We continue historical walks around Moscow and the next central street of Moscow, the history of which we will consider in pre-revolutionary photographs, will be Bolshaya Ordynka.

Due to the large number of "old" photos for this series of posts (14), I decided to divide my story into two parts. The second will be next week.

The origin of the name "Ordynka" is explained by the fact that earlier this road led to the Golden Horde. There are, of course, other opinions on this subject, but most historians agree that this theory is exactly what is stated.

1. I have written more than once about what happened in Moscow in the spring of 1908. This is exactly what Bolshaya Ordynka looked like in the area of ​​Bolotnaya Square at that time.

2. The history of this temple began in 1685, when a stone temple of the Transfiguration was built on the site of the old wooden one. After 3 years, the glorification of the icon of the Mother of God "Joy of All Who Sorrow" stored in it is held in the temple.

Approximately 100 years later, according to the project of Vasily Bazhenov, the temple was rebuilt, but during the Napoleonic invasion it was badly damaged. As a result, the temple had to be actually restored from scratch, which O.I. Beauvais. In Soviet times, the temple was closed.

3. The estate of Dolgov-Zhemochkin also suffered from the Napoleonic troops. The "double surname" of this building is due to the fact that initially its owner was the merchant A.I. Dolgov, and then I.P. Zhemochkin.

"The house was built in the 1770s in the style of early classicism and has three floors. The estate complex includes outbuildings. The northern (left) one was originally one-story, in the 1960s it was connected to the main house, the other two buildings are located on the south side , part of the volume of the right wing refers to the first half of the 18th century. The buildings form a trapezoidal front yard, which, along the red line of the street, is surrounded by a stone fence built in 1882 (the fence was restored in 1960)."

After 1875, the 3rd Women's Gymnasium was located here, and since the 60s, the Institute of Latin America of the Academy of Sciences has been located here.

4. In the place where the mine is now located, there used to be a shelter for children and the elderly named after I.A. Lyamina. He was a well-known public figure, entrepreneur, and even served as mayor from 1871 to 1874.

However, this shelter received the name Lyamin only after the death of Ivan Artemyevich. Lyamina's widow Elizaveta Semyonovna in 1909 transferred her house, built in 1854, to an orphanage. During the Second World War, a bomb is dropped on it, and a little later a ministry building appeared here.

5. The appearance of the building of the Alexander-Mariinsky School is connected with one story. In 1862, Alexander II, during his visit to Moscow, held a meeting in the Grand Kremlin Palace with representatives of all classes. Among those invited was the merchant of the first guild, Mikhail Korolev, who wanted to meet personally with the emperor.

The latter fulfilled his promise, and Moscow merchants perceived this visit as a turn in relations with business people. In honor of this event, a school was erected on Ordynka, where children of all classes could study. The school became very popular, because after graduating it was easy to go to study further in any, as they would say now, university.

After the revolution, education continued in this building, courses on political education and school affairs were held. Shortly before the Great Patriotic War, the Moscow Pedagogical School No. 1 was opened here, now the Pedagogical College No. 1 named after K.D. Dushinsky

6. A wooden church stood on this site since 1593, and 80 years later the current stone church, named after St. Nicholas, was built here. Due to the fact that the area was called Pyzhami (in honor of the local commander of the archery regiment Bogdan Pyzhov), the temple was called "Nikolas in Pyzhy".

In 1934 the temple was closed, and in 1990 it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.

Red Square is the main square of the country, the territory for holding military parades and solemn receptions of guests, one of the most beautiful places in Moscow. The history of Red Square has about five centuries, during which it changed its function more than once.

Scorched but not empty

Initially, a spontaneous marketplace arose on the site where Red Square is now located. In 1493, the wooden benches were completely burned out, after which a space 240 m wide was freed up in front of the Kremlin. Because of this event, the site was called “Fire”.

From the west, it was limited by the Kremlin moat, from the south - by a hill, popularly referred to as "Vzlobie". On the north side rose the Resurrection Gate. For a good hundred years, the Fire was considered a natural continuation of the Market, which occupied the entire eastern part.

On the scorched site, three streets were paved with stone: Varvarka, Nikolskaya, Ilyinka. In the space between them, several small churches and trading shops were attached. Due to the ever-present threat of fire, at the end of the 16th century, it was decided to demolish the wooden buildings. Their place was taken by stone merchant chambers.

Shopping beauty-square

The merchant chambers formed three quarters: the Lower, Middle and Upper Trading Rows. In this form, the future Red Square existed for about 200 years. During this time, rich merchant estates and Gostiny Dvor (buildings for wholesale trade) grew on it. Since the bulk of the buildings were still built of wood, fires occurred regularly in this area of ​​the city.

Moscow was built and grew. In 1625, the Kremlin acquired the Spasskaya Tower. Vzlobie already adorned St. Basil's Cathedral. Gradually, the square began to acquire a decent look and even be called "red", that is, beautiful. This definition was assigned to the former Pozhar and was now used as a proper name.

In official documents, it appeared in 1661, under Alexei Mikhailovich. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Red was also called "Big". Visitors from abroad usually described this area of ​​the city as a market square. Their testimonies once again confirm the fact that trade in front of the Kremlin gates did not stop for a minute.

Animal skins and food

In the Gostiny Dom, merchants not only sold food, animal skins and other belongings, but also lived (mainly on the upper floors). Numerous barber shops and retail shops were built to serve the wealthy, and fairs were regularly held. Until 1924, part of the territory south of the Spassky Gate was called Vasilyevsky Square. It was built up the most densely.

In the 20th century, the central metropolitan square was reconstructed. Part of the buildings on Maslyany Lane was demolished, due to which the open space became even larger. In the 1970s, the necropolis was remade and supplemented with granite stands. Red Square was filled with concrete, and new paving stones were laid on top of it. Market stalls, barber shops and fairs are a thing of the past.

The current Chistye Prudy are located on the top of a gentle hill. Such places were characterized by swamps and small rivers flowing from them. On the “clean” everything was like that - the streams formed the Rachka River, which was a tributary of the Yauza. With the growth of Moscow, the reservoir was drained, and the wall of the White City built in the 16th century cut Rachka. Since it was forbidden to build houses in the lowland in front of the wall, a famous pond appeared at this place at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries.

The reservoir was called Pogany Pond, and there are several versions about the appearance of such a dissonant name. According to one of them, in this area the pagans worshiped their gods, and the word “filthy”, which came from the Latin “paganus” (pagan), characterized not something dirty, but a pagan. According to another version, on the site of the future Moscow, the possessions of the boyar Stepan Kuchka were previously located, who inappropriately received the prince. For this, the prince ordered the boyar to be killed and his body to be drowned in a pond, after which the reservoir received the name "Bad".

However, according to the most famous version,

the pond began to be called Pogany, as merchants from butcher shops on Myasnitskaya Street dumped production waste into it. In the summer, when an incredible heat hung over the capital, fetid odors hovered over the reservoir, and people tried to avoid it.

Lefortovo ponds

In the vicinity of Lefortovo Sloboda. 1812. Hood. H.V. Faber du Fort

Lefortovo ponds are the main water area of ​​the park of the same name, located in Izmailovo. It appeared in the 18th century as a garden at the palace of Admiral Fyodor Golovin, close associate of Peter I. The park was built by Dutch architects, whom the emperor personally invited to Russia. They installed many dams, red brick terraces and dug ponds, which they later called "Lefortovo".

Each reservoir has its own name: Boot, Northern, Bathhouse, Square, Guitar and Island. Sapozhok Pond is named after its unusual shape, and Guitar Pond used to resemble a church cross, but after the banks “floated” it became like an extended part of a guitar.

Interestingly, the Lefortovo ponds and reservoirs in Izmailovo acted as Chistye Prudy in the 1965 film of the same name by the director based on the works of Yuri Nagibin.

Unfortunately, it is forbidden to swim in the ponds (why disturb the rest of the ducks?), but no one will prevent sunbathing. On warm days, all the banks are filled with sunbathing Muscovites. In summer, in the park, you can see elderly citizens throwing fishing rods: they hunt hybrids of crucian carp and carp. However, experts say that fish caught in the pond should not be fed even to a domestic cat.

More than two hundred years ago, in 1800, a gathering of residents took place in the regional capital, and then in the capital of the province. On it, it was decided that a cathedral would be built. The collection of donations has begun. It should be noted that earlier in Stavropol, the Trinity Cathedral was located on the site of the Intourist Hotel.

Photo: and_stav

Now information about this is not known to everyone, but there is a story about this and it cannot be ignored.

After several years of fundraising, the Trinity Cathedral with its massive bell tower was fully built in 1817. 17 years after the general gathering of the inhabitants of the city. It should be noted that earlier there was a temple made of wood, but later the first stone temple of the city was built here, designed and built by the residents themselves.

When the communists came to power and the power of the soviets was established, the cathedral was in for a sad fate. During the period of Soviet power, the most beautiful cathedral was mercilessly looted and destroyed, all the pearls were torn off the icon. Then it was like a terrible sign of the times. Warehouses were often made of cult and religious buildings, or they were completely destroyed.

At the end of the thirties, specifically in 1939, a secondary school No. 4 was built on the site of the cathedral, destroyed during the bombing by the Nazis.

In the early 1950s, on the site of the school, they began to erect a building for the Stavropol hotel, now the Intourist. She still works here and is considered one of the attractions of Stavropol. Famous politicians and pop stars often stop here. There used to be a casino here. There were "one-armed bandits" and an antiques store was functioning, expensive and very old things of special value. It is quite possible that it still works.

News on Notebook-Stavropol

Broadway is almost the most famous street in America, and even the whole world. As a child, I liked to compare any noisy and wide street with Broadway, saying something like: "Well, Broadway is straight!" Then I learned that Broadway is not just a street, but the center of successful theater productions and musicals, so my comparative ability increased. Well, then I myself got on Broadway, and for the first time quite by accident.

Where is Broadway

In the strict architecture of Manhattan, Broadway is the only street that violates the perpendicular order. The street stretches across Manhattan from the small Bowling Green park on the southern edge of the island to the Inwood neighborhood in the north. The total length of Broadway in Manhattan is 13 miles (almost 21 km). However, the surprising fact for me was that Broadway does not end in Manhattan: it goes another 2 miles north through the Bronx and another 18 miles through the suburbs to the town of Sleepy Hollow (the famous Sleepy Hollow). Thus, Broadway has a length of almost 55 km!

Due to the fact that Broadway crosses the whole of Manhattan from south to north along the western part of the island, it is not difficult to find it: if you go along any "horizontal" street, then sooner or later you will cross Broadway. This is exactly the method of random crossing, thanks to which I ended up on Broadway, although I did not go there at all.

There is a more thoughtful option: get off at metro stations 42nd Street-Times Square, 49th Street or 52 Street. You can also get to the above streets by bus and go to the Theater District (from 40th to 52nd streets). It includes dozens of theaters, cinemas and concert halls, as well as Times Square - this is the site that made Broadway a world-famous street.

Theater Quarter

Theaters were not concentrated in one place at all at once: it all began from the moment the Metropolitan Opera House (Metropolitan Opera House) in 1883 took over the building on 39th Street and opened the theater season with an incredibly successful production of Faust. The audience began to come to the theater often and it became necessary to equip the neighborhood with the necessary infrastructure: restaurants, public gardens, shops.

Around in search of a ready audience, other theaters began to open. It flourished before the war, when Times Square and its theaters became synonymous with glitz and glamour, bright lights, signs, music, stars and big names.

The section of Broadway, where several dozen of the best theaters were concentrated, received the poetic name "Great White Way" (Great White Way). It became "white" because even at night Broadway never remained dark: it was as bright as day from colorful neon signs and posters. The Great White Way gave the world the concept of "musical", grandiose shows were staged in musical theaters, on which huge amounts of money were spent. However, the budget of each production paid off with incredible box office receipts.

Gradually, other theaters began to move closer to the White Way with productions of various genres, mostly non-musical, with cheaper tickets and less famous actors. These theaters became known as Off-Broadway or Off-Broadway. Farther from the heart of the Theater District, a ring of Off-off-Broadway theaters formed, further away and selling tickets even cheaper. They presented to the public, as a rule, experimental productions.

The career path of the actors and the show was clear and understandable: first you perform in Off-off-Broadway, then Off-Broadway, then, if you're lucky, Great White Way and, finally, you go on tour abroad.

The quarter experienced hard times in the 60s and 70s, when theaters and cinemas showing films and performances "for adults" began to appear in it, cabarets and all kinds of underground semi-official establishments began to open. In the 70s, it became dangerous to appear in the quarter: the audience there was not the most noble, traditional theaters suffered losses. In fact, the brilliant district turned into the Dutch Red Light District, which seemed to me a joke of history: it was originally called New and was founded, in fact, by the Dutch.

However, as a result of the city's campaign to combat crime and crime in the early 90s, many dubious establishments were closed. Those that still remained on Broadway gradually moved away from Times Square, and then generally outside of Manhattan. A separate part of the campaign focused specifically on the Theater Quarter and was called "Save the Theaters" (Save the Theaters Campaigh).

The quarter was rapidly reviving, new modern technologies came to the aid of the directors of musicals, allowing them to create grandiose scenery. Gradually, the boundary between the theaters of the Great White Way and Off-Broadway became less visible. Musicals off-Broadway and even off-Broadway theaters could gain worldwide recognition, bypassing performances in the "official Broadway", and immediately go on a round-the-world tour.

Famous musicals

New Yorkers are very fond of attending theatrical performances and, fortunately, they have a huge choice. In some theaters, many shows have been running for more than a dozen years, and their success does not fade away. For example, the musical The Phantom of the Opera played its ten thousandth performance in 2012. So, the top 5 most successful Broadway productions of all time, which you can watch to this day:

1. The Phantom of Opera
2. Cats
3. (Chicago)
4. The Lion King
5. Mamma Mia (Mamma Mia!)

Broadway musicals are made into films, books are written, children's plays are staged in schools, and numerous remakes are made. Musical and theatrical Broadway haunts many generations of actors not only from America but also from other countries. It is believed that if you participated in a Broadway show, you have already reached your peaks, it remains not to lose the won positions. Interestingly, at some point, Broadway caught another wave of success thanks to Disney cartoons, according to which the directors of the show began to sell musicals one by one. This brought new recognition to both Broadway and Disney.

The most famous theaters:

1. The New Amsterdam Theater
2. The Disney Store
3. The American Airlines Theater
4. The New Victory Theater
5. Radio City Hall

How and where to buy tickets

Theater in New York is a pleasure, of course, not cheap. However, there is always an opportunity to purchase tickets at a discount:

In general, prices range from $30 to $130 depending on the success of the show, theater status, and sheer luck.

Not theatrical or musical Broadway

Broadway doesn't end at 52nd Street. When I walked along the Theater Quarter, I thought that this street would no longer be able to surprise me. But she did.

It's amazing how different Broadway can be. Pedestrian zones alternate with problematic interchanges, a multi-lane highway somewhere gives way to a one-way street. After the glittering lights of the Theater District, you suddenly find yourself in a quiet place for public recreation: tables where office workers eat their lunch from a lunch box, paths where runners train, playgrounds where children ride on a swing and build sandals. After a couple of blocks, car traffic is again allowed, and so on throughout the entire street.

Many buildings and attractions from my must-visit list are located on Broadway:

flatiron building

The Flatiron Building, or simply Iron (the intersection of Broadway and 5th Avenue), got its name because of its shape. It is located on a triangular area and has 3 sharp corners. Thanks to this architecture, it seems that the building cuts the road and the city in general. Interestingly, this skyscraper used to house the consulate of the Russian Empire. I learned about this from a local employee who just went out for a walk during a break and got under my questions.

Macy's

Macy's Shopping Center (the intersection of Broadway and 34th Street) for more than a hundred years, until 2009, was the largest shopping center in the world, covering an area of ​​​​more than 200,000 square meters. The center is famous not only for selling everything in the world , but also because it organizes the city's Thanksgiving parade - a very spectacular and beautiful event. The love of beauty, perhaps, allowed the first owner of the center, Rowland Macy, to win the love of customers: it was in Macy's before Christmas that the windows were decorated with garlands and lampions, and Santa Claus walked around the floors.

First Baptist Church of New York

The First Baptist Church of New York (Broadway and 79th Street) is a building that I really wanted to get into. Baptism is an amazing charismatic phenomenon in American culture. I have a difficult relationship with religions and especially their ritual side, but the Baptists do not raise many questions. I especially like two points: prayers in one's own words and baptism only in adulthood, when a person voluntarily makes this decision. And, of course, singing.