B Ondar Anton Filippovich - gun commander of the 4th Guards rifle regiment(6th Guards rifle division, 13th Army, 1st Ukrainian front), guard senior sergeant.
Born on June 22, 1913 in the village of Koshev, now the Tetievsky district of the Kyiv region of Ukraine, in a peasant family. Ukrainian. Primary education. He worked as an accountant in a beet farm. In the Red Army in 1936 - 1938 and since 1941.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War at the front. Guard Senior Sergeant Bondar distinguished himself when crossing the Vistula south of the city Sandomierz (Poland). On August 2, 1944, he was among the first to transport the gun to the opposite shore on a raft. Being in the battle formations of the units, he participated in repelling numerous enemy counterattacks and holding positions on the Sandomierz bridgehead.
W Hero Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 5300) Anton Filippovich Bondar was awarded September 23, 1944.
After the war, foreman A.F. Bondar was demobilized for health reasons. He returned to his native village, worked as an accountant on a collective farm. Died January 31, 1997. He was buried in the village of Klyuki, Tetievsky district, Kyiv region (Ukraine).
He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, the Order of the Red Star, the Order of Glory of the 3rd degree, and medals.
August 1944. Bondar's gun crossed to the bridgehead across the Vistula. There was not a minute to lose. The gunners put the cannon in the place indicated by the commander and took up the shovels. They worked without fatigue. They understood: if they didn’t manage to open and disguise the shelter for the guns and crew before dawn, it would be hard.
In the morning, enemy planes appeared in the sky. One by one, they swooped down on our positions, dropping deadly payloads. As soon as the planes were bombed, the howl of shells was heard. They rushed quite close. Earth clods fell on the gun, people. In the intervals between the roar of explosions, the growing rumble of engines was heard. Tanks! Six fascist tanks lined up at the position of the rifle unit, firing on the move. Machine gunners followed them.
A.F. Bondar assessed the situation. The tanks are still far away. If you now roll out the gun to the site and open fire, the position will be immediately detected. Six tank barrels can quickly deal with one gun. It is better to wait, let the enemy vehicles get closer in order to hit for sure.
Leaving gray clouds of smoke behind them, the tanks moved closer and closer. Anton Filippovich did not take his eyes off them. One of the shells exploded very close. But A.F. Bondar saw that the fascist tankers were hitting at random. So the enemy does not see the guns. It is most important. Below, in the shelter, in their places, his crew, ready at the first signal of the commander to roll out the gun into the open area and take an unequal battle with the enemy. Zemtsov, Sergeev, Maksimenko, Petrov...
And then it sounded - short, like a shot, a command:
A second - and the shutter clanged. Anton Filippovich caught the caterpillar of the front tank at the crossroads of sight. Short and sharp blow. Cooper saw how the left caterpillar flew apart and, hunching like a snake, slid off the rink. The tank, having gone a few more meters, abruptly rushed to the right and froze in place, substituting the side. Another blow - and the armor is stitched through. Smoke billowed from the enemy vehicle.
And the commander was pointing the gun at the second tank. Shot! Another. More... The second tank froze. Then the third. The remaining three tanks - here they are, very close, they are already moving through the trenches of infantrymen. Gun position found. One of the tanks pointed the trunk of the gun, it seems, right into the sight, through which Anton Filippovich is looking. Two shots fired almost simultaneously. The enemy gunner missed. The shell, whistling over the shield of the gun, exploded behind the position. But the Soviet artilleryman did not miss.
When two unharmed vehicles crossed the trenches of the infantrymen, as if from under the ground, several hands rose at once with anti-tank grenades. Silent explosions announced that the enemy tanks were finished. The submachine gunners, cut off from the tanks by machine-gun fire, ran away in short dashes. They were overtaken by well-aimed bullets of Soviet infantrymen.
Thus ended another battle between Anton Filippovich Bondar and his fighting friends. On his account there were eight destroyed enemy tanks ...
Bochar Dictionary of Russian synonyms. cooper, see bochar Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary
COOPER Dictionary Ozhegov
COOPER- BONDAR, me and BONDAR, me, husband. A craftsman who makes large dishes from wooden planks (barrels, tubs, tubs). | adj. Bondarsky, oh, oh and Bondarsky, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
COOPER- (Polish bondarz, from German binder, from binden to knit). Manufacturer of barrels, tubs, etc. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BONDAR Polish. bodnarz, from him. Binder, from binden, to knit. Manufacturing... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
cooper- and outdated cooper; pl. coopers, genus. coopers and colloquially coopers, coopers ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian
COOPER- BONDAR, cooper cooper, husband. Bochar, an artisan who makes barrels. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Cooper- bondar, cooper m. Master for the manufacture of barrels, tubs, etc.; cooper. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
COOPER- male, southern, western, tver, tamb. a cooper, a betrothed, working on a hooped or knitted wooden utensil. Bondarikha, cooper's wife; the bondarevka, the daughter of a cooper, is also mentioned in the songs. Bondarev, owned by the bochar. Bondarsky, cooperage, related to ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Cooper- BONDAREV BONDARENKO BONDARCHUK BOCHAROV BOCHKAREV BOCHARNIKOV BONDARYUK BONDARYUK Bondar is the same as a cooper: an artisan who makes barrels. (F). Bondarenko, Bondarchuk, Bondar surnames of Ukrainian origin. From the additions of visitors About ... ... Russian surnames
Cooper- This term has other meanings, see Cooper (meanings). Cooper at work ... Wikipedia
cooper- Ukrainian bondar, bodnar, blr. bondar, Polish bednarz, Czech. bednar, v. puddles betnar. Derived from the barrel of a tub, barrel (see), which goes back to *bъdаna / *bъdннь Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Fasmer
Books
- Sometimes fascinated... Daniil Bondar. Photo essay, Bondar Daniel. Favorite seasons of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin are autumn and winter. It seemed interesting to me to visit places known to everyone who studied at school. Boldino, Mikhailovskoye, and also Torzhok, ... Buy for 2786 UAH (only Ukraine)
- "Sometimes fascinated..." Daniil Bondar. Photo essay, Bondar Daniel. The photographs in this book are the least likely to inform, but they allow viewers to "be fascinated" by elusive faces. And yet the presented images evoke ...
So far, we have been talking about woodworking tools used not only by coopers, but also by other woodworkers - carpenters, joiners, turners, carvers. By the presence of these tools in the workshop, it is difficult to judge the profession of its owner. But there are tools that you will find only in a cooper's workshop - a circular hunchback, a morning man, a tension, a heel and a cooper's brace. The circular humpbacker is used by coopers for planing the inner surface of cooper's dishes along the edge where the bottom is supposed to be cut. He prepares (levels) the edges of the staves before cutting the chimes into which the bottom is inserted.
The circular humpback consists of a block, which is a part of a cylinder, side surface which is the sole of the planer. In this case, the knife has a straight blade. The sole may also be rounded to the edges, that is, have a spherical or end surface. Accordingly, the knife blade of such a circular planer will be rounded, like a fillet or sherhebel. Chips generated during planing are removed through a hole cut in the side and fall down. Unlike the carpenter's humpback planer, it has a guide board that slides along the end of the cooperage during work and ensures a constant width of the surface to be cleaned. The diameter of the sole of a circular humpback depends on the inner diameter of the core of the cooperage.
Circular cooper humpback and how to work with them
On the surface cleaned by the humpback, narrow grooves are cut - chimes, into which the bottom is inserted. The tool used to cut them is called a chisel. Utornik is somewhat reminiscent of a circular hunchback. It also has a guide bar, which during operation rests against the ends of the rivets and slides along them. Bottom part tool - a block having a cylindrical surface slides over the rivets from the inside. Two through holes located perpendicular to each other are hollowed out in the tutennik. A movable bar with a steel cutter fixed in it is inserted into one, and a clamping wedge is inserted into the second, with the help of which a bar with a cutter extended to different heights is fixed in the desired position. Thanks to this, it is possible to cut chimes at different distances from the edge. The design of this type of morning time has come down to our days from ancient times due to the simplicity of the design.
On the left: a two-handed morning clock and its device (a - block; b - movable bar; c - cutter; d - guide; e - clamping wedge). Right: cutting a morning groove with a one-handed chime
It was not difficult for a non-professional cooper to make such a morning time dish, who made dishes only for the needs of his family. Professional coopers, along with similar tools, also used more advanced chimes, with which the chime groove was cut with knives. One knife cut through the wood to a certain depth, the other cut it at an angle. As a result, a groove was formed with neatly trimmed walls.
In dishes that are small in size, as well as oval bottoms, chimes are cut with a one-handled chime. A one-handed chime is entirely cut out of one bar. The bar is divided into three parts. A handle is cut out of one part, a guide ledge is cut out of the middle part, and a block with a sole having a cylindrical surface is cut out of the third. A through hole is cut in the sole, into which the cutter is inserted. Before cutting the chimes, the frame of the cooperage utensils is placed on the goats fixed on the bench. The cooper sits down on a bench and presses the skeleton to the goats with a belt. With one hand he leads the morning time, with the other, after loosening the belt, he turns the skeleton towards him. This process continues until the chimes of the required depth are obtained.
Bondage pull. Techniques for pulling a metal hoop onto the frame of cooper's utensils
The next tool, which you will meet only in the cooper's workshop, is tension. With the help of tightness, they put on (stretch) metal and wooden chime hoops on the frame of cooperage utensils. It consists of a wooden block with a handle on one end and a metal hook on the other. When put on a barrel or tub, the hoop is hooked with a hook, and the end of the wooden block rests against the edge of the dish. (Previously, the skeleton is pulled together with a rope or a strong rope with the help of a gate.) By pressing the handle, part of the hoop is pulled over the edge of the rivets. Then the tightness is moved along the side of the dish and in the same way all other sections of the hoop are pulled onto the frame.
The preload shown in our drawings is designed to work with small utensils. The wooden part of it is carved from oak, birch and beech wood. The hook is made of a steel strip 2-2.5 mm thick. For large tensions, hooks are made of steel 4-5 mm thick.
Metal, wooden and combined heels. Below: stuffing the hoop with a wooden heel with a metal head A heel is "a wedge, a blunt chisel, a half-tube for stuffing, hoop drafts." This is how V. I. Dal defines this purely cooper's instrument. In short and exact definition contains information about various types this ingenious tool.
To fit metal hoops, the coopers simply used an old, worn or broken chisel, in which a shallow groove was made at the end with a file. Thanks to him, the heel does not jump off the hoop during operation. A half-tube heel was also used for stuffing and upsetting steel hoops. Its manufacture was exceptionally simple.
The iron tube was flattened at one end and a small groove was bored on the striker with a file and the heel is ready. But such a heel did not satisfy every cooper: when struck with a hammer, it vibrated. To dampen the vibration, the tube was sawn and the flattened end was put on a wooden rod on one side, and the ring on the other side. Such a heel has served well for many years.
For stuffing and upsetting wooden hoops, the heels, which were discussed above, are no longer suitable, since the metal strikers crumple and split the wood. Therefore, the heel for wooden hoops must necessarily have a wooden striker. The simplest heel is made from oak, birch, beech, maple or rowan bar or round timber, which are cut off on both sides so that a wedge is formed. The impact part of a wooden heel may split over time. To prevent splitting, a metal ring is put on it. It is also important that the heel fits comfortably in the hand. To this end, its handle is given a rounded shape with a slight interception between the handle and the striker.
Treatment of the inner surface of the tub with a bracket. Making a staple from a steel strip
To level the inner surfaces of cooperage utensils, especially at the joints of staves, coopers use special cooperage staples. Unlike the stapler, the stapler has one handle. Thanks to this, it can remove the thinnest chips in hard-to-reach places inside narrow cooperage utensils. The scythe is made of tool steel (you can use a scythe or saw blade). From an annealed strip 2 mm thick, a blank is cut with a chisel. The thin long ends of the workpiece (shanks) are bent in relation to the scraper blade by 80°. Then the blank of the staple is bent in half on a cylindrical mandrel. The tails are connected and wrapped with steel or copper wire. Having sharpened the blade, the stapler is hardened and mounted on a wooden handle. A fairly good staple can be made from a semicircular file. It resembles a spoon cutter, the arcuate blade of which is inclined to the handle at an angle of 15-20°.
Processing the inner surface of the vat with a stapler (drawing from a Japanese engraving of the 19th century). Making a staple from a semicircular file. Below: A curviline bracket with a handle that takes advantage of the natural curve of a tree trunk.
The cooper's utensils are laid lengthwise on an ordinary bench before being processed with a scraper. A rope or belt with loops at the ends is thrown over it from above. The cooper sits astride a bench and puts his legs into the loops. Pulling the rope, he, like a vise, holds the cooper's dishes on the bench in a certain position. When the rivets are aligned in one area, the belt is loosened, the dishes are rotated and fixed in this position. This is repeated until all rivets are completely processed. When moving towards itself, the stapler removes the thinnest shavings: periodically the accumulated shavings are poured out of the cooper's dishes.
To process large cooperage utensils, such as vats, the cooper has to climb into it along with the stapler. Just such a moment was depicted in the engraving by the Japanese artist Hokusai, who lived in the last century.
In addition to the tools that were described, in the cooper's craft, in the course of work, they use a hacksaw, a hammer saw, a two-handed and bow saw, a circular saw, a drill and a brace, straight and semicircular chisels, a mallet, a jigsaw, a hammer, a chisel, punches , files, metal scissors and other carpentry and locksmith tools.
To measure, mark and check the accuracy of manufacturing parts of cooperage utensils, various measuring tools and templates are used: a ruler, a triangle, a compass, a cloth (tailor's) meter and a cooperage bracket.
The success of the work largely depends on the cooper's brace. With its help, the cooper controls the curvature of the convex surface of the riveting, determines the bevels of the side edges and the width of the rivets at the ends and in the bunch (in the middle). The cooper's brace is the most common pattern used in cooperage for many centuries. For each type of cooperage utensils, they make their own bracket. The more diverse it is, the more extensive the set of staples at the cooper. Their dimensions depend on the size of the hoop ware, and the division into them depends on the difference in the ratios of the circles in the narrowest and widest parts. The shape of the barrel is conditionally divided into two truncated cones with a common base in its middle (bunch). Tubs, tubs, buckets and other cooperage utensils with straight frets have the same geometric shape. The proximity of the form makes it possible to use templates built according to a single principle in the manufacture of tubs and barrels. Therefore, we will consider, using a specific example, how the calculation of a cooperage bracket for a barrel is performed. The most common barrels, in which the outer diameters at the ends are less than the diameter in the middle by 1/5, 1/6 and 1/7 parts.
Let's assume that we need to make a bracket for a barrel, in which the diameters at the ends are 1/3 less than the diameter in the middle. First, a template is drawn on paper, and only then cut out and pasted onto a thin board or plywood. An arc is drawn on a sheet of paper with a radius corresponding to the largest circumference of the barrel (the length of the arc is made equal to approximately 1/10 of the circumference). This is the working part of the template, all other contours of the bracket can be drawn by hand, arbitrarily.
The principle of calculation and manufacture of templates
The cut-out paper silhouette is glued onto a plank or plywood and cut out along the contour with a jigsaw or cut out with a knife. With such a template, it is already possible to determine the direction and angle of the bevel of the side edge, as well as the curvature of the convex surface of the riveting. But this is not enough for work - you need to apply divisions to the template, which would allow you to accurately determine the width of the riveting at the ends and in the middle. Point A is marked at one end of the arc, point O is marked at the other.
The segment of the arc AO will correspond to the width of the middle part of the widest riveting. Its width at the ends will be !D less. The arc AO is divided into five parts with a compass, then 1/5 part is set aside from point A and point B is obtained. Then the segment BO is also divided into five parts - point C is obtained. The remaining divisions are obtained in the same way. It is not difficult to understand that each subsequent segment is 1/5 less than the previous one. One more regularity should be remembered: if the width of the middle part of the riveting is equal to the segment AO, then its width at the ends will be equal to the segment BO - and so on for each riveting.
Coopers usually do not put letters on the template, instead they make thin notches with a knife, and remove the glued paper from the surface of the tree with a sandpaper or a stapler. Determining the width of the narrow parts of the riveting, each time they retreat to the right by one division. But the width of the measured riveting does not always correspond to any notch. Its edge may also be between the notches, therefore, in order to make the scale more accurate, short notches are also applied between long notches. The template will become more convenient if the notches are applied on the reverse side.
There is an even less old and more accurate template. They can determine the width of the riveting in centimeters. Therefore, it is clear that it could only appear with the introduction of the metric system in our country. On one side of this template, the arcuate cut corresponds to the larger diameter of the cooperage utensils, and on the other, to the smaller one. A large arc is divided into centimeters, for example 7 cm, as shown in the figure. On a small arc, a segment is laid off 1/5 part less, that is, 5 cm 6 mm, and divided into 7 parts.
Thus, every seventh part on the small arc will be equal to 8 mm, that is, 1/5 less than the corresponding division on the large arc. You can also calculate the template for any cooperage ware in a graphical way. Two arcs are drawn from one center on a sheet of paper, one of which corresponds to a larger diameter of the dish, and the other to a smaller one. A large arc is divided into 6, 7, 8 ... centimeters, depending on the estimated size of the widest riveting. Through each division, rays are drawn from the center, which divide the small arc into the corresponding number of parts that are in a certain proportional ratio to the segments on the large arc (1/5, 1/7, 1/6, 1/7, etc.).
There may be some other (arbitrary) relations obtained practically after the development of the form of cooperage. Rays from the center indicate the direction of cuts of narrow edges.
Peculiar patterns are carefully cut out of the drawing. Each of them must necessarily have a part of the arc and the beam. Patterns are glued to plywood or a thin plank of homogeneous hardwood (linden, birch, aspen, beech). The plank is carefully cut along the drawn lines. The template is given a comfortable and attractive shape. AT this case parts of the template were arranged so that the silhouette of a fish appeared almost randomly. And oddly enough, it is this circumstance that makes the template much more convenient.
The fact is that sometimes it takes a lot of time to make out: which side to measure the wide part of the riveting, which one - the narrow one? Here the visual image simplifies this task. It is easy to remember that the bracket located on the back of the fish measures only the wide part of the rivets, and the narrow one located on the abdomen. To further emphasize the difference between large and small staples, one half of the template can be painted in a bright color, such as red. Bright coloring allows you to quickly find a template that may accidentally be lost in chips and shavings. So the attractive appearance of the instrument is not decoration at all.
Using this template is easy. Having measured, for example, a barrel stave in the middle, remember the number corresponding to its width. In the figure, the width of the riveting is 5 cm. The template is rotated and, using the divisions on the small bracket, mark the width for riveting at the end - it will be equal to 5 divisions on the small bracket. Having made marks with a pencil, they cut off excess wood. But how to make rivets using a template will be discussed a little later.
Homemade thicknesser and drawing a level line on the surface of the cooperage
The edges of the assembled cooperage frame are filed along a line drawn by a special thickness gauge. It consists of a stand with a vertical bar fixed on it, along which a block with a metal scriber or pencil can move freely. In the block, between the pencil and the vertical bar, a socket is hollowed out, into which a wedge is inserted, which simultaneously fixes the block and the pencil in a certain position. For the same purpose as the thickness gauge, some coopers use a sharp rod driven into the wall at a given distance from the floor. The skeleton of the cooper's product is leaned against the tip of the scriber and rotated around its axis - a clear risk appears, going strictly along the perimeter. Although this method is quite acceptable, it is still better to use a universal thickness gauge. To make the thickness gauge stand more stable, a lead washer is placed on it. You can pour it in a tin can. In order for the disk to have a rectangular hole in the middle, a bar fashioned from clay is placed in the jar.
Some scholars believe that cooper's utensils were known as far back as Ancient Greece but its use has been rather limited.
It is assumed that Greek craftsmen made mainly large barrels in which they transported and stored vegetable oil, wine and water. However, more or less specific information about cooperage only refers to the 1st-2nd centuries of our era.
Log for riveting Olivier Colas, CC BY-SA 3.0Archaeologists at the site of Staraya Ladoga in the cultural layers dating back to the 8th-10th centuries discovered the remains of cooperage utensils. According to the excavations of ancient Novgorod, one can draw conclusions about the level of development of the cooper's craft in Rus' in the 10th-15th centuries.
The dishes of that time were restored according to the found details of cooperage dishes: hoops, rivets and bottoms. After the reconstruction, it became obvious that the Novgorodians used all the main types of cooperage utensils, which became widespread in all subsequent centuries.
Unknown photographer , CC BY-SA 3.0 The ancient craftsmen perfectly mastered the craft of cooperage, turning the production of jugs and buckets, barrels and tubs, gangs and tubs, mugs, pails and glasses into a real art.
Craft features
From time immemorial, only men have been coopers. This is due to the fact that the craft requires the use of considerable physical strength.
Cooperage - in its original, true form - is unique in that it does not require anything artificial. Everything can be taken from nature - the cooperage technique implies only wood.
Soerfm, CC BY-SA 2.0 The wooden frame is pulled together with wooden hoops. Without any glue, the hoops securely compress the frame rivets and ensure tightness. Nothing metal is required - no nails, no screws. Any connection can be made on wooden dowels.
Under the product assembled according to the cooperage technique, one can understand any product, the skeleton of which consists of planks-rivets smoothly joined to each other, pulled together by hoops.
Wood
Important in the cooper business was the use of that other wood. The craftsmen took into account the type of wood, humidity, growth conditions, harvesting season and other conditions. Oak was considered one of the most valuable species.
Coopers, mastering the instrument to perfection, subtly understood and felt the plasticity of wood. Knowing the various qualities of certain breeds, they skillfully used them in the manufacture different types wooden utensils.
Unknown 1938, CC BY-SA 3.0 It is necessary that the wood is well pricked, processed by cutting (planed, sawn), be sufficiently elastic and viscous, and easily bend when steaming.
From deciduous trees, the wood of which is used for cooperage staves, oak, hazel, linden, alder, birch and poplar are widely used, and from conifers - pine, cedar spruce, larch and juniper. In the southern regions, beech and chestnut are also used.
Oak
This is the best material. Oak wood is cut with with great difficulty, but it pricks well. Distinguished by great elasticity, after steaming it becomes very flexible and easily bends, and this is a necessary quality in the manufacture of barrels.
wikipedia.org, CC BY-SA 3.0 In addition, dense and heavy oak wood dries well, warps and cracks a little. It is filled with special preservative substances - tills, which protect it from damage by putrefactive microbes.
Oak wood is not afraid of exposure to moisture - on the contrary, immersed in water, it becomes even stronger.
Aspen
Staves from its wood were mostly used for dishes intended for various pickles and pickles. It was noticed that cabbage, fermented in an aspen tub, retains its whiteness and elasticity until the hottest days of spring.
Peter Wöhrer, CC BY-SA 3.0 The tendency of aspen wood to swell is considered in some cases a negative phenomenon, but not in cooperage. It is thanks to the swelling that the aspen rivets are closed by the edges so tightly that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them.
Linden
Due to its softness and uniformity, linden wood is well cut in all directions, it easily splits both along the layers and in the radial direction.
It hardly warps and cracks very little. One of its most important properties is slight shrinkage or, as experts say, resistance to loss of volume. The lime tub, which has lain empty for almost the whole summer in anticipation of the harvest, practically does not dry out.
Mastery Secrets
Imagine that you have entered a cooper's workshop at the moment when the cooper is jointing the edges of finished staves. It may seem that he violates all the rules adopted in carpentry: when planing, the jointer, fixed upside down, remains motionless, while the riveting held in the hands of the master moves along it.
But it is this original jointing method that is one of those “secrets” without knowing which one should not undertake the manufacture of even the simplest tub. Or another operation: stuffing a hoop.
Kerkvorst, GNU 1.2 It will take a few minutes for an experienced cooper to do this. With the help of special clips, he will deftly attach three rivets to a metal hoop and put the resulting tripod on a workbench. Then, with extraordinary speed, all the other rivets will be inserted into it.
And soon on the workbench, instead of a tripod, there is already a skeleton of a tub. In addition to these, there are many other "secrets" that have been verified for centuries.
Nowadays
Cooperage craft has not lost its relevance. Natural barrels, and other items of cooperage utensils and furniture cannot be replaced by any modern technologies. In winemaking, the desired results can only be achieved in dishes made from properly selected wood.
Olivier Colas, CC BY-SA 3.0 To store oil - vegetable and butter, beekeeping products, pickles, pickles, in baths and saunas - barrel products are needed everywhere.
Cooperage is currently being practiced mainly by private craftsmen, small artels, and individual entrepreneurs. Workshops are located throughout Russia, where the necessary materials are available.
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The oldest samples
Such samples of Russian cooperage utensils were discovered during archaeological sites. Fragments of barrels, tubs, buckets, jugs, tubs, pails, gangs, tubs and other cooperage products were found. All of them were preserved in the peasant economy and were widely used until the middle of the 20th century.
Craft in everyday life
Most often, coopers combined their craft with traditional peasant occupations. They worked mainly in winter, starting from Pokrov. Some craftsmen were engaged in cooperage all year round, with the exception of three or four months in the summer during harvesting and haymaking.
Hollow dishes
With her, perhaps, everything began in Rus'. It was used to store butter and all kinds of bulk products, such as flour and grain, as well as to collect honey. Sooner or later, but deep through cracks appeared on the walls of the hives and dishes. And then the first step towards cooperage was taken - the hoop was invented. Dugouts and hollows, in order to prevent cracking, began to be pulled together with all kinds of bundles, rope, wire. Later, wooden and metal hoops appeared, which became classic.
Oak application
Oak staves were used to make tubs for pickling cabbage and pickling cucumbers, tubels for storing bacon and corned beef. Apples soaked in oak tubs remained strong and tasty until spring. Where special strength was required from cooperage, oak was indispensable. A better well bucket than one made of oak, forced to work in the most severe conditions, is hardly to be found. Oak wood also has one more unusual property - it speeds up the leaven of the dough.
Linden application
Cooper's utensils made of linden staves keep food well. It is also important that at the same time it does not give them any unpleasant smell and taste. The best honey is in linden barrels: it keeps its aroma and original freshness for a long time. Linden cooperage containers are considered the best for storing and transporting butter, which does not go bitter for a very long time. And for the transportation of such a delicacy as red and black caviar, linden barrels are simply irreplaceable. Linden wood is an excellent material for portable travel utensils intended for water and all kinds of soft drinks: flasks, baklags, lagoons and the like.
hoops
Of great importance is the wood from which the hoops are made. It so happened that it is mainly the wood of garden trees. such as: lilac, irga, bird cherry, sweet cherry, linden bark, willow, oak, ash, elm, maple and hazel.
barrel grass
Cooperage utensils, be it a tub or a barrel, sometimes require additional refinement. It happens that the master is not sure that the staves are fitted to each other with sufficient accuracy, then the barrel grass helps him out. Basically, these are herbs with a coarse fibrous structure. Such as cattail, reeds and others. Quite often, finished cooperage utensils are said to flow in chimes. This means that there are gaps in the joints between the staves of the core and the bottom. They can be eliminated with the help of specially prepared barrel herbs.
Not only barrels
Coopers produce not only barrels and dishes. There is also cooperage furniture. These are round and oval tables, stools, ottomans and banquettes, bedside tables and other furniture made using cooperage technique. All of them are united by the fact that the tree is not sawn into the necessary parts, then assembled and glued together, as in carpentry. Cooperage are made according to a special cooperage technology, which provides for manual processing of wood and fastening of rivets with hoops without glue. Thus, this furniture can be considered 100% eco-friendly. It doesn't even have nails.
In the courtyard of the XXI century - the era of global industrialization and automation of all production processes. Against this background, traditional crafts seem to be something very ancient, archaic. One of the forgotten crafts is cooperage.
Who are the coopers? What are they doing? And what is the meaning of the word "coopers"?
Ancient crafts in the modern world
Craft refers to small-scale production, using manual work and primitive tools. It is also often referred to as "handicraft" and the related workers as "handicraftsmen".
The first crafts arose long ago, and have come a long way of development, changing and taking on new forms. In the Middle Ages, they contributed to the formation of certain layers of urban society. The industrial revolution (XVIII - early XIX century).
The modern world is industrial concerns and mass production. It would seem that there is simply no place for traditional crafts in such a world. However, they continue to live and develop. Even in the area information technologies in our time, their own "artisans" are born (copywriters, SMM specialists, etc.), and they turn out to be very, very in demand!
The following crafts should be attributed to traditional (historical) ones:
- weaving;
- blacksmith craft;
- pottery;
- cooperage;
- woodcarving;
- carpentry and others.
Bondar is ... The meaning of the word
So, who are these coopers? What and how do they produce? Let's answer these questions.
A cooper is a barrel maker (sometimes also some other wood products). And the corresponding craft is called cooperage. It used to be ubiquitous in the past. Today, it is much more difficult to meet a real cooper. However, their craft is still relevant. After all, the wine and cognac industry needs wooden barrels.
Where does the term "cooper" come from? This word most likely has Ukrainian roots. FROM Ukrainian language it translates as "barrel". It is curious that the word "bond" was common in medieval Scandinavia. So in the Scandinavian countries they called a free, free person.
Surname Bondar and its analogues in the world
It is impossible not to recall another curious fact. This profession gave rise to a fairly common surname - Bondar. It is very popular in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus.
Other peoples of the world have its analogues. What surnames were born from cooperage in other countries, you can see in the following table:
Modern cooperage
Bondar is not just entertainment or a tribute to traditions. This is a very hard work, requiring considerable skills and abilities from the master. In addition, the cooper has at his disposal a whole arsenal of tools that you need to be able to use correctly. In addition to the trivial and well-known ax, there are also exotic tools among them: mornice, jointer, plows.
Wooden barrels are a seemingly simple thing. But it only seems so at first glance. A modern cooper must be a carpenter, a machinist, and a tinsmith. He must be well versed in tree species: not every wood is suitable for this business (for the manufacture of barrels and tubs, oak, heather and linden are best suited). Carpentry skills are also important here, because you need to perfectly fit all the bars and the bottom to each other.
To become a good cooper, one should have three main qualities. This is the utmost accuracy, accuracy and excellent coordination of movements. Coopers are in demand today, first of all, in the wine-making and chemical industries. The work of such masters is estimated at about 30-50 thousand rubles.