Exercise 1.
Place punctuation marks in the text.
FROM THE HISTORY OF BANKS
It is useful to remember that the founders of modern banks were money changers who appeared in Western European countries in the early 19th century. Charging a lot of money for services, money changers helped to exchange big money, exchange one for another, calculated how much to pay for the purchase and with what coins, since a simple person could not always navigate in a huge number of different coins.
Gradually, however, the activities of the changers expanded. In particular, they took up the transportation of money, making guarded caravans and taking responsibility for the safety of valuables. It was certainly worth the risk - unsafe delivery paid handsomely.
Soon the merchants, who did not want to waste time on transactions with money, began to instruct money changers to make payments, and also to keep their money with them. As a result of this, a brilliant idea arose to make payments without cash.
In the chests of the money changers, quite a lot of money had accumulated, and they all lay motionless. It was then that they came up with the idea of lending part of the money for a certain period, taking a fee for this. Having taken 100 monetary units for six months, a person had to return 120, having done it on time. The money changer knew that all depositors would never demand the money in full and that they were unlikely to take it all at the same time. So you can, without fear of trouble, put money into circulation. Therefore, money changers decided to give loans, charging interest on them, and money began to bring money.
Task 2.
Determine the type of complex sentence (union, union). Set up punctuation marks.
1. To the left a deep gorge blackened, behind it and in front of us the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, still retaining the last reflection of dawn. (Unionless).
2. It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind a small pine grove, lying half a verst from the garden, its shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields. (Unionless).
3. A terrible thought flashed through my mind - I imagined it in the hands of robbers. (Unionless).
4. I close my eyes and see: a path runs up a steep hillock overgrown with white porridge, and there on a hillock it turns left behind a pine forest. (union).
5. It was scary to touch the cloths and canvases - they turned to dust. (Unionless).
6. Cheese fell out, with him there was a cheat. (Unionless).
7. Ivan Ivanovich went up to the gate, rattled the latch, a dog barking rose from within. (Unionless).
8. I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve. (Unionless).
9. Gerasim built a bed of oak boards on four chocks, a truly heroic bed - a hundred pounds could be put on it, it would not bend. (Unionless).
10. A good fellow will pass - he will sit down, a girl will pass - she will grieve, and the harp will pass - they will sing a song. (union, non-union).
11. He says a word - the nightingale sings. (Unionless).
12. If writing is disgustingly boring for you, do not write - it will still turn out badly false. (union, non-union).
Exercise 51. Highlight the grammatical foundations in complex non-union sentences. Establish semantic relationships between the parts of a complex non-union sentence. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Make an analysis of the selected proposals.
1. From the heat, a dried-up wheel suddenly splits up to the very hub, the spokes stick out with a bunch of bitten pegs, the cart falls on its side with a thud, and piles of newspapers fall out (Pasternak). 2. We are waiting for Matryoshka for another hour, she is not there (Tynyanov). 3. Shmakhin looked at his watch, it was only ten minutes to seven (Chekhov). 4. If you don't want to answer, I'll tell you (N. Ostrovsky). 5. You can’t understand Russia with the mind with a common arshin; 6. The rye is ripening for you, as if hail hadn’t beaten without rain in the heat, it didn’t dry out from the rain (Nikitina). 7. I wanted to stand in front of me, everything spun with speed, I wanted to scream, the tongue became silent and motionless (Lermontov). 8. If you become too smart, you probably don’t want to live, you become richer than all people, they will envy, I’d better pick and eat the third (magic, shriveled apple) (Turgenev). 9. He blushed, he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (Lermontov). 10. I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look at the forest, several Cossacks have ended, they leave it for a clearing (Lermontov). 11. A white blanket is thrown on the floor, the house is empty Vera Nikandrovna is alone (Fedin). 12. Emerald frogs jump under their feet between the roots, raising their golden head lies and guards them (M. Gorky). 13. He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings. The log on the huts was dark and old, many roofs were see through, like a sieve on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (Gogol). 14. Here are my conditions for you; today you will publicly refuse slander and will ask me for an apology (Lermontov). 15. Silence was gradually broken in the house, a door creaked somewhere, someone's steps were heard, someone sneezed in the hayloft (Goncharov). 16. Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently, some approved others, criticized some with restraint and kept quiet (Sholokhov). 17. After a few moments, I rise and see my Karagez flying waving mane (Lermontov). 18. I say do not give up (L. Tolstoy). 19. I also remember she loved to dress up and splash with perfume (Chekhov). 20. I will definitely tell you that you have a talent (Fadeev). 21. Fedor understood it was about communication (Furmanov). 22. Alex decided to pull quite (Polevoi). 23. Magpie raised his head above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear (Serafimovich) shone. 24. I raised my head in front of the fire on an overturned tub, a miller's wife was sitting and talking with my hunter (Turgenev). 25. I woke up the dawn was already engaged (Turgenev). 26. The moon was not in the sky; at that time it rose late (Turgenev). 27. He even got scared because it was dark, cramped and unclean (Chekhov). 28. The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished, someone struck matches (Shishkov). 29. Another week has passed, suddenly a carriage drives into my yard (Pushkin). 30. Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road, he will kill him for a penny, he will kill him (Gogol). 31. Before the sun had time to warm up, the whole sky hummed (Bubenkov). 32. I began to call the owner silent knocking silent (Lermontov). 33. The brave win, the cowardly die (proverb). 34. There was no way to leave unnoticed, he went out openly as if he was going into the yard and darted into the garden (Fadeev). 35. We will defeat a stone house and build it (A.N. Tolstoy). 36. The young man will pass, he will sit down, the girl will grieve, and the harp will pass, they will sing a song (Lermontov). 37. Damn you, we won’t cry about you at all (Chekhov). 38. Look at the ruble will give (Nekrasov). 39. He always liked to chat; this was well known to me (Kaverin). 40. They will part, they have already parted, this thought stunned both (Kataev).
?They buried him behind the Moskva River / In an open field between three roads.
And a mound of damp earth was poured here / And good people pass by:
An old man will pass - he will cross himself.
A good fellow will pass - he will sit up.
A girl will pass - she will grieve.
And the harpists will pass - will they sing a song?
?A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov?.
M.Yu. Lermontov.
4
But Gaidar's? The Tale of the Military Secret, of Malchish-Kibalchish and his firm word?:
?And Malchish-Kibalchish was buried on a green mound near the Blue River.
And they put a big red flag over the grave.
Steamboats are sailing - hello to the Malchish!
Pilots are flying by - hello to Malchish!
Steam locomotives will run - hello to Malchish!
And the pioneers will pass - salute to the Malchish !?
Many commentators leaned on the term "plagiarism", which is fundamentally wrong, because this is how many epics and legends end, and Lermontov and Gaidar simply used this familiar construction.
Gaidar composed not even a fairy tale, but an epic - a folk epic song about the unparalleled exploits of a particular hero. The only thing is that the author writes in a different manner, only occasionally using the tonic verse characteristic of epics. The rest of the features of the genre are preserved intact. For example, for the epic (? what was in the old days?) It is typical to refer the plot to the so-called? absolute epic time?. We read from Gaidar: "In those distant, distant years, when the war had just died down throughout the country, did Malchish-Kibalchish live and exist?" The book was written in the 1930s, so the war died down not so long ago. Fairy tales also often begin with just such words, but in them the action is always invented, epics tell about what supposedly happened (the very name of the genre speaks of this). Epics are also characterized by repetitions, like these: - Hey, get up! shouted the rider. - It was half the trouble, and now the trouble is all around. Many bourgeois, but few of ours?. As you remember, the scene with the rider is repeated three times.
“A damned bourgeois attacked us from behind the Black Mountains. Bullets are already whistling again, shells are already exploding again. Are our detachments fighting with the bourgeois, and messengers are rushing to call for help from the distant Red Army? Interesting - the action takes place in a fairy-tale country, but it is customary to call for help from the real Red Army, located outside this fairy-tale country. In Russian epics, along with explicit fantasies, there is a reflection of the life of Ancient Russia. So in the epic about Kibalchish, fiction and reality are intertwined.
The word bourgeois - in design resembles the traditional? Tugarin-Serpent? and other dirty tricks ending in -in. Tellingly, the bourgeois is damned. This epithet occurs several times in the work. The stability of epithets is also a sign of an epic.
Here are interesting moments from Gaidar's epic: “They chained Malchish in heavy chains. Did they put Malchish in a stone tower? Why, Malchish, did Forty Kings and Forty Kings fight with the Red Army, fought, fought, but only crashed themselves??.
In epics, comparisons with the forces of nature are often used - with? violent winds?, with? red sun? and so on.
?Have you seen torrential thunderstorms in a dry and hot summer? Just as the streams, running down from the dusty mountains, merged into turbulent, foamy streams, just at the first rumble of war, uprisings began to boil in the Mountain bourgeoisie, and thousands of angry voices responded from the Plain Kingdom, and from the Snow Kingdom, and from the Sultry State ?. By the way, illustrators, drawing the image of the Chief Bourgeois, did not always use the image of Chamberlain. Often he performed in the mask of a kind of Pogany Idol, not a man, but Quasi modo. Or bourgeois soldiers, who often have horns on their helmets. Perhaps the illustrators meant the horned helmets of the ancient Gauls and in such a cunning way hinted at the French origin of the gentlemen-interventionists. Just devils and other evil spirits we always associate with horns.
...By the way, what is it? Kibalchish?? Most likely, this is the dissected surname Kibalchich. By the way, it was a whole family of revolutionary nobles. Nikolay Kibalchich was a Narodnaya Volya member, his relative Viktor Kibalchich (a contemporary of Gaidar) worked in the Commintern. By the way, Victor's father was also no stranger to revolutionary activity. In general, as in a fairy tale - a whole family of fighters. Why Gaidar took this surname as a basis is unclear. This is how Kibalchishevich turned out (by analogy with the already mentioned Lermontov guardsman Kiribeevich).
At one time, this epic tale was analyzed, proving that this is a typical religious text about the life of the holy martyr. There is even an analog of Plokhish = Judas. After all, both of them betrayed not for an idea, but for a barrel of jam and a basket of cookies, which cost exactly 30 pieces of silver.
Why did Gaidar write this? If we consider this a “religious text”, then obviously in order to fill the “holy place”, which was neglected after the start of anti-religious obscurantism in the USSR. As soon as a society begins to reject some gods, it immediately needs new gods. Atheism is the most ridiculous thing you can think of. A person cannot be an atheist, and the Soviet Power understood this. New saints, new legends were needed. Tellingly, the Tale of the Malchish is still popular, while the "Military Secret", the work in which this tale is compositionally included, was rather quickly forgotten. In contrast to "Kibalchish", which literally brought up entire generations.
The interpretation of the bourgeoisie is also interesting. It resembles a caricature of the Entente plus? White Army, Black Baron?. It is interesting that they carry some kind of stylized Prussian banners - with an eagle, and in general, sometimes the soldiers of Burzhuin look like the Kaiser's. All this is reminiscent of the movie? If there is war tomorrow?. Tellingly, the bourgeoisie is drawn with very beautiful strokes. If we do not take into account the unattractive physiognomies of the characters, then the same admiration of the form arises, which will subsequently happen with "17 Moments of Spring". Beautiful, graphic combination of black and white, alluring aesthetics of evil and so on. And Plokhish, who taxis to the palace stairs in a beautiful suit, received in exchange for a village mantle with always falling pants. Typical for Soviet cinema about the war - tattered, barefoot people against beautifully marching columns.
Over the great Moscow, golden-domed,
Above the wall of the Kremlin white stone
Because of the distant forests, because of the blue mountains,
Effortlessly on boarded roofs,
Gray clouds are dispersing,
The scarlet dawn rises;
She swept her golden curls,
Washed by crumbly snows,
Like a beauty looking in the mirror
The sky looks clean, smiles.
Why did you, scarlet dawn, wake up?
What joy did you play?
How did they get together
Removed Moscow fighters
To the Moscow River, to a fistfight,
Take a walk for the holiday, have fun.
And the king came with his retinue,
With boyars and guardsmen,
And ordered to stretch the silver chain,
Soldered with pure gold in rings.
They cordoned off a place of twenty-five sazhens,
For hunting combat, single.
And then Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ordered
Call to click in a ringing voice:
“Oh, where are you, good fellows?
You amuse the king of our father!
Come out into a wide circle;
Whoever beats whom, the king will reward him;
And whoever is beaten, God will forgive him!”
And the daring Kiribeevich comes out,
The king bows silently from the waist,
Throws off a velvet coat from mighty shoulders,
Leaning to the side with your right hand,
Adjusts another scarlet hat,
He is waiting for his opponent...
Three times a loud cry was called out -
Not a single fighter moved,
They just stand and push each other.
In the open, the oprichnik paces,
He makes fun of bad fighters:
“We calmed down, I suppose, thoughtful!
So be it, I promise, for the holiday,
I will release the living with repentance,
I’ll only amuse our tsar father.”
Suddenly the crowd dispersed in both directions -
And Stepan Paramonovich comes out,
A young merchant, a daring fighter,
Nicknamed Kalashnikov.
He bowed first to the terrible king,
After the white Kremlin and the holy churches,
And then to all the Russian people.
His falcon eyes are burning,
He looks at the oprichnik intently.
Opposite him, he becomes
Pulls on combat gloves
Strong shoulders straightens
Yes, he strokes his curly beard.
And Kiribeevich said to him:
“Tell me, good fellow,
What tribe are you?
What name are you called?
To know for whom to serve a memorial service,
To have something to brag about."
Stepan Paramonovich answers:
“And my name is Stepan Kalashnikov,
And I was born from an honest father,
And I lived according to the law of the Lord:
I did not dishonor someone else's wife,
Did not rob at dark night,
Not hidden from the light of heaven ...
And you spoke the truth:
For one of us they will sing a memorial service,
And no later than tomorrow at noon;
And one of us will boast
Feasting with distant friends...
Not to joke, not to make people laugh
I came out to you now, son of a fool, -
I went out to a terrible battle, to the last battle!
And, having heard that, Kiribeevich
Turned pale in the face, like autumn snow;
His eyes were cloudy,
Frost ran between strong shoulders,
On open lips, the word froze ...
Silently, they both part,
The heroic battle begins.
Then Kiribeevich swung
And hit the merchant Kalashnikov for the first time,
And hit him in the middle of the chest -
Chest of youth cracked,
Stepan Paramonovich staggered;
A copper cross hung on his broad chest.
With holy relics from Kyiv, -
And the cross bent and pressed into the chest;
Like dew, blood dripped from under him;
And Stepan Paramonovich thought:
“What is destined to be, will come true;
I will stand for the truth until the last day!
He contrived, prepared,
Gathered with all my strength
And hit your hater
Directly to the left temple from the entire shoulder.
And the young oprichnik groaned lightly,
Rocked, dropped dead;
He fell on the cold snow
On the cold snow, like a pine,
Like a pine, in a damp forest
Under resinous at the root, chopped.
And, seeing that, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich
Angry with anger, stomped on the ground
And he frowned his black brows;
He commanded to seize the daring merchant
And bring him before your face.
As the Orthodox Tsar said:
"Answer me truthfully, honestly,
Willingly or reluctantly
You killed my faithful servant to death,
Movo of the best fighter Kiribeevich?
“I will tell you, Orthodox Tsar:
I killed him at will
And for what, about what - I will not tell you,
I will only tell God.
Order me to be executed - and carry on the chopping block
I blame the little head;
Do not leave only small children,
Don't leave the young widow
Yes, my two brothers by your grace ... "
"It's good for you, kid,
A daring fighter, a merchant's son,
That you kept the answer in good conscience.
Your young wife and your orphans
From my treasury I'll take
I command your brothers from this very day
Throughout the Russian kingdom wide
Trade without knowing, duty-free.
And you yourself go, kid,
To the high place of the forehead,
Lay down your wild head.
I order the ax to sharpen, sharpen,
I order the executioner to dress up, dress up,
I will order you to ring the big bell,
So that all the people of Moscow know,
That you are not abandoned by my mercy ... "
How people gather in the square
The mournful buzzing bell howls,
Spreading bad news everywhere.
On the high place of the frontal
In a red shirt with a bright cufflink,
With a big ax sharpened,
Rubbing bare hands
The executioner walks merrily,
The daring fighter is waiting, -
A dashing fighter, a young merchant,
Farewell to siblings:
“Already you, my brothers, blood friends,
Let's kiss and hug
For the last parting.
Bow from me to Alena Dmitrevna,
Tell her to be less sad
Don't tell my children about me;
Bow down to your parent's house
Bow to all our comrades,
Pray yourself in the church of God
You are for my soul, a sinful soul!”
And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov
Death is fierce, shameful;
And the untalented head
In the blood on the chopping block rolled.
They buried him behind the Moscow River,
On an open field between three roads:
Between Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir,
And a mound of damp earth was poured here,
And they put a maple cross here.
And the violent winds roar and roar
Above his nameless grave.
And good people pass by:
An old man will pass - cross himself,
A good fellow will pass - he will sit down,
A girl will pass - she will grieve,
And the harpists will pass - they will sing a song.
*
Gay you guys are remote,Guslar young,
Filling voices!
Red start - red and finish,
Reward each with truth and honor.
Glory to the thorny boyar!
And glory to the beautiful boyar!
And glory to all Christian people!