in pre-flight preparation , one of the most famous tragedies - a fire in an atmosphere of pure oxygen in preparation for the Apollo 1 flight, then three American cosmonauts died, in a similar situation, a very young USSR cosmonaut, Valentin Bondarenko, died. The astronauts just burned alive.
Another NASA astronaut, Michael Adams, died while testing the X-15 rocket plane.
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin died during an unsuccessful flight on an airplane during a routine training.
Probably, the goal of the people who stepped into space was grandiose, and it’s not a fact that even knowing their fate, many would renounce astronautics, but still you always need to remember at what cost we paved the way to the stars ...
In the photo is a monument to the fallen astronauts on the moon
Set of postcards "Pilot-Cosmonauts of the USSR"
Publishing house "Plakat". Moscow, 1982
A-08632-82 Ed. No. 10r-1132. 1223211. C. 5 kop.
T. 360,000 eq.
The hero of the USSR
GAGARIN YURI ALEKSEEVICH
Member of the CPSU since 1960. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th and 7th convocations. Honorary Member of the International Academy for Astronautics and Space Research. Born March 9, 1934 in the city of Gzhatsk, Smolensk region.
On April 12, 1961, he performed the world's first space flight on the Vostok satellite ship: flew around Earth 1 hour 48 minutes and returned safely to Earth.
On March 27, 1968, he died while performing a training flight on an airplane. Buried in Red Square in Moscow. Name Gagarin Yu.A. assigned Order of the Red Banner Kutuzov Air Force Academy in Monino. His homeland - the city of Gzhatsk, is now renamed the city of Gagarin.
In the name of Yu.A. Gagarin the crater is named reverse side Moon and research ship of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The hero of the USSR
BELYAEV PAVEL IVANOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel.Member of the CPSU since 1949.
Born on June 26, 1925 in the village of Chelishchevo, Vologda Oblast.
The flight into space was made on March 18-19, 1965, together with Leonov A.A. as commander of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. During the flight, for the first time in the history of cosmonautics, cosmonaut A. A. Leonov made an exit from the cockpit of a spacecraft into outer space.
For the first time, a spacecraft was descent from orbit using a manual control system. The flight program was completed in full.
Belyaev P.I. died January 10, 1970. In the name of Belyaev P.I. the research ship of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR is named.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
SHATALOV VLADIMIR ALEKSANDROVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, lieutenant general of aviation, candidate of technical sciences.Member of the CPSU since 1953.
Born on December 8, 1927 in the city of Petropavlovsk, North Kazakhstan region. He made his first flight into space on January 14-17, 1969 as commander of the Soyuz-4 spacecraft.
In flight, for the first time, manual docking of the Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft was performed, and thus an experimental space station was created, astronauts Eliseev A.S. passed through open space. and Khrunova E.V. from the Soyuz-5 spacecraft to the Soyuz-4 spacecraft.
The second flight into space was made on October 13-18, 1969, together with Eliseev A.S. as commander of the Soyuz-8 spacecraft. It was a group flight of three Soviet spacecraft: Soyuz-6, Soyuz-7, Soyuz-8.
He made his third flight into space on April 23-25, 1971 as the commander of the Soyuz-10 spacecraft together with Eliseev A.S. and Rukavishnikov N.N.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
LEONOV ALEXEY ARKHIPOVICH
Member of the CPSU since 1957.Born on May 30, 1934 in the village of Listvyanka, Kemerovo Region.
The first flight into space was made on March 18-19, 1965, together with Belyaev P.I. as co-pilot on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft.
For the first time in the world, Leonov A. A. stepped out of the cockpit of a spacecraft into outer space and performed a number of experiments outside the spacecraft. The second space flight was made on July 15-21, 1975, together with V.N. Kubasov. on the Soyuz-19 spacecraft. It was the world's first joint flight of the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft and the American Apollo.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
FILIPCHENKO ANATOLY VASILIEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Major General of Aviation. Member of the CPSU since 1952.Born on February 26, 1928 in the village of Davydovka, Voronezh Region.
He made the first flight into space with
Volkov V.N. and Gorbatko V.V. October 12-17, 1969 as commander of the Soyuz-7 spacecraft.
The second space flight was made on December 2-8, 1974, together with N.N. Rukavishnikov. as commander of the Soyuz-16 spacecraft. The flight was carried out in terms of preparation for a joint Soviet-American flight under the ASTP program. In flight, tests were carried out on modified spacecraft systems and a conclusion was made on the possibility of their use in a joint Soviet-American flight.
The hero of the USSR
DOBROVOLSKII GEORGY TIMOFEEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, lieutenant colonel. Member of the CPSU since 1954.Born on June 1, 1928 in the city of Odessa. He made a space flight on June 6-30, 1971 as the commander of the Soyuz-11 spacecraft and the Salyut orbital station, together with V.N. Volkov. and Patsaev V.I.
The Soyuz-11 spacecraft successfully docked with the Salyut orbital station.
The crew went through the internal transition system to the world's first orbital station, during the flight comprehensively checked the performance of its systems, and tested all the equipment of the station. The flight program was completed in full. During descent from orbit due to depressurization of the descent vehicle, the crew died. Dobrovolsky Georgy Timofeevich was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In the name of Dobrovolsky G.T. named research ship of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
The hero of the USSR
DEMIN LEV STEPANOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel-engineer, candidate of technical sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1956.Born on January 1, 1926 in Moscow. He made a space flight on August 26-28, 1974, together with G.V. Sarafanov. as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-15 spacecraft.
During the two-day flight, the crew carried out scientific and technical experiments, practiced maneuvering and rendezvous with the Salyut-3 orbital station in various flight modes.
The hero of the USSR
KIZIM LEONID DENISOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel.
Member of the CPSU since 1966.
Born on August 5, 1941 in the city of Krasny Liman, Donetsk region.
He made a space flight on November 27 - December 10, 1980, together with Makarov O.G. and Strekalov G.M. as a crew commander on the Soyuz T-3 spacecraft and the Salyut-6 orbital station.
This was the first test flight of a Soyuz T spacecraft in a three-seat version.
During the flight, the onboard systems and structural elements of the improved Soyuz T-3 transport spacecraft were tested in various flight modes, a number of complex maintenance work was carried out, experiments in space materials science, and biomedical research were carried out.
The work carried out by the cosmonauts at the Salyut-6 station opens up new prospects for the development of manned long-term orbital complexes and for increasing the efficiency of their use in the interests of science and the national economy.
The hero of the USSR
SARAFANOV GENNADY VASILIEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel.Member of the CPSU since 1963.
Born on January 1, 1942 in the village of Sinenky, Saratov Region.
He made a space flight on August 26-28, 1974, together with Demin L.S. as commander of the Soyuz-15 spacecraft. During the two-day flight, the crew carried out scientific and technical experiments, practiced maneuvering and rendezvous with the Salyut-3 orbital station in various flight modes.
When returning to Earth, for the first time methods and means of searching for and evacuating the crew of a spacecraft that landed at night were worked out.
The hero of the USSR
ZHOLOBOV VITALY MIKHAILOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel-engineer.Member of the CPSU since 1966.
Born on June 18, 1937 in the village of Zburyevka, Kherson region. He made a space flight from July 6 to August 24, 1976, together with B. V. Volynov, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-21 spacecraft and the Salyut-5 orbital station.
Extensive and valuable scientific information on the physical characteristics of the atmosphere was obtained during the space flight
Earth and Sun. On board the orbital station, studies were carried out that showed how various physical processes and
technological operations in zero gravity. Studies of the reaction of the human body to the action of factors of long-term space flight have been carried out.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
KLIMUK PETER ILYICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Major General of Aviation.Member of the CPSU since 1963.
Born on July 10, 1942 in the village of Komarovka, Brest Region.
He made his first flight into space as a crew commander on the Soyuz-13 spacecraft together with V.V. Lebedev. December 18-26, 1973. In flight, valuable scientific observations were made with the help of the Orion-2 telescope system.
The second space flight was made from May 24 to July 26, 1975, together with Sevastyanov V.I. as commander of the Soyuz-18 spacecraft.
The third flight into space was performed from June 27 to July 5, 1978 as the commander of the international crew together with the cosmonaut-researcher, a citizen of the Polish People's Republic Germashevsky Miroslav on the Soyuz-30 spacecraft and the Salyut-6 orbital station.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
MAKAROV OLEG GRIGORIEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, candidate of technical sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1961. Born on January 6, 1933 in the village of Udomlya, Kalinin Region.He made his first flight into space on September 27-29, 1973, together with V. G. Lazarev, as a flight engineer on the Soyuz-12 spacecraft.
The second flight into space was made on January 10-16, 1978, together with Dzhanibekov V.A. as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-27 spacecraft.
The third space flight was performed from November 27 to December 10, 1980 as a flight engineer of the Soyuz T-3 spacecraft and the Salyut-6 station together with the crew commander Kizim L.D. and cosmonaut-researcher Strekalov G.M. This was the first flight of a Soyuz T spacecraft in a three-seat version.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
KUBASOV VALERY NIKOLAEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, candidate of technical sciences.Member of the CPSU since 1968.
Born on January 7, 1935 in the city of Vyazniki, Vladimir Region.
The first space flight was made on October 11-16, 1969, together with Shonin G.S. as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-6 spacecraft.
The flight took place simultaneously with the flight of the Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 spacecraft. The second space flight was made on July 15-21, 1975, together with A. A. Leonov as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-19 spacecraft.
It was the first international flight in the world, in which the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft and the American Apollo spacecraft took part.
He performed the third space flight as a commander of an international crew together with cosmonaut-researcher citizen of the Hungarian People's Republic Bertalan Farkas from May 26 to June 3, 1980 on the Soyuz-36 - Salyut-6 space complex.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
VOLYNOV BORIS VALENTINOVYCH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel.Member of the CPSU since 1958.
Born on December 18, 1934 in the city of Irkutsk. He made his first flight into space on January 15-18, 1969 as the commander of the Soyuz-5 spacecraft together with Eliseev A.S. and Khrunov E.V. Cosmonauts Eliseev A.S. and Khrunov E.V. for the first time in the world they crossed through outer space into the Soyuz-4 spacecraft, on which they landed.
The second space flight was made from July 6 to August 24, 1976, together with V.M. Zholobov. on the Soyuz-21 spacecraft and the Salyut-5 orbital station.
During the space flight, extensive and valuable scientific information on the physical characteristics of the Earth's atmosphere was obtained.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
KOMAROV VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel-engineer. Member of the CPSU since 1952.Born March 16, 1927 in Moscow. The first flight into space was made on October 12-13, 1964, together with Feoktistov K.P. and Egorov B. B. as commander of the multi-seat spacecraft “Voskhodo. The second flight into space was made on April 23-24, 1967 on the Soyuz-1 spacecraft. During the test flight, the program for testing the systems of the new ship was fully completed, and the planned scientific experiments were carried out.
When returning to Earth, due to the off-design operation of the parachute system, the ship was descending at a high speed, which led to the death of the astronaut.
Komarov Vladimir Mikhailovich was posthumously awarded the second title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In the name of Komarov V.M. Named research ship of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
NIKOLAEV ANDRIYAN GRIGORIEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, major general of aviation, candidate of technical sciences.Member of the CPSU since 1957.
Born on September 5, 1929 in the village of Shorshely, Chuvash ASSR.
He made his first flight into space on August 11-15, 1962 on the Vostok-3 spacecraft. It was the first multi-day group flight in the history of space exploration. It took place simultaneously with the flight of the Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by Popovich P.R.
In the course of the flight, valuable information was obtained showing what effect the state of weightlessness has for a long time under the same experimental conditions on different organisms. He made his second flight into space on June 1-19, 1970 as the commander of the Soyuz-9 spacecraft together with Sevastyanov V.I.
It was the longest autonomous flight of a Soyuz-type manned spacecraft.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
POPOVICH PAVEL ROMANOVYCH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, major general of aviation, candidate of technical sciences.Member of the CPSU since 1957.
Born on October 5, 1930 in the village of Uzin, Kyiv region.
He made his first flight into space on August 12-15, 1962 on the Vostok-4 spacecraft. The flight took place simultaneously with the flight of the Vostok-3 spacecraft.
It was the first multi-day group flight in the history of space exploration.
The second flight into space was made on July 3-19, 1974, together with Yu.P. Artyukhin. on the Soyuz-14 spacecraft and the Salyut-3 orbital station.
On board the orbital station, the crew carried out numerous experiments and observations that have great importance to solve many problems of science, technology, national economy.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
BYKOVSKY VALERY FYODOROVYCH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel, candidate of technical sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1963. Born on August 2, 1934 in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Region. He made his first flight into space on June 14-19, 1963 on the Vostok-5 spacecraft. The flight took place simultaneously with the flight of the Vostok-6 spacecraft piloted by V.V. Tereshkova.He made his second flight into space on September 15-23, 1976 as the commander of the Soyuz-22 spacecraft together with V.V. Aksenov.
The third space flight was performed from August 26 to September 3, 1978 as the commander of the international crew with the cosmonaut-researcher, a citizen of the German Democratic Republic Jan Sigmund on the Soyuz-31 spacecraft.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
BEREGOVOI GEORGE TIMOFEEVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR, Lieutenant General of Aviation, Candidate psychological sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1943.Born on April 15, 1921 in the village of Fedorov, Poltava region.
He made a space flight on October 26-30, 1968 on the Soyuz-3 spacecraft. During the flight, the spacecraft was repeatedly maneuvered in orbit and rendezvoused with the Soyuz-2 unmanned spacecraft. A number of technical experiments were carried out to test the systems and equipment of the Soyuz spacecraft, as well as observations to study near-Earth outer space.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
DZHANIBEKOV VLADIMIR ALEKSANDROVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, colonel.Member of the CPSU since 1970.
Born on May 13, 1942 in the village of Iskandar, Tashkent region.
The first space flight was made on January 10-16, 1978, together with O.G. Makarov. as the crew commander of the Soyuz-27 spacecraft.
For the first time in the history of cosmonautics, a manned research complex was created in near-Earth orbit, consisting of an orbital station and two spacecraft: Soyuz-26 and Soyuz-27.
The second space flight was made on March 22-30, 1981 as the commander of the international crew together with the cosmonaut-researcher citizen of the Mongolian People's Republic Zhugderdemidiyny Gurragchay on the Soyuz-39 spacecraft and the Salyut-6 orbital station.
The hero of the USSR
TITOV GERMAN STEPANOVICH
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, lieutenant general of aviation, candidate of military sciences.Member of the CPSU since 1961.
Born on September 11, 1935 in the village of Upper Zhilino, Altai Territory.
In preparation for the world's first manned space flight, he was a stand-in for cosmonaut-1 - Yu.A. Gagarin. He made a space flight on August 6-7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 satellite ship.
It was the world's first multi-turn flight: in 25 hours and 11 minutes, Vostok-2 made over 17 turns around the Earth, flying a distance of 703,143 kilometers.
The flight made it possible to evaluate the influence of the weightlessness factor on the human body and its performance during a daily stay in outer space.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
Ryumin Valery Viktorovich
Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR. Member of the CPSU since 1972.Born on August 16, 1939 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
He made a space flight on October 9-11, 1977, together with V.V. Kovalenko. as a flight engineer on the Soyuz-25 spacecraft.
The second space flight was made from February 25 to August 19, 1979, together with V.A. Lyakhov. as a flight engineer on the Soyuz-32 spacecraft and the Salyut-6 orbital station. During the flight, the crew performed a large amount of scientific, technical, biomedical experiments and research. At the final stage of the flight, the crew performed a spacewalk. He performed the third flight into space from April 9 to October 11, 1980 as a flight engineer of the Soyuz-35 - Salyut-6 space complex together with Popov L.I.
During the 185-day flight, a large amount of various studies, experiments, as well as repair and restoration work was carried out.
The history of astronautics, unfortunately, is full of not only dizzying ups, but also terrible falls. Dead cosmonauts, rockets that did not take off or exploded, tragic accidents - all this is also our property, and to forget about it means to erase from history all those who consciously risked their lives for the sake of progress, science and a better future. It is about the fallen heroes of the cosmonautics of the USSR that we will talk in this article.
Cosmonautics in the USSR
Until the 20th century, space flights were considered something completely fantastic. But already in 1903, K. Tsiolkovsky put forward the idea of flying into space on a rocket. From that moment, astronautics was born in the form in which we know it today.
In the USSR, the Jet Institute (RNII) was founded in 1933 to study jet propulsion. And in 1946, work began related to rocket science.
However, before a man for the first time overcame the gravity of the Earth and ended up in space, it took more years and years. Do not forget about the mistakes that cost the life of the testers. First of all, these are the dead. According to official figures, there are only five of them, including Yuri Gagarin, who, strictly speaking, did not die in space, but after returning to Earth. Nevertheless, the cosmonaut also died during the tests, being a military pilot, which allows us to include him in the list presented here.
Komarov
Soviet cosmonauts who died in space made an incomparable contribution to the development of their country. Such a person was Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, a pilot-cosmonaut and a colonel engineer, who was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Born in Moscow on April 14, 1927. He was a member of the first crew of a spacecraft in the history of the world and was its commander. Been to space twice.
In 1943, the future cosmonaut graduated from the seven-year period, and then entered the special school of the Air Force, wanting to master it. He graduated from it in 1945, and then went to the cadets of the Sasovskaya aviation school. And in the same year he was enrolled in the Borisoglebsk Higher Military aviation school.
After graduating in 1949, Komarov entered the military service in the Air Force as a fighter pilot. His division was located in Grozny. Here he met Valentina, a school teacher who became his wife. Soon Vladimir Mikhailovich became a senior pilot, and in 1959 he graduated from the Air Force Academy and was assigned to the Air Force Research Institute. It was here that he was selected for the first detachment of astronauts.
Space flights
To answer the question of how many cosmonauts died, it is necessary first to highlight the very topic of flights.
So, the first flight of Komarov into space took place on the Voskhod spacecraft on October 12, 1964. It was the world's first multi-seat expedition: the crew also included a doctor and an engineer. The flight lasted 24 hours and ended with a successful landing.
The second and last flight of Komarov took place on the night of April 23-24, 1967. The cosmonaut died at the end of the flight: during the descent, the main parachute did not work, and the lines of the reserve twisted due to the strong rotation of the apparatus. The ship collided with the ground and caught fire. So because of a fatal accident, Vladimir Komarov died. He is the first Soviet cosmonaut to die. A monument was erected in his honor in Nizhny Novgorod and a bronze bust in Moscow.
Gagarin
These were all the dead cosmonauts before Gagarin, according to official sources. That is, in fact, before Gagarin, only one cosmonaut died in the USSR. However, Gagarin is the most famous Soviet cosmonaut.
Yuri Alekseevich, Soviet pilot-cosmonaut, born March 9, 1934. His childhood passed in the village of Kashino. He went to school in 1941, but German troops invaded the village and his studies were interrupted. And in the house of the Gagarin family, the SS men set up a workshop, driving the owners out into the street. Only in 1943 the village was liberated, and Yuri's studies continued.
Then Gagarin enters the Saratov Technical School in 1951, where he begins to visit the flying club. In 1955, he was drafted into the army and sent to an aviation school. After graduating, he served in the Air Force and by 1959 had approximately 265 flight hours. He received the rank of military pilot of the third class and the rank of senior lieutenant.
First flight and death
The dead astronauts are people who were well aware of the risk they were taking, but nevertheless this did not stop them. So Gagarin, the first man in space, risked his life even before he became an astronaut.
However, he did not miss his chance to become the first. On April 12, 1961, Gagarin flew a Vostok rocket into space from the Baikonur airfield. The flight lasted 108 minutes and ended with a successful landing near the town of Engels ( Saratov region). And it was this day that became Cosmonautics Day for the whole country, which is celebrated today.
For the whole world, the first flight was an incredible event, and the pilot who made it quickly became famous. Gagarin visited by invitation more than thirty countries. The years following the flight were marked for the astronaut by active social and political activity.
But soon Gagarin again returned to the helm of the aircraft. This decision turned out to be tragic for him. And in 1968, he died during a training flight in the cockpit of a MiG-15 UTI. The causes of the disaster are still unknown.
Nevertheless, the dead astronauts will never be forgotten by their country. On the day of Gagarin's death, mourning was declared in the country. And later in various countries erected a number of monuments to the first cosmonaut.
Volkov
The future cosmonaut graduated from Moscow School No. 201 in 1953, after which he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute and received the specialty of an electrical engineer dealing with rockets. Goes to work at KB Korolev and helps in creating space technology. At the same time, he begins attending pilot-athlete courses at the Kolomna Aeroclub.
In 1966, Volkov became a member of the cosmonaut corps, and three years later he made his first flight on the Soyuz-7 spacecraft as a flight engineer. The flight lasted 4 days, 22 hours and 40 minutes. In 1971, Volkov's second and last flight took place, in which he acted as an engineer. In addition to Vladislav Nikolayevich, the team included Patsaev and Dobrovolsky, whom we will discuss below. During the landing of the ship, depressurization occurred, and all participants in the flight died. The deceased cosmonauts of the USSR were cremated, and their ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall.
Dobrovolsky
Which we have already mentioned above, was born in Odessa in 1928, June 1. Pilot, cosmonaut and colonel of the Air Force, posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
During the war, he ended up in the territory occupied by the Romanian authorities and was arrested for possession of weapons. For the crime, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison, but the locals managed to ransom him. And after the end of the Second World War, Georgy Dobrovolsky enters the Odessa Air Force School. At that moment, he did not yet know what fate awaited him. However, astronauts who died in space, like pilots, prepare in advance for death.
In 1948, Dobrovolsky became a student at a military school in Chuguevsk, and two years later began serving in the USSR Air Force. During the service he managed to graduate from the Air Force Academy. And in 1963 he became a member of the cosmonaut corps.
His first and last flight began on June 6, 1971 on the Soyuz-11 spacecraft in the role of commander. The astronauts visited space station"Solyut-1", where they spent several scientific research. But at the time of return to Earth, as mentioned above, depressurization occurred.
Marital status and awards
The dead cosmonauts are not only heroes of their country who gave their lives for it, but also someone's sons, husbands and fathers. After the death of Georgy Dobrovolsky, his two daughters Marina (b. 1960) and Natalya (b. 1967) were orphaned. One remained and the widow of the hero, Lyudmila Stebleva, teacher high school. And if the eldest daughter managed to remember her father, then the youngest, who was only 4 years old at the time of the capsule crash, does not know him at all.
In addition to the title of Hero of the USSR, Dobrovolsky was awarded the order Lenin (posthumously), the "Gold Star", the medal "For Military Merit". In addition, the planet No. 1789, discovered in 1977, was named after the astronaut. lunar crater and research ship.
Also to this day, since 1972, there has been a tradition to play the Dobrovolsky Cup, which is awarded for the best trampoline jump.
Patsaev
So, continuing to answer the question of how many astronauts died in space, we move on to the next Hero of the Secular Union. was born in Aktyubinsk (Kazakhstan) in 1933, on June 19. This man is known for being the first astronaut in the world to work outside the Earth's atmosphere. He died along with Dobrovolsky and Volkov, mentioned above.
Victor's father fell on the battlefield during the Second World War. And after the end of the war, the family was forced to move to the Kaliningrad region, where the future cosmonaut went to school for the first time. As his sister wrote in her memoirs, Victor became interested in space even then - he got hold of K. Tsiolkovsky's Journey to the Moon.
In 1950, Patsaev entered the Penza Industrial Institute, which he graduated from, and was sent to the Central Aerological Observatory. Here he takes part in the design of meteorological rockets.
And in 1958, Viktor Ivanovich was transferred to the Korolev Design Bureau, to the design department. This is where the dead met. Soviet cosmonauts(Volkov, Dobrovolsky and Patsaev). However, only after 10 years will a detachment of cosmonauts be formed, in whose ranks Patsaev will be. Its preparation will last three years. Unfortunately, the first flight of an astronaut will end in tragedy and the death of the entire crew.
How many astronauts have died in space?
This question cannot be answered unambiguously. The point is that some of the information about space flights remains classified to this day. There are many assumptions and conjectures, but no one has concrete evidence yet.
As for official data, the number of dead cosmonauts and astronauts of all countries is approximately 170 people. The most famous of them, of course, are representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States. Among the latter, it is worth mentioning Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Judith Resnick (one of the first female astronauts), Ronald McNair.
Other dead
If you are interested in the dead, then on this moment they don't exist. Not once since the collapse of the USSR and the formation of Russia as separate state not a single case of a spacecraft crash and the death of its crew was reported.
Throughout the article, we talked about those who died directly in space, but we cannot ignore those astronauts who never had a chance to take off. Death overtook them on Earth.
Such was the one who was part of the group of the first astronauts and died during training. During his stay in the chamber, where the cosmonaut had to be alone for about 10 days, he made a mistake. I unfastened the vital signs from the body and wiped them with cotton soaked in alcohol, then threw it away. A cotton swab fell into a coil of a hot electric stove, which caused a fire. When the chamber was opened, the cosmonaut was still alive, but after 8 hours he died in the Botkin hospital. The dead cosmonauts before Gagarin, therefore, include one more person in their composition.
Nevertheless, Bondarenko will remain in the memory of posterity along with other dead cosmonauts.