This section is taken from, published with the participation of FENU, TIDOiT and the team of authors represented by Bad S.V., Kovalev Z.A.

Jurchen. Beginning of the 2nd millennium AD in the history of the peoples of the Far East was marked by the entry into the political arena of the Tungus-speaking Jurchens. Jurchens, starting from the 10th century, were called the tribes living in the territory of northern Manchuria and in the Bohai lands that were deserted after the conquest. Until the middle of the 9th century, the Jurchen tribes lived interspersed with the remaining Bohai population. In the second half of the 11th century, the process of unification of these tribes around the Jurchen tribe of Wanyan intensified. The reason for the unification was not only population growth and economic development, but also the need to fight the Khitans.

The fall of the foreign yoke and the proclamation of the Golden Empire of the Jurchens (in Chinese - Jin) occurred in 1115 during the reign of the leader Aguda, who assumed the title of emperor.

Over the next 10 years, the Jurchens finally defeated the Khitans and seized their lands. Then, as a result of many years, the warrior was subjugated and taxed all of northern China. During its heyday, the Jurchen Empire occupied all of Manchuria, the southern part of the Russian Far East, part northern China and North Korea. State and social order. public structuremultinational state was complex. At the head was the emperor and his numerous relatives. They were the largest proprietors, they owned the highest government posts. Next came the Jurchen aristocracy. Its representatives possessed considerable wealth and served as the backbone of the state. Below were the tribal leaders. Simple Jurchens made up the backbone of the army - farmers, cattle breeders, hunters, artisans.

The social structure of the multinational Jurchen state was complex. It should be noted that during its heyday, 87% of the country's population were Chinese, only 10% directly Jurchens and only 3% other peoples. The country was divided into 19 provinces, which were headed by a kind of governor-general. As in the Bohai state, the Jurchens had 5 capitals and many other cities, including those on the territory of Primorye.

However, with the strengthening of internal ties in the 30s. In the 12th century, this dual administrative system was transformed into a multi-stage state apparatus common to all the peoples of the empire. It was based on six ministries: public works, justice, finance, ceremonies, ranks of military affairs. It is worth noting that all the highest positions in the government were occupied by the Jurchens. However, most of the officials were Chinese.

In addition, the Jurchens had a large, well-trained and armed army. In addition, to maintain order in the conquered territories, special Jurchen military settlements were created. Jurchen economy. Speaking about the economy of the Jurchens, it should be noted that the Jurchen tribes proper did not have a single economic structure. The main form of economic activity of the Jurchens was agriculture. They grew millet, wheat, legumes.

The land was plowed on bulls, using an iron plow with a plowshare, and they also used hoes and shovels, used mortars and hand mills. The Jurchens of Primorye were engaged in cattle breeding - they raised cattle and horses. Hunting in their economy was not of great importance. It is important to note that the Jurchens inherited much of the material culture they created from the Bohais. They have become owners of a huge technical and economic potential. For example, during the existence of the Jurchen empire, the production and processing of non-ferrous metals reached a large scale.

The Jurchens also had pottery at a high level. The craftsmen used perfect for this time technology for the manufacture of vessels. So, during the formation, templates were used that give clear profiles of the elements of form and decor, and the surface was polished. Stamps - seals, knurling cylinders were used to apply ornaments to dishes. All this allowed the Jurchens to move from individual production to production for a wide market. Leather production also developed, which already included a number of processes and operations. Scientists, comparing modern processes and operations of leather production with the finds of the Jurchen era, find much in common in them. The Jurchens also had woodworking production, and at a high level. This is evidenced by the finds of a rather specialized tool in the territory of Primorye. For example, in Jurchen settlements, various fragments of saw blades are often found, designed for both transverse and longitudinal sawing of wood.

It is also known that the Jurchen masters were engaged in the manufacture of ammunition, namely powder shells. For example, the first evidence of firing projectiles is connected with the history of the Jurchens. One of the most interesting finds in this area is a gunpowder shell from the Ananyevsky settlement. The dimensions of the length of the cast product are "...16-17 cm, the diameter in the middle part is about 9 cm, the wall thickness is 0.5 - 1.1 cm". The Jurchens lived in ground wooden houses with a stove bench - canom.

Such a home heating system appeared among the population of Primorye and Eastern Manchuria at the turn of the new era and was preserved among the small peoples of the Far East until the beginning of the 20th century. So, the simplest in terms of layout, but the most common kan was single-section, and it was built along any one side wall of the dwelling. In some dwellings, there are also small melting furnaces, stone bearings from a potter's machine, stone millstones of hand mills and extensive utility pits with traces of wooden chests built into them with lockable lids. These chests were used to store grain and other foodstuffs. In addition, as a rule, a small utility yard with various kinds of buildings and structures adjoined the dwelling, which all together constituted a kind of economic and production complex - such as a manor.

Jurchen culture. The culture of the Jurchens deserves special attention. As early as 4 years after the formation of the Golden Empire, the Jurchens created their own syllabary writing, which was more in line with the norms of their language than Chinese characters. This script became known as the “big letter” of the Jurchens and contained about 3,000 characters. The presence of its own script is, as is known, one of the most important indicators of the high socio-economic and cultural level of the people who created it.

Even among simple artisans, the Jurchens had quite a few literate people, as evidenced by the numerous finds of various products, including ceramics, marked with personal brands of masters in the form of signs of the Jurchen "big letter", which, in all likelihood, recorded their names. The Jurchens had their own literature and poetry, various branches of science were widely developed. According to written sources, Jurchen songs, dances and music were famous among the Chinese. The development of decorative and visual arts is evidenced by bronze mirrors, on the back of which bas-relief images of flowers, fish, animals, as well as drawings on everyday and mythological themes are executed with great realism.

More than ten varieties of Jurchen mirrors have been found on the territory of Primorye, characterized by a wide variety of subjects and high technique of execution of the drawings on their back side. Of particular interest are the bronze sculptures of ancestral spirits.

The cult of ancestors occupied a prominent place in the religious views of the Jurchens, and therefore, casting a bronze figure in honor of an ancestor, they sought to give it a portrait resemblance. The Jurchens achieved notable successes in the field of monumental sculpture and palace and temple architecture. This can be judged by the stone sculptures of people, tigers and sheep discovered in the vicinity of Ussuriysk. Most of the Jurchens, like the Bohais, professed shamanism, and to know and bureaucracy - Buddhism. The researchers, analyzing the sources, note the presence of elements of animism and magic in the traditional beliefs of the Jurchens, and various cults occupy a special place in these beliefs. The Jurchens spiritualized various phenomena of nature, linking them exclusively with the activity of certain spirits. The spread of Buddhism among the Jurchens is evidenced by both written sources and materials from archaeological excavations. Thus, the remains of a Buddhist monastery were found on the Nikolaevsky settlement, and bronze statuettes of the Buddha were found on the Ananyevsky, Shaiginsky and Chuguevsky settlements.

Archaeological sites of the Jurchen era. On the territory of Primorye was the Jin province Xuping (Subin) with the center in the area of ​​modern Ussuriysk. It included three settlements fortified with high ramparts. Two of them (South Ussuriyskoye and Zapadno-Ussuriyskoye) were located on the plain, within the boundaries of the modern city and are now destroyed. The third (Krasnoyarovsk settlement), which has the greatest length of city walls, occupies a high spur of a mountain plateau on the right bank of the river. Razdolnaya, three kilometers south of Ussuriysk. On the territory of Ussuriysk, between the two settlements, there were also graves of noble Jurchens. In front of them were placed stone statues of commanders and officials, tigers and rams, as well as stone steles dedicated to the dead on pedestals in the form of stone skulls.

In addition, on the territory of Primorye there were a large number of other cities (Nikolaevskoe, Chuguevskoe, Steklyanukhinskoe and other settlements). Sometimes the Jurchens settled on the site of the old Bohai cities, while they built on the city walls, built defensive towers on them and strengthened the defenses of the city gates. A unique monument of Jurchen culture in Primorye is the Shaigin settlement. The ancient settlement is located about 70 km north of the city of Nakhodka and a few km south of the village. Sergeevka of the Partizansky district and is located on one of the southern islands of Sikhote-Alin. The southern side of this ogrog breaks off steeply to the valley of the river. Ratnaya (former river Shaigi) - the left tributary of the river. Partizanskaya (the former river Suchan), and the western one - to the valley of the river. Partisan. The southwestern extremity of the spur is cut by a deep ravine, along the bottom of which flows the Batareiny Creek, fed by numerous springs. From the western, northern and eastern sides, this ravine is surrounded by a high ridge of a hill, along the crest of which runs a defensive rampart built of earth and stone.

The height of the defensive rampart, depending on the steepness of the slope of the hill on the outer side of the settlement, and, consequently, on its accessibility to the besieging enemy, ranges from 0.5 to 5 m. . The main gate was located in the middle part of the northern line of the defensive wall. The outer slope of the hill, facing the river valley. Partisan, rather gentle and easily overcome both for foot soldiers and for cavalry, and therefore, the shaft in this place reaches its greatest height. In addition, about 30 m on either side of the gate, two towers were built in the rampart, from where it was possible to shoot the nearest approaches to the gate with a bow. The entire territory of the Shaiginsky settlement was divided into quarters by a system of internal ramparts, streets, natural ravines and ravines. The population of each quarter, depending on professional and production activities, belonged to a certain social class. The discovery of a silver paizi (credential tag) of a thousand-year-old man at the settlement, the text of which is engraved in the Jurchen language, allows us to conclude that at one time there were at least 1000 dwellings, that is, utility yards (to date, the remains of 278 dwellings have been unearthed by excavations).

This fact, along with other data (the presence of a large number of craft workshops, large warehouse buildings under a tiled roof, an extensive network of streets, quarters, a redoubt where the headquarters of the military commandant was located, several fenced with earthen ramparts, the so-called "internal" ', or "forbidden ” cities, etc.), indicate that it was relatively Big City with a population of many thousands. All excavated dwellings were ground-based, frame-pillar construction, with a heating system of the Kan. The size of dwellings, their interior entirely depended on the number of family members and their social status. The largest dwellings had an area of ​​50 or more square meters.

The inhabitants of the Shaiginsky settlement were engaged in various types of crafts and agriculture, growing, judging by the numerous finds, wheat, barley, buckwheat, soybeans, millet, chumizu, and kaoliang. Along with this, they were engaged in cattle breeding, horse breeding and pig breeding, as well as hunting, fishing and taiga crafts, including the gathering of wild plants. In the 12th century in the territory Central Asia inhabited by nomadic Mongols.

By the end of the 12th century, one of the Mongol khans, Genghis Khan, managed to unite all the Mongol tribes into a single empire. AT early XII I century at the congress of the Mongolian nobility, Genghis Khan was declared the Great Khan of all Mongols. After some time, he begins aggressive campaigns against neighboring countries.

The Jurchen empire also falls into his field of vision. Numerous campaigns of the Mongols ended with the fall of the Golden Empire in 1234. During the period when the Golden Empire of the Jurchens was experiencing a deep internal crisis, several territories separated from it. Thus, in 1215, the Eastern Xia state appeared in Primorye, which lasted only 19 years. The Mongol conquest in 1233 ended the existence Eastern Xia. The campaigns of Genghis Khan and his commanders brought death and destruction to many states. China, the countries of Central Asia were defeated, the territory of the Jurchen Empire turned into an abandoned land.

An ancient state of enormous size - white people in the Far East

The now almost deserted Far East was densely populated in antiquity. The Empire of the Jurchens flourished there - people of the white race - which was the heir to a highly developed civilization that existed there three thousand years ago ...

The ancient state of white people in the Far East

In the 50s of the 20th century, Academician A.P. Okladnikov and his students discovered the existence of the Golden Jurchen Empire in the Far East, which existed there in the Middle Ages. It occupied the territory of the modern Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the Amur Region, the eastern regions of Mongolia, the northern regions of Korea and the entire northern part of China. Yanqing (now Beijing) was the capital of this vast empire for a long time. The empire included 72 tribes, the population was, according to various estimates, from 36 to 50 million people. The empire had 1200 cities.


Jurchen Empire

The Jurchen Empire rested on the basis of ancient civilizations that existed long before the "Great China" and possessed the highest technologies for those times: they knew how to produce porcelain, paper, bronze mirrors and gunpowder, and also possessed mysterious occult knowledge. Bronze mirrors, which were made in the Jurchen Empire, are found by archaeologists in the territory from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea. In other words, the Jurchens used these achievements much earlier than the Chinese "discovered" them. In addition, the inhabitants of the empire used runic writing, which orthodox science is not able to decipher.

However, the empire received all these technological achievements from previous states located on its territory much earlier. The most mysterious of them is the state of Shubi, which is believed to have existed in the 1st-2nd millennium BC. They possessed truly unique knowledge, had underground communication in the form of tunnels with many parts of their empire and neighboring states.

It is possible that these underground passages still exist today. Moreover, most likely, there are underground tunnels leading to the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. For example, it is known that the idea to connect Sakhalin to the mainland through a tunnel was developed at the end of the 19th century, but was not implemented. Stalin revived this idea in 1950. On May 5, 1950, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a secret decree on the construction of a tunnel and a reserve sea ferry. It is possible that the secrecy was also caused by the fact that it was planned not to build a tunnel, but only to restore what was built in antiquity. The tunnel was never built. Immediately after the death of Stalin, construction was curtailed.

But back to Shubi. It was they who invented gunpowder, paper, china and everything else, the invention of which is attributed to the Chinese. In addition, they created an amazing system for the distribution of rare plants on the territory of their state. In other words, plants in Primorye did not just grow “as God puts it on their souls”, but they were specially selected, grown and planted. An eloquent witness to this selection is the yew grove on Petrov Island, and at the foot of Mount Pidan, several old yew trees have been preserved, which are nowhere else in the region. This feature was noted by Academician V.L. Komarov, Russian botanist and geographer, and military topographer and ethnographer V.K. Arseniev, who explored Primorye in 1902-1907 and 1908-1910, found that the boundaries of the Tibeto-Manchurian flora coincided with the boundaries of the bygone Shubi civilization.

In addition, V.K. Arseniev found and excavated numerous cities of the correct form and stone roads in the taiga on the Dadianshan plateau. All this eloquently testifies to the scale of the bygone civilization. The remains of stone roads are still preserved in the coastal taiga. In addition to these fragments of material culture, very, very little information about the Shubi civilization has come down to us, they are mostly of a legendary nature. The Bohai legends also called the state of Shubi the Land of Magic Mirrors and the Land of Flying People.

Legends also claim that they all went to an underground city, the entrance to which is located on the top of a large mountain (most likely Mount Pidan), that they made magic mirrors that could show the future from some kind of not quite ordinary gold. From this gold, a two-meter statue of the so-called Golden Baba was made, which, as an ancient idol, was worshiped by both the Bohai and the Jurchens. Legends say that this gold was not mined on the territory of Primorye, but it was brought through underground passages from the depths of volcanoes. When the cities of the Shubi country were empty, and the Bohai and Jurchens went underground to the kingdom of the Shubi birds, they took with them “forty wagons loaded to the brim with gold,” and this gold also disappeared.

Interesting information about mysterious mirrors is given by a modern writer, traveler and researcher Vsevolod Karinberg in his essay "The Mystery of "Magic" Mirrors or the Matrix":

“In Chinese paintings depicting celestials traveling through the clouds and the peaks of mythical mountains, you often see their “magic” mirrors in their hands. "Magic mirrors" already existed in the 5th century, but the book "The History of Ancient Mirrors", which described how they were made, was lost in the 8th century. The convex reflective side is cast in light bronze, polished to a luster and covered with mercury amalgam. Under different lighting, if you hold a mirror in your hand, it is no different from the usual one. However, under bright sunlight through its reflective surface, you can "look through" and see patterns and hieroglyphs on the reverse side. In some mysterious way, massive bronze becomes transparent. Shen Gua in his book "Reflections on the Lake of Dreams" in 1086 wrote: "There are "mirrors that transmit light", on the back of which there are about twenty ancient hieroglyphs that cannot be deciphered, they" show through "on the front side and are reflected on the wall of the house , where they can be clearly seen. They are all similar to each other, all very ancient, and all transmit light ... "

So what are these ancient hieroglyphs that could not be deciphered by a Chinese scientist already in the 11th century? Chinese sources speak of a letter from the Bohai ruler, written in characters incomprehensible to the Chinese, resembling the paw prints of animals and birds. Moreover, this letter is not readable in any of the languages ​​of the Tungus-Manchurian group, which includes the Bohai and Jurchens. Therefore, this language hastened to be called unreadable and dead.

We know one more language - the language of the Etruscans, which also "was not read" until recently, until they tried to read it in Russian. The same thing happened with hieroglyphs, or rather runes, flying people from the Shubi empire. They have been read. And read in Russian. See the works of V. Yurkovets “We will remember everything” and Academician V. Chudinov “On the writing of the Jurchens according to Yurkovets”.

Moreover, we managed to find images of Jurchen emperors. Or rather, not images, but busts that are exhibited today in the Chinese city of Harbin, in a museum called the Museum of the First Capital of Jin.

Jurchen Emperor Taizu, Wanyan Aguda (1115-1123).

Jurchen Emperor Taizong, Wanyan Wutsimai (11235-1135).

Emperor of the Jurchens Xizong, Wanyan Hela (1135-1149).

Jurchen Emperor Hai Ling Wang, Wanyan Liang (1149-1161).

Jurchen mirror with swastikas.

The photographs show the busts of the first Jurchen emperor Taizu, Wanyan Aguda (1115-1123), the second Jurchen emperor Taizong, Wanyan Wutsimai (1123-1135), the younger brother of the previous emperor; the third Jurchen emperor Xizong, Wanyan Hela (1135-1149) and the fourth Jurchen emperor Hai Ling Wang, Wanyan Liang (1149-1161).

Pay attention to the racial traits of the emperors. These are white people. In addition, the last picture shows an exhibit from the excavations of the Shaiginsky settlement, which is 70 km away. north of the city of Nakhodka - a unique cultural monument of the Jurchens on the territory of Primorsky Krai. This mirror was discovered in 1891, and in 1963 excavations of this monument began, which continued until 1992. As we can see, it depicts a swastika - the solar symbol of the Slavic-Aryans.

Back in the early 20th century, there was something known about the Jurchen civilization, magic mirrors showing the future, and other artifacts of this empire. And this is not surprising, because the territory of Primorye was part of the Great Tartaria - a huge empire of the White Race, which at one time occupied the territory of all of Eurasia. Europeans knew about its existence as early as the 17th century, despite the fact that Europe was already completely torn away from it and began to write its “nezalezhnaya” history.

In 1653, "Atlas of Asia" by Nicholas Sanson, who talked about the easternmost part of Tartaria - Cathai. Not to be confused with China, which was designated China or Cina on medieval maps and was located south of Cathay. It was Cathay, not China, that Marco Polo visited in the 13th century. It was his descriptions that served as the basis for drawing data on the farthest eastern territories of Eurasia on a 15th century map created by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro in 1459. Thanks to this map, you can see cities that are completely unknown to modern historical science. The peculiarity of this map is the fact that the north is at the bottom and the south is at the top. An interactive map can be viewed here - http://www.bl.uk/magnificentmaps/map2.html. It also shows the states unknown to today's historical science that were part of Katai: Tangut and Tenduk.

In 1659" The World History» Dionysius Petavius, who described the rich and developed Tartar state of Cathai, which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas. Like N. Sanson, he mentions the states that are part of Cathay: Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduc), Camul (Camul), Tainfur (Tainfur) and Tibet (Thebet). Unfortunately, these names, except for the last one, do not tell us anything today.

In 1676, in Paris, "World Geography" by Duval Dabville, which contained a description of the main countries of the world, among which several Tartaria occupied a significant place. Among them was "Kim (n) Tartaria - this is one of the names that is called Katai (Сathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, because it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities."

This section of our site contains an Italian map of China in 1682 by Giacomo Cantelli and Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi, which shows the possessions of the Jurchens: Tangut, Tenduk, the kingdom of the Nivkhs, which are called Kin tartars or golden tartars (remember that the Jurchen Empire is called Golden) and the kingdom of Yupi (the kingdom of tartars dressed in fish skin).


Mappa mundi Fra Mauro.


Map of China by Giacomo Cantelli 1682

Map of Tartaria and Korea, Paris, 1780


Map of Chinese and Independent Tartaria, 1806


Map of the geopolitical divisions of Asia, 1871

After the defeat of the Great Tartaria in the war of 1773, which was given the name "Pugachev's Rebellion", the memory of this empire began to be carefully erased, but this did not work out right away. On the maps of the 18th and sometimes the 19th century, she, or her provinces, were still reflected, including the Far East. For example, we look at the maps: Tartaria and Korea, Paris, 1780, by the French naval engineer M. Bonne, Chinese and Independent Tartaria, 1806 by John Carrey, the geopolitical division of Asia, 1871 by the British cartographer Samuel Mitchell.

Let's go back to the Jurchen empire and their magic mirrors. There is evidence that they were found by Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888), an officer of the General Staff. He made 5 expeditions to the Ussuri region, whose lands had by that time been annexed by the Romanov Empire, and Central Asia. Based on the results of expeditions around the Amur region, the monumental work "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and "On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur region" was written. In St. Petersburg, at the Department of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences, his field notes on the Ussuri Territory, as well as a list of materials transferred by him for the Russian Museum, are kept.

N.M. Przhevalsky.

Among these materials is a collection of bronze mirrors. According to legend, among these mirrors is a magic mirror that shows the future, and which the great traveler looked into when setting off on his last expedition to Tibet. He intended to cross the Tien Shan Mountains and the Tarim Basin from north to south, explore the northwestern part of Tibet, and then visit the city of Lhasa. However, in the mirror, he saw that he would not return. And indeed, on the border with Tibet, Przhevalsky suddenly fell ill, as they say, either after drinking raw water, or sweating while hunting and catching a cold, or from typhoid fever. However, there is another version - poisoning. The fact is that the expedition of an officer of the Russian General Staff aroused fears both in the Chinese government and among the British, who were at odds with Tibet, and the expedition was suspected of a secret political mission on the part of the Russian government.

After each Przhevalsky expedition, the Academy of Sciences and the Russian Geographical Society regularly organized exhibitions of the richest material that he brought to the capital - hundreds of stuffed animals, skins of wild animals, an endless number of herbariums and material artifacts, for example, magic mirrors, which he purposefully sought, as well as Golden Baba of the Jurchens. By the way, he so insistently wanted to go to Tibet, also because he believed that the main artifacts of the Jurchens were taken there. He did not find Baba, but he brought a mirror. At the beginning of 1887, an exhibition of Przhevalsky's collections was held at the Museum of the Academy of Sciences, which was visited by Emperor Alexander III. He was very interested in the Magic Mirror. Przhevalsky told him that he saw his death in the mirror while traveling to Tibet. The emperor looked into the mirror, after which he ordered the mirrors to be removed from the exhibition.

Son Alexander III, Nicholas II was also interested in the mystery of the magic mirror. He met with another outstanding explorer of Primorye, military topographer Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev, who, after an expedition around the region in 1910, also arranged an exhibition of artifacts. Arseniev told the emperor not only about magic mirrors, but also about a special type of gold, about the Golden Baba, and showed samples of the rocks that he brought from the expedition.

VK. Arseniev.

What was this special kind of gold? Let us turn again to the text of Vsevolod Karinberg "The Secret of the "Magic" Mirrors or the Matrix":

“Professor Yershov at the Institute of Programming and Informatics conducted research on the problem of Chinese mirrors in Novosibirsk Academgorodok. And, it seems, something cleared up with them, if all the conclusions were suddenly classified. Research was also carried out in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) at the Electro-Mechanical Institute under the direction of Zhores Alferov. They showed that the bronze alloy that makes up the mirror contains, in addition to copper, tin, zinc, rare earth elements of groups 6 and 7: rhenium, iridium. The alloy contains nickel, gold, mercury, silver, platinum, palladium, as well as radioactive elements - impurities of thorium, actinium, uranium.

And the special light bronze of the front surface of the mirror contains phosphorus in large quantities for something. It is assumed that when sunlight hits the mirror, the alloy is excited and its radioactive radiation causes the front mirror surface to glow in certain places. There is another trick in these mirrors - a spiral winding of multilayer metal tapes on the handle. There is a hypothesis that through this handle the human bioenergy is transmitted to the mirror. And that is why someone is able to simply activate the mirror, and someone is able to see pictures of the future in it.

The symbols on the back surface of the mirror act on the human psyche, and it is they that allow you to tune in to the pictures. subtle world. The combination of rare elements in the alloy, inherent in Chinese mirrors, is only found at one mine. In 1985 on about. In Kunashir, in the former closed zone of the Japanese Imperial Reserve on the Zolotaya River, near the Tyatya volcano, adits were discovered where the Japanese mined gold throughout the war, and ore, chemically bound, and not loose, which is why no one knew about it.

And here we come again to the mystery of Bohai gold. According to legend, when the Bohai people went underground, they took with them “forty wagons loaded to the brim with gold.” The largest gold bar was the Golden Woman - a sculpture about two meters high. Both Shubi gold and Bohai gold were not mined in the territory of modern Primorye. Gold was brought through underground passages from the underground country of Shubi, from the depths of volcanoes. When the cities of the Shubi country were empty, the gold disappeared.

The gold of Shubi, or, if you like, the gold of Bohai, reveals one secret, because of which, perhaps, the researchers of the secrets of magic mirrors, the pioneers in Primorye, perished. No one imagined that there is gold from volcanoes, especially ore. The melt squeezes out through basalt rocks, in some "pockets" up to 1200 grams per cubic meter of soil. Inside volcanoes - silver, platinum and rare earth elements, and very rare in nature. Gold! This is what world power Japan fought for. Underground passages leading to the golden volcanic developments of the Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, quite possibly exist to this day ... "

Who are the Jurchens?

The Jurchens (nuizheni, nuizhi) are a people known in the Amur region and adjacent territories since the 11th century. Initially, this was the name of one of the tribes that lived in the Sungari River basin. Later, this ethnonym spread to most of the tribes that became part of the state that the Jurchens created at the beginning of the 12th century. The Chinese historian Ji Shi believes that Jurchen is not the self-name of the people, but the term used to designate their Khitans. It comes from the Khitan word "nuygu" - gold. "Nyuzhen", "Nyuchuzhen" - this is "the people living along the Golden River."

The developed Middle Ages on the Amur and in Manchuria are often called the Jurchen era, that is, associated with the politically and culturally dominant ethnic group of the region.

The Jurchens are the descendants of the Mohe ethnic group, which occupied a vast territory and had many local variants of culture. They inherited this diversity, and therefore archaeologists, studying the Jurchen archaeological culture in different regions, sometimes come across very dissimilar material. Even the Amur Jurchens should be divided into two groups: Western and Eastern. The first was formed on the territory of the modern Amur Region from the descendants of the Nayfeld and Troitsk. In general, the culture of these groups was similar. The main difference is in the design of home (stucco) dishes. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium, the peoples of the Amur mastered the production of pottery, which almost completely smoothed out the differences between cultural groups.

The history and culture of the Jurchens has been most actively studied since the second half of the 20th century. Currently, work is being done by both historians and archaeologists. A.P. worked on this issue. Okladnikov, research is continued by V.E. Medvedev, E.I. Derevianko, Yu.M. Vasiliev. Initially, the Jurchen culture was formed in the basin of the Songhua and Amur rivers. However, in ancient times, the Amur was not regarded as a single water artery, but it was believed that its upper and middle reaches were a tributary of the Songhua River. The Lower Amur is a continuation of the Songhua, which flows into the sea.

Jurchen settlements.

The Jurchens lived in unfortified and fortified settlements (settlements), which were located, as a rule, along the banks of rivers. Settlements are settlements fortified with ramparts and ditches. In the Amur region, Jurchen dwellings were excavated at the settlements of Gora Shapka (village of Poyarkovo), Kuchugury (village of Markovo), and Novopetrovskoye. The Jurchens built fortified settlements of various types. This depended on the landscape and fortification traditions followed by the builders, who adopted the experience of neighboring peoples: Bohai, Koreans, Khitans, and Chinese.

The dwellings of the Jurchens were built of two types: semi-dugouts and ground houses. Semi-dugouts are wooden structures of a quadrangular shape, deepened into the ground by several tens of centimeters. A medieval source on this subject writes that the Jurchens build houses by "digging holes and filling them with forest from above." Ground houses were built on a leveled site.

Usually, for the construction of their dwellings, the Jurchens used boards and logs, which were then lined with birch bark or covered with sod. The entrance of the dwellings were facing south, southeast or east. Houses were warmed by kanom - an original heating device invented by the ancient population of the Far East. Kan was a system of chimney channels, lined with stone and carried inside the dwelling, along the walls. The warm air circulating along the kan from the hearths through the stones that retain heat for a long time warmed the dwelling. A Chinese chronicler described the Jurchen kang as follows: “An earthen bed is arranged around the room, under which a fire is made. On this bed they sleep, eat and live. The existence of public buildings is evidenced by the remains of a temple structure found in a settlement at the mouth of the Tunguska River. The basis of this building was stone bases, decorated with carvings in the form of lotus petals. Gray tiles were used to cover the roof of the building. Probably, a similar temple, but with less exquisitely decorated column bases and without tiles, once stood on the site of the modern village of Vladimirovka (Blagoveshchensky district).

What did the Jurchens do?

The economy of the Jurchens was diversified. They raised pigs, horses, bulls, dogs. They were also engaged in agriculture, plowed the land using the draft power of animals. The hunt was not forgotten either. An ancient chronicle testifies that each Jurchen "can follow the trail of an animal, overtake and kill it." They hunted deer, elks, goats, bears, tigers, wild boars, wolves, pheasants.

An important place in the economy of the Jurchens was occupied by fishing, as evidenced by the ceramic and stone weights and fishhooks found on the monuments. They hunted and gathering, beekeeping, mined gold, river pearls. Handicraft in Jurchen society can be divided into domestic undifferentiated, which provided everything necessary mainly for the ordinary population, and professional, concentrated in certain centers. The Jurchens reached a high level in the manufacture of pottery. If in the early stages of the existence of their culture stucco ceramics dominated, then from the 9th century. its displacement begins with easel (made on a potter's wheel), the share of which in the XII - XIII centuries. is about 95%. Easel utensils are richly ornamented with various stamps, tracing, moldings, burnishing. A special type of decoration of the vessel is lobulation, which makes the surface of the body embossed and similar to a pumpkin.

Considerable success was achieved by the ancient Amur people in the processing of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals. Jurchen blacksmiths and jewelers mastered such technological methods as forging, welding, riveting of pieces of tin, torsion, casting, soldering, stamping, chasing, drawing.

For most of their history, the Jurchens fought wars with neighboring peoples. Chronicles wrote that these were people "who did not know the value of life and death in due measure." Their main force was the cavalry. Warriors dressed in armor, consisting of iron plates, superimposed on the principle of scales. They were armed with broadswords, sometimes with special piercing swords, knives, axes, spears, which can be conditionally divided into simple and complex ones. The main weapon of the Jurchens was the bow. They made it from different types of wood, horns, birch bark. Arrowheads were dominated by iron, but bone ones were also found: faceted (armor-piercing) and having a flattened feather. The latter were used for shooting at an enemy unprotected by armor, as well as for hunting. Arrowheads with a swivel function can be called original, actually Jurchen. "When hit, such an arrow cannot be pulled out (from the body)."

Faith in the afterlife.

The Jurchens who died and died in battle were buried. Their cemeteries are divided by archaeologists into two types: mounds and soil. Funeral activities varied. The position of the corpse dominates, that is, the rite according to which the deceased was laid on his back with his legs bent at the knees. There are isolated cases when the deceased was laid crouched on his side or buried sitting. The secondary burial rite consisted of two stages: the preservation of the skeleton in the air until the decomposition of soft tissues and the burial of the remains in the ground. The rite of cremation of the deceased is also noted until the complete burning of the corpse or with the aim of only burning it. Yu.M.Vasiliev singles out one more rite - exhumation.

Despite such a large number of various actions carried out on the dead, their goal was probably the same - to lead the soul of a relative to the afterlife. It's just that different paths were chosen depending on the circumstances. By analogy with the traditional cults of the indigenous peoples of the Amur region, it can be assumed that the Jurchen endowed a person with a soul that was inseparable from the body and lived in it until the destruction of soft tissues. Cremation, secondary rite, exhumation were ways of destroying the receptacle of the soul in order to free it from the fetters of the body.

The multi-ritual nature of actions during burial indicates the widespread use of shamanism among the Jurchens. However, they were also familiar with Buddhism. A source testifies that "the Jurchens make offerings to the Buddha with special reverence in order to enjoy his favors."

Ideological views and the surrounding world were embodied in the fine arts of the Jurchens. In the Korsakov burial ground, a voluminous cast bronze with gilding sculpture of a standing Buddha was found. The image of a lotus on ceramics and pendants can also be called reflecting the same cult. Shamanism as a religion that deifies nature is evidenced by images of animals, zoo- and anthropomorphic pendants. Found on monuments compulsory subjects shaman costume - bronze mirror roofing felts. They were made in the form of disks, absolutely smooth on one side, ornamented on the other and having a loop for hanging. In the Amur region, such a mirror was found in the settlement of Innokentevskoye (Arkharinsk district).

"Golden Empire" of Jin.

Statehood began to take shape among the Jurchens from the middle of the 11th century. Formally, their rulers recognized the suzerainty of the Khitan Liao empire, but in fact they ruled only according to their own laws. Gradually, in the Jurchen environment, the Wanyan clan rose, whose representative Aguda in 1115. declared himself emperor, and the created state - the Golden Empire ("Jin"). There are two versions about this name. Alluding to the defeat of the Liao (“Iron”) empire, Aguda, according to legend, proclaiming a new dynasty, said: “Although iron ... is beautiful, it rusts and can be corroded by rust! Only gold does not rust and cannot be destroyed. According to other sources, Aguda called the Golden Empire by the name of the Anchuhu or Alchuk river, which was inhabited by the ruling family of the Jurchens.

Who are the Jurchens?

The name of the "Jurchens" is not known to the general reader. However, the role of this people in the history of Asia is very significant. The Jurchens are considered the worst and main enemies of the Mongols and Genghis Khan himself, who, already in adulthood spent ten years in their captivity.

So, according to the statements of traditional history, the Jurchens are one of the Manchu-Tungus tribes that lived in Manchuria in the Far East. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Jurchens formed a state that became a rival to their southern neighbor, the Chinese Sung Empire. Soon the Jurchens, having defeated the Chinese, took possession of the entire northern part of the country, and the southern part became their tributary.

First famous history The clash of the Mongols with the Jurchens took place in 1129, when the ancestor of Genghis Khan Khabulkhan declared war on the Jurchens. Serious hostilities began in 1135. Four years later, during a successful war between the Jurchens and the northern Chinese Song Empire, the Mongols inflicted a serious defeat on the Jurchens, who at one time even paid tribute to the Mongols. But this did not last long, and the Jurchens stepped up their actions against the steppes. Soon, one after another, the leaders of the Mongols were captured by the Jurchens, where a painful execution awaited them: they were nailed with iron nails to a wooden donkey.

In 1185, Temujin (Genghis Khan) was also captured by the Jurchens, and here something strange happens in history: he remains alive. How he got captured and what he did there, there is NO information in history, although before and after this event we know the life of Genghis Khan in many details.

How does the traditional story explain the situation with the Jurchen captivity of Temujin? It was like this: Temuchin learned that his enemies, the Jurchens, were pursuing his other enemies, the Tatars, "chasing them right into the hands of the Mongols." His military detachment attacked these Tatars and defeated them, and the Jurchen commander awarded Temuchin with a title. It was this title (or rank) when Temujin was captured by the Jurchens and helped him escape from death on a wooden donkey.

And now let's reason logically: did the Jurchens really decide to keep such their worst and strong enemy alive because Temuchin once defeated a detachment of Tatars? No no and one more time no!

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Rice. 1. Excavation in the historical center of Lviv

Since I am used to the fact that archaeologists are very wrong in dating artifacts, and besides, in photo 1 we see an excavation, I immediately had a desire to check this dating. But I was patient and read a few more lines: " Studies of the sections of Krakowska and Armenian streets began in 2007. This place is promising for archaeologists because it is located in the historical center of Lviv, as well as on the territory that, according to various scientific theories, was planned back in the ancient Russian period. If previous finds gave access to only a modest piece of the Old Russian layer, this year archaeologists stumbled upon a whole courtyard dating back to the 13th century.».

Then my patience snapped, and I decided to check the dating, and at the same time read other inscriptions. especially since we had a grunt glyph in front of us, and this year I undertook to accumulate statistics on grunt glyphs. My readings are shown in fig. 2.

Rice. 2. My readings of the gruntoglyph in fig. one

Inside the excavation, to the right of the ladder, you can see a huge number "5". And to the left of it, under the stairs, an even larger number “3” is visible. Together they form the number 35 - the number of Arkona Yar, corresponding to Veliky Novgorod. However, in this case to the right of this number one could read not the words "Arkona Yar", but another word: MILL. This is on the front wall of the excavation.

And on the right side wall, at the top and a line below, I read the words: VOINOV VIMAN, a little higher - the words: TEMPLE OF MARY, and even more to the right - the word RURIK. So archaeologists dig TEMPLE OF MARY'S STATION OF WARRIORS VIMAN RURIK . It remains only to find out the date. It is written on a gruntoglyph at the middle level of the right side wall, at the level of the red cap of a worker dialing a number on a mobile phone: 5 YAR. In terms of the chronology familiar to us, this means the date: 861 A.D. . That is, IX century AD, not XIII. In other words, archaeologists, as usual, were wrong, but to a lesser extent, only by some 400 years!

Rice. 3. Wooden artifact and my reading of the inscriptions on it

I will continue quoting the note: “During the research, the western part of the section of Krakowska and Armenian streets was opened. Currently, we are working only in the part that was not completed and was built up with modern buildings. After dismantling the garages that were located here, we opened fragments of the basements of house No. 6 along the Armenian street, which had two stone portals with access to the courtyard.In the courtyard, we identified 16 pillar pits and the remains of household structures.Found fragments of amphora and fragments of pots of the 13th century.This is the earliest material on this site.Also throughout the entire area research is being carried out with the help of a metal detector and more than fifty numismatic finds and many fragments of bronze jewelry have been found," says Ostap Lazurko, junior researcher of the rescue archaeological service. - In the future, archaeologists are planning to advance the excavations to the Armenian street in order to complete this cycle of research. In parallel with the prospecting work, in the areas where the archaeological research has been completed, the foundations and facades of existing buildings will be strengthened, as well as the strengthening of the roadbed along Krakowska and Armenian streets.

It is here that construction work on the construction of the hotel complex will soon begin. The authors of the hotel project claim that the facade of the building will be in harmony with the architectural objects of the central part of Lviv, and the developer assures that the historical heritage of Lviv, found during archaeological excavations at the site of the future hotel, will be preserved. "If in the future, the customer does not mind, we will gladly provide our findings for exhibition in the halls of the hotel complex, will appear at this place," adds Ostap Lazurko».

Understandably, I was interested in confirming my readings on the grunt glyph, as the grunt glyph is a fairly new artifact to study. There is such a possibility, since this note is accompanied by photographs of several found items. On fig. 3 you can see some unnamed artifact in the note, which, in my opinion, is a wooden whistle. The inscriptions on it are clearly visible on the side surface, but too dark on the top. So I reduced the darkness in the bottom image and read the words on the top surface of the inscription: ROME RURIK and TEMPLE OF MARY, and on the side surface - the words: TEMPLE OF MARY RURIK. They confirm the inscription on the gruntoglyph.

So, in front of us is the underground temple of Mary warriors Viman Rurik

Rice. 4. Toothbrush and my reading of the inscriptions on it

Of course, it was very difficult to assume that toothbrushes existed as early as the 9th century AD. However, as they say, trust, but verify! Therefore, I decided to read the inscriptions, and if they confirm what I managed to read on the gruntoglyph, then it will be possible to assume that the toothbrush existed in 861 AD. - As usual, I increased the contrast of the image and increased its size.

Here I read from left to right the words: RURIK ROME(on the head, where the brush with hairs is usually located) TEMPLE OF MARY ROME 35-33 ARKONY YAR, i.e TEMPLE OF MARY OF WESTERN CAIRO, VELIKY NOVGOROD AND LADOGA-KHERSONESOS TAURICA , RUSSIA ROME RURIK.

Since this text matches the text of the gruntoglyph almost literally, it can be said that the toothbrush really belongs to this temple of Mara.

Rice. 5. Key and bottle, and my readings of the inscriptions

On fig. 5 depicts objects that are rarely seen in museum expositions: a large glass bottle, on which lies an even larger key to the lock, rusted through and with a broken top. First I read the inscriptions on the key.

The bottom line forms the text: ROMA 30 AND 35 ARKONY YAR RURIK RIMA MIMA, on the top line - text: VARYAG YAR RURIK ROME MIMA TEMPLE, and on the beard - the words: STANA VIMAN WARRIORS KHARAOH YAR.

And at the very bottom of the beard, the main word is read - KEY.

The bottle also contains inscriptions. First, to the right of the seal, inside the fragment surrounded by a white rectangular frame, you can read the date: 6 YARA YEAR. In terms of the chronology familiar to us, this forms the date: 862 A.D. . From which it follows that in 861 AD. an underground temple of Mary Rurik was built, and then a bottle was brought into it (about 10-12 liters), cast in 862 AD.

Of interest is also a round seal pasted on the bottle. Perhaps it is made of foil (lead?), and on its top there is an image of a bird without a head, but with outstretched wings - a symbol Air Force Rurik. and below I read the inscription: TEMPLE OF MARY RURIK YAR IN HOLY RUSSIA. The penultimate word is written on the bottom line on the right, and the word RUSI is squeezed out in large letters, forming something like an ornament.

So it is possible that one of the temples of Mary Rurik was engaged in the supply of some kind of liquid to the rest of the temples of Mary. The quality of the content was confirmed by printing.

So these artifacts show very curious details of the life of the warriors of Rurik's viman. This life was very high level culture.

Jurchen coins.

In my studies of the writing of the Jurchens, one fact remained unclear: from where they borrowed the Russian runic. Therefore, I wanted to turn again to the study of the artifacts of this ethnic group. The search engine gave me a note. And there, as a screen saver, a coin was placed, fig. 2, which I started researching.

Rice. 6. The Jurchen coin and my reading of the inscriptions

In addition, I read a number of explanations: " Starting from the 10th century, the Jurchens began to be called the tribes descended from the Heishui Mohe, who settled in the territory of Northern Manchuria and in the Bohai lands that were largely deserted after the Khitan conquest.

In the first half of the 10th century, part of the Jurchens were resettled by the Khitans to the south of Manchuria. These Jurchens were subjects of the Liao empire and were called "peaceful" or "civilized" Jurchens. The Jurchens, who lived in the vast lands to the east and northeast of the Songhua River, were called "wild" or "recalcitrant" Jurchens. Their duties towards the Liao empire were limited to sending tribute embassies. The Khitans rarely, and in most cases without much success, invaded their lands. The tribute that the tribes of Manchuria, Primorye and the Amur region were supposed to deliver to the Khitan consisted of horses and cattle, furs, fabrics, jewelry, medicinal plants. Haidongqing hunting falcons were especially valued, for which, at the request of the Khitan, the Jurchens regularly made trips to the lands of the tribes of the Five Domains (in Chinese, "U-go") - also descendants of the Heishui Mohe, who lived in the lower reaches of the Sungari, Ussuri and the adjacent Amur valley».

It turns out that the Jurchens have become known to historians since the 10th century. And now I turn to reading the inscriptions on the coin. At the very top, to the left and right of the top hieroglyph, I read the words: MARY COIN, i.e, EURASIA COIN . The Russian signature did not surprise me: the Russians made inscriptions in the form of Egyptian hieroglyphs, and in the form of Sumerian cuneiform, and in the form of the German runes of Odin.

Then I read the inscription on the circumference of the coin, starting at the level of the horizontal stick of the top Chinese character. Here you can read the words: 30 MARY TEMPLE OF WARRIORS VIMAN MARY IN MARY RUSSIA. This appears to be the name of the manufacturer.

To the left of the top hieroglyph on a dark cluster of letters, I read the words: NEW MARY COINS. On the right are the words: TEMPLE OF THE WARRIORS OF YAR STAN VIMAN OF A NEW SECRET PLACE IN RUSSIA MARY. In other words, NEW ASIAN COINS, TEMPLE OF VOICE Warriors of Aircraft Camp of a New Secret Place in Eurasia . And this is the name of the distributors of the new Asian currency.

To the right of the square hole in the coin, the Chinese character reads: TEMPLE 30 YAR Warriors VIMAN ARKONA, and again below - 30 YAR ARKONY. So the words on the coin are repeated, and there is no point in wasting time reading repetitions. The only thing I would like to read is the date. I find it on a dark cluster of letters to the left of the lower Chinese character, where I read: YEAR 3, which, when converted to the usual chronology for us, means the date: 859 A.D. . So the coin was not made in the 10th century at all, but around the middle of the 9th century AD, and the Chinese coin was made in Western Cairo.

Rice. 7. The second coin, apparently Jurchen, and my reading of the inscriptions

Second coin.

It is published on the page with the request: " Help, good people, tell me who can do what, and ask your friends if anyone knows: what is this? Version: coin. Suspects: Jurchen. However, variants are possible... Origin: Khabarovsk suburbs. About a centimeter long. About a millimeter thick. The material, as far as I can tell, is copper. Color... Well, from the photos I chose those that, in my opinion, reflect the color in the best way. Who has what to say? What does a bird mean? On the other side is a sword. Letters - see for yourself. What are the opinions?»

What the bird can mean, I can say - it is a symbol of the warriors of the Vimana Mara. True, it is depicted rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise. And in the left quadrant of the coin, I read the words from top to bottom: VIMAN RURIK KHARAOH TEMPLE OF MARY'S STATION OF WARRIORS OF VIMAN MARY. Such a magnificent name of the temple of Mary only confirms the symbolism mentioned above.

But what about the Jurchens? To answer this question, I read the inscription, made partly with runic signs, partly with the letters of the runes of the Sort: SUNGARA PEOPLE. FOR SUNGAREM, and then the runes of the Sort: IN RUSSIA AND IN THE TEMPLE OF MARY Warriors, and again with runic signs and letters: WIMAN, and again with the letters of the runes of the Sort: RURIK. Above, when describing coin No. 1, we learned that PEOPLE FROM SONGAR are just JURCHZHENI . It is possible that, to the ears of the Chinese, the words FROM SONGAR turned into JUNGAR, or, briefly, JURAS.

Wikipedia writes: " Jurchen (zhulizhen, nyuzhen, nyuzhi, chin. trad. 女眞, ex. 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) — tribes that inhabited in the X-XV centuries. the territory of Manchuria, Central and Northeast China, North Korea and Primorsky Krai. They spoke the Jurchen language of the Tungus-Manchu group. The largest state of the Jurchens existed from 1115 to 1234.

The Mohe tribes are considered to be the ancestors of the Jurchens. Soviet and Russian researchers believe that the Jurchens are included in the genealogical chain of Sushen - Yilou - Wuji - Mohe - Jurchen - Manchu. The related people are the Evenki (Tungus). The descendants of the Jurchens are also the Udege».

It added: " The meaning of the word "Jurchen" is unknown. ". Therefore, my hypothesis has not yet been opposed by any other. As for the original and simplified Chinese characters given by Wikipedia, we find it on the first coin as the left one (to the left of the hole).

Rice. 8. Reverse side of the same coin

On the reverse side of the same coin, one can see a sword in the center, the pommel of which forms the symbol of the Air Force. In addition, the name of the temple is briefly written here, as well as part of the syllabic signs of the front side.

The capital of the Jurchen state.

You can read about it in this note: In Primorye, archaeologists have found the capital of the legendary state of the Jurchens, archaeologists report. The state of the Jurchens Eastern Xia existed on the territory of Primorye in the 13th century. According to Nadezhda Artemyeva, Head of the Medieval History Sector of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, archaeologists have found 33 settlements of this era.

The most famous monument of that era - the Krasnoyarovsk settlement - is located near Ussuriysk. Its area is 180 hectares, experts found there state seals and a set of reference weights. Scientists are sure that it was on the territory of the Krasnoyarovsk settlement that the capital of the state, the city of Kaiyuan, was located. In the same place, the researchers found a vajra - a Buddhist rod, which traditionally belonged to the guards of the temple. This find allowed scientists to conclude that the Jurchens professed Buddhism. At the same time, he coexisted with shamanism, Taoism and Confucianism. Nadezhda Artemyeva noted that archaeologists did not tell anyone about the most important find for two years, so as not to attract the attention of "black diggers".

Rice. 9. Excavations of the Krasnoyarovsk settlement and my reading of gruntoglyph inscriptions

The discoveries made during the excavations of the South Ussuri settlement made it possible to draw a conclusion about the further history of the Eastern Xia. In 1233, the ruler of the state - Puxian Wannu - was captured by the Mongols. It was believed that this Eastern Xia then perished. However, over the past two years, archaeologists have discovered a new cultural layer in the settlement, which indicates that the Jurchen state existed before 1171, when the Yuan Empire was created by the Mongols.

Finds that shed light on ancient events were made by residents of the Nadezhda region in the 70s of the XX century. Two years ago, in the Olenevod village, a teacher gave the class the task of making a report on the history of her village, and the students used the finds to prepare the work. Scientists contacted a teacher, a schoolgirl, found the place where the tiles were found, and unearthed an ancient Buddhist temple there.

In 2012, another major find was made near Partizansk. Archaeologists discovered a small Buddhist temple at the site of the power line laying. The power lines were moved and the unique temple was explored. Then they found a large monastery complex with an area of ​​150 square meters. m at Cape Obryvistoy in the Shkotovsky district. In the same year, researchers discovered a Jurchen burial ground in the Partizan region. The researchers found that people are buried in it according to the Buddhist rite.»

As usual, I am looking at the grunt glyph of this settlement, fig. 8. The edge of the excavation is visible very far, where the heads of people are barely visible. However, the signatures there are made in very large letters. The first inscription is read in the space between the two left umbrellas in the distance and means the phrase: VIMAN ARMY. And in the space between the second and third umbrellas you can read the words: 30 ARKONY MARY TEMPLE. So the temple of Mary Rurik became the basis of the city of Krsnoyarovsk. And in honor of Yar Rurik, the city itself began to be called Kroasnoyarovsk, that is, the city OF THE BEAUTIFUL YAR RURIK .

To the left of the third umbrella, on a small fragment, the decoding of the last inscription is written in two lines - ROMA ARKONA, and the fragment to the right of the third umbrella at the top reads the words MIM MARY, and below - RUSS YARA. TEMPLE OF ROME YAR RURIK. In addition, to the right of the nearest woman, to the right of the shadow from the bent over man, on the frontal section of the gruntoglyph of the dug-in post, one can read the inscription: TEMPLE OF WARRIORS. The inscriptions on the ground glyphs show that the same temple, the inscriptions on the ground glyphs of which have just been read, became the basis of the capital of the Jurchens. - So the statistics were replenished with one more grunt glyph.

Krasnoyarovsk Settlement (Kaiyuan).

This is the name of a note from the Wikimapia encyclopedia. She says: The Krasnoyarovsk settlement is identified with the Upper capital of the Jurchen state of Eastern Xia, the city of Kaiyuan (founded in 1215). This is the largest settlement on the territory of Primorye. Apparently, this city is known in Chinese cartography under the name of Shuangchengzi (Ch.双城子 - Double city), due to the presence of both flat and mountainous areas, not connected together before the arrival of Puxian Wannu. On the Manchu maps compiled by the Jesuits, the name is also found: Muhlen furtan huotton, which translates from the Tungus-Manchu as "Fortified city on the water" (mukle: mu - water; -kle - suffix of the wrong local case). But, more often Foudan Hotun - "Fortified City".

According to the type of monuments, the Krasnoyarovsk settlement belongs to mountain fortifications, although it is also referred to the system of mountain-plain fortifications. It had an area of ​​180 hectares, surrounded by earthen ramparts 0.5-6 m high, 7 km long, covering a mountain cliff, on the territory of which there are several fairly flat plateaus crossed by ravines. In terms of its plan, the settlement is close to a triangle, the acute angle of which is directed to the north. In the south-eastern part of the monument there is a bunded area - the inner city, with an area of ​​35 hectares, with a height of shafts of 3-6 m. On the territory of the inner city, i.e. in the center of this area there are large terraced areas with the remains of tiled roofs and stone bases from the columns. Administrative offices were located on the territory of the inner city. The outer part was inhabited by petty officials, artisans, farmers and warriors. Many remnants of pottery, iron tools, and weapons typical of the Jurchen culture were found.

Studies of the inner city showed that originally a fortress city was built on this site, which existed before the formation of the state of Eastern Xia.».

The last sentence is very interesting: the city-fortress was built by the warriors of Rurik's viman. This is also confirmed by the screenshot of Utyosnoye village attached to the article, where the image was taken from a height of 6 km. And since the coordinate of the excavation was given at the end of the note, I found it in the Google Earth program; I combined both images (lower - from a height of 1.7 km) with the same ones from a lower height, fig. nine.

Rice. 10. Screenshots of the geoglyph and dendroglyph of Kaiyuan and my reading of the inscriptions

First, I select in the upper image to the right and above (northeast) of the village Utyosny male face in full face, slightly turned to the right. I believe that this is the face of Rurik. In the lower picture, it is poorly distinguishable (there is no enhanced contrast).

In the lower image, the arrow (in the form of a yellow button) indicates the excavation site. A little to the right is the edge of the forest, on the dendroglyph of which I read the inscription: RURIK MARY TEMPLE on a small group of trees and VIMAN MARY RURIK on the northern edge of the grove. This confirms the existence of a Russian city-fortress, discovered by archaeologists, but attributed to the Jurchens. However, indications of Russian origin this Russian proto-city, which later became the capital of Kaiyuan of the Jurchen state of Eastern Xia, was not given by archaeologists.

I continue to quote: After the arrival of Puxian Wannu and the establishment of a new city on this site, the old one is being rebuilt, a new city is being built around it, of a huge size compared to other medieval monuments. It is assumed that the city fell after the assault of the Tatars around 1233.

Puxian Wannu(蒲鲜万奴) was the fourth son of the legendary commander Jin Wuzhu (金兀术, Chinese name Wanyan Zongbi 完颜宗弼) who served under the first emperor of Jin Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打). According to another version, the city of Kaiyuan was founded by him on the site of the old Bohai capital "Dragon Source" near Nin'an».

Rice. 11. Vessel and sculpture from the Krasnoyarovsk settlement and my reading of the inscriptions

The same note contains images of two artifacts from the Krasnoyarovsk settlement. The first of these is a reconstructed vessel, a clay pot. Who made it: the Jurchens (immigrants from the Songhua region) or the Russians?

First I read the inscription on the rim of the hole. On the edge closest to the viewer, I read the words: TEMPLE VIMAN MIMA RURIK, and on the far edge of the neck - addition: MARY OF ROME. And on the neck under the whisk you can read the manufacturer's address: 35ARKONY YARA, in other words, VELIKIY NOVGOROD .

Next, I turn to the consideration of sculpture (it is possible that it is wooden). It depicts the muzzle of a fantastic aquatic animal that opened its mouth, exposing its 4 upper and 4 lower teeth. On the tip of the nose, you can see the image of a male bearded face from the front, but the artifact itself is turned ¾ to the left. On this face I read the signature: TEMPLE OF ROME MASK OF YAR RURIK.

I believe that in this case we see a metaphor for Russia Rurik, which swallows Asian territories, and Yar Rurik is on its nose as an advanced detachment. And indeed, the eye of the monster contains the signature: RURIK YARA RUSSIA. And the title inscription is read on the comb of the monster: RURIK ROME TEMPLE OF MARY.

I believe that before us is one of the most magnificent metaphors for the political activity of the temple of Mary Rurik Rus Yar Rurik.

Rice. 12. A fragment of a sculpture of the Buddha and my reading of the inscriptions

Fragment of a sculpture of Buddha from the Krasnoyarovsk settlement.

And this note says: Employees of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences have unearthed barns for storing vodka on the territory of the Krasnoyarovsk settlement near Ussuriysk. The find belongs to the Jurchen culture and is likely to be the most significant in this archaeological season, RIA PrimaMedia reports with reference to Nadezhda Artemyeva, a specialist of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.».

The note itself has practically nothing to do with Fig. 11, although I borrowed it from her. On the other hand, the photograph shows that a block just dug out of the ground contains a certain relief face, which can be mistaken for the image of the Buddha.

However, I was interested in the microgeoglyph, which in the photograph is at the level of the nose of the image, but much to the left. On it I read the signature: WIMAN WARRIORS. And on the very clod of earth in the center I find a large letter "C" with a continuation: STAN OF ROME, and at the top left on a clod of earth you can read the manufacturer of a number of images: 35 ARKONA YARA.

By the way, there are 4 portraits of vimana warriors on this clod of earth: No. 1, full face, the leftmost one, and in flight goggles (most likely a pilot), No. 2 - between the portrait of Buddha and the face of No. 1, full face, with a half-open mouth , and, possibly, also in flight glasses, but more rounded, face No. 3, the smallest, full face, above the face of the Buddha, and face No. 4, full face, to the right of the face of the Buddha, between it and the trowel, with a wedge-shaped beard. Perhaps these faces were used as gravestones for fallen soldiers.

Mirror supposedly of the Greeks.

I have not considered Etruscan mirrors for a long time, nor the earlier clearly unsigned mirror covers, which could be attributed both as Etruscan and as Greek. Moreover, it turns out that they could be made in the era of Rurik. So here my two interests are combined: to early bronze mirrors, and to the era of Rurik. In the example below, I'm just considering such a cover.

Rice. 13. Mirror cover from Corinth and my reading of the inscriptions

The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (USA) has a bronze mirror cover (bronze and silver-plated bronze). It is thought to be from the late classical or early Hellenistic period, 340-320 BC. BC, and Greece, Corinthia, Corinth are named as the place of discovery. Measures 17.5 by 2.5 cm. Purchased by Edward Perry Warren between 1896 and 1898 and donated to the Museum of Fine Arts. Side B is shown containing relief.

The young man in the image is attributed as Eros. It is also said of him that he has the proportions inherent in the works of Polikleitos. Of a girl (or rather, an adult woman), it is said that her image is more typical of the end of the fourth century in terracotta and metal. It is also noted that " the scene on the lid is a perfect blend of quality and excellent plasticity of the composition". It is also indicated on the crust of the green patina and on the corroded edges of the relief of the lid.

But why was it necessary to create such a frank image? - From my experience of reading the inscriptions on the mirrors and their covers, I found out that usually not direct plots are depicted, but some political allegories, usually dedicated to the struggle of the Etruscans with the Romans. But in this case, it's about ancient greece about Corinth. - On the other hand, both the Greeks, and the Romans, and the Etruscans spoke Russian in the time of Rurik, so I hope to unravel the reason for the realistic depiction of what it is indecent to even hint at in a decent society from reading the signatures.

I start reading from the very top of the image, with the inscriptions above the winged woman. It's written here: TEMPLE OF MARY OF THE EDGE OF MARY, and then you can read the words inscribed in its right wing: RURIK 30 ARKONA VIMAN YARA VOINOV. - So on this cover we are not talking about the Greeks, not about the Etruscans and not about the Romans, but about a team of soldiers of an international composition. And we are talking about the warriors of Rurik, moreover, about the warriors of the Viman, and these inscriptions are made in Russian. So all my wishes about the combination of politics, mirrors (or their covers), Russian inscriptions and the era of Rurik are fulfilled here.

It is clear that the young man in the love scene is not Eros at all. But who? - I believe that the answer can be found on the head and on other parts of his body. On my head I read the words: WARRIORS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARY OF ROME. So the young man is a generalized image of various WARRIORS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARY RURIK WESTERN CAIRO , the residence of the haraon Rurik.

It is curious that two human faces are depicted on the right thigh of the young warrior. The first face, male, full face, is located higher - this is a face with anthropological features of an African. On this face I read the words: VARYAG, WARRIOR OF THE TEMPLE OF MARY. In other words, among the many peoples who were part of the army of Yar Rurik's Vimans, there were also Africans.

As for the woman, one can hope to read the signature of who she is on her hair. Indeed, here is the phrase: RURIK MASK OF SCYTHIA MARY. In other words, this is IMAGE OF SCYTHIA ASIA . The second full-face image of a smiling woman's face is on the thigh of the man's right leg just above the knee. And here on the face you can read the signature: MARY TEMPLE RURIK ROME, as well as MIMA RIMA YARA. If we recall that the Rome of Yar was understood as Italian Rome, and its priestess (priestess) ended up in the temple of Mary of Rome Rurik, in Western Cairo, it turns out that the warriors of Viman Rurik defeated (in the pictorial sense, raped) both the Asian part of Scythia and their own the main enemy is Italian Rome.

It remains to find out only two details of who created this image and in what year. I circled both numbers with a white square frame. I read the name of the city under the woman's right foot: 35 ARKONA YARA, in other words, VELIKIY NOVGOROD . And this is despite the fact that this mirror cover was found in Greek Corinth. As for the dating, it is read at the very bottom of the lid on the left: 8 YARA. When converted to the usual chronology for us, this leads to the date: .

Now it becomes clear why the cave temples and stone buildings of Rurik's temples in cities appear at this time: this is the year of Rurik's victory over his main enemies: the powers of the Far East in Asia, which are not too strong for him, and over the Italic Rome, which claims world domination. True, I did not expect that the joy of victory would be expressed in such an unusual way on the lid of the bronze mirror.

Unfortunately, side A of this lid with an engraved pattern is even more shocking: the scene is similar there - but the woman's pose is completely humiliating: she is on her knees. But its essence is the same: overflowing joy of the winner. However, what to take from rude warriors, albeit airmobile ones?

Discussion.

I considered only three plots, but they are all connected with the warriors of Rurik's viman. The last of them, although in a very rough form, conveys a very important fact of world history: although Yar Rurik was chrismated to the position of haraoh in 856 AD, he became the ruler of the world only 8 years later, at the age of 58, in 864 AD And from this year began triumphal procession not only this person, but also his entire army, and especially his vanguard, the warriors of the vimanas. They literally came out of the underground, from underground temples, and began to occupy the best caves in the mountains, and in cities they began to build chic temples.

It is clear that we still know very little about Everyday life Vimana warriors, and therefore the details considered were very interesting. It turned out that in the camp of Rurik's Viman warriors in the future Lviv, these servicemen used toothbrushes (but not personal, but temple ones), their huge glass bottles had seals with the symbols of the Viman warriors glued on, and the keys (probably from the entrance to the temple) exceeded all expected sizes, and even wooden whistles with inscriptions belonging to the temple.

The longest I stopped at the temple of Viman Rurik in the future city of Kaiyuan (modern Krasnoyarovsk settlement), because I was interested in how the Jurchens switched to writing in Russian runes. It turned out that the capital of the Eastern Xia power was formed around the temple of Mary of the warriors of Rurik's vimans. It is curious that a number of artifacts were brought there from Veliky Novgorod. Particularly interesting is the allegorical sculpture depicting Vimana warriors in the form of a sea monster with its huge mouth open to the eastern countries.

But what especially surprised me was the coins created in Veliky Novgorod and delivered to the territory of the Jurchens, where the runes of the Family, the runic, and Chinese characters were used for inscriptions. One gets the impression that it was the Vimana warriors who were the culture tragers for this region. Then it becomes extremely clear why the Jurchens switched not only to Russian graphics, but also to the Russian language. Moreover, it became clear that they originally lived on the Songhua River. Wikipedia writes about this river: Sungari (Songhuajiang; whale. 松花江) - a river in northeast China, the largest tributary of the Amur in terms of water content, flows into it from the right along the stream. The Songhua River flows through the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang; on it are the cities of Jilin, Harbin, Jiamusi. The flow of the river is regulated by hydroelectric power plants».

Rice. 14. Approximate position of the Krasnoyarovsk settlement near Ussuriysk

In the same Wikipedia article, a map was attached showing the Songhua River, fig. 13. I circled the location of the city of Ussuriysk and its environs. Wikipedia also gives details: The headwaters of the Songhua River are in the Changbaishan Mountains near the Korean border, not far from their main peak, the volcanic Mount Pektusan. One of its tributaries begins in the famous Cheongji Lake, located in the Baekdusan caldera. In the lower reaches of the Songhua, it flows through the Manchurian Plain with an exceptionally flat relief, which leads to a large sinuosity and variability of the channel of this river.". The Manchurian Plain, as I understand it, is the habitat of the Manchus, whose ancestors were the Jurchens.

But their capital turned out to be located to the south and east, apparently where the center of civilization created by the soldiers of Rurik turned out to be, near Ussuriysk. By the way, the Wikipedia article about Ussuriysk contains a photograph, fig. 14, signed like this: Jurchen rock turtle in the city park».

Rice. 15. The Jurchen stone turtle and my reading of the inscriptions

The Wikipedia article "Bisi" (a cross between a Chinese dragon and a Chinese tortoise) contains the following lines: " In 1868, in the area of ​​present-day Ussuriysk, two stone turtles were found, apparently installed at someone's graves. One of them, weighing 6400 kilograms, was transported to Khabarovsk in 1896; Since 1900, it has been standing there in front of the building of the local history museum. As the Soviet orientalist Vitaly Larichev established, this turtle was the tombstone of the Jurchen commander Esykui (Chinese exercise. 阿思魁, pinyin: Asikui, pall.: Asykui; 1080-1136), belonging to the Wanyan clan (完颜), founded the Jin dynasty. The second turtle is still in Ussuriysk. where, after several movements around the city, she settled in the city park».

Of course, I was interested in the inscriptions on this monument. Who made it: the Jurchen ethnic group or the Viman warriors who spoke Russian? “First I read the date on the lower stonework. She says: 8 YARA- the same date as many products of Russian origin, In other words, 864 A.D. .

And then I read the full inscription on the plinth, and since it is light, it is more expedient to read in inverted color. And then here, wading through the interweaving of lines of different letters, I was able to read the words: VIMAN WARRIORS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARY MEMORY MASK. The expression MEMORY MASK, that is, MEMORY IMAGE, or, in other words, MONUMENT I meet for the first time.

But I was even more delighted when I read the inscription on the flat top of the tortoise shell. On the left are the words: VOI VIMAN MIRA MARY(i.e, ASIAN WORLD AIR FORCE WARRIORS ), in the center - the words: ENTERED IN, on the right - the words: THE WORLD OF ZURZHEN AND KIDAN. The last 4 words are written sequentially with letters alternating at the top and bottom.

Wikipedia writes: " Khitan (Chinese) (Chinese trad. 契丹, pinyin: qidān, pall.: qidan) — nomadic Mongolian tribes who in ancient times inhabited the territory of modern Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and Manchuria. From 907 to 1125, there was the Khitan state of Liao, ruled by the Yelü and Xiao clans. Stretching from the Sea of ​​Japan to East Turkestan, the Liao Empire became the most powerful power in East Asia. This affected the fact that the historical name of China in the Slavic and Western (Cathay) traditions goes back precisely to the ethnonym "Kitan".

If the ethnonym "Khidan" is accurately conveyed on this inscription, then the ethnonym "Chzhurdzhen" is conveyed by the word JURZHEN. From this inscription it becomes clear that the Viman warriors flew to the area of ​​compact residence of these ethnic groups, Chinese and Mongolian in origin, and, of course, introduced them to the Russian language and Russian culture. So some inscriptions later and the Jurchens began to do in Russian.

As for the last artifact, the “Greek” cover for a mirror with a double-sided image (external relief, internal engraved), it, although in a rough form, shows the turning point in Rurik’s activity: complete mastery of the Asian expanses up to the Far East (that is, hitting the land of the Jurchens and Khitan), as well as the subjugation of Rurik of Italian Rome. This happened in the 8th year of Yar (864 AD).

In addition, the history of hand-held bronze mirrors has become clearer. The most beautiful of them were first made in Veliky Novgorod and supplied with a lid with relief on the outside and engraving on the inside. I believe they were quite expensive. There were no explicit inscriptions in any languages, but there were implicit inscriptions only in Russian.

Later, cheaper and more affordable local imitations appeared, which later began to be supplied with inscriptions in the local dialect. They did not reach relief casting, the cover to the mirror was considered unnecessary to protect it from scratches, and the engraving of the reverse side of the cover was transferred to reverse side mirrors. This is how Etruscan, Roman and Greek bronze mirrors appeared.

Conclusion.

The study of the "news of archeology", supplemented by the study of museum exhibits (that is, the achievements of archeology of past centuries), as well as data scattered through the articles and notes of archaeologists and lovers of antiquity, helps to create a holistic view of the spread of Russian culture in a number of territories of the past that have become present states.

Literature.