It is shown that in the legislation on the social protection of families of military personnel, the concept of "dependent state" is quite often used as a basis for recognizing the right of certain persons to social guarantees provided for members of the families of military personnel. Therefore, this issue requires separate consideration.
Dependency is understood as the provision of a non-working (sick, elderly, minor, etc.) person with the means necessary for existence. In turn, dependents are persons who are supported by another person, receive constant assistance from him, which is their main source of livelihood. A person is also recognized as a dependent if he receives a pension, stipend, salary, but the main source of livelihood for him is the help of another person.
It should be noted that in the Dictionary of the Russian Language S.I. Ozhegov, a clear distinction is made between the concepts of "dependency" and "dependency". Under "dependency" is understood the state of being dependent on someone, and the concept of "dependency" has a negative meaning: it is the desire to rely on the help of others in everything, and not on one's own strength.
The legal literature rightly points out that in various branches of law the relationship between the concepts of "family member" and "dependent person" is interpreted differently. Thus, in housing law, the concept of "dependent" is not identical to the concepts of "relative" and "family member": "... other relatives, disabled dependents and, in exceptional cases, other citizens can be recognized as members of the owner's family if they are settled by the owner as members of their families" (Part 1, Article 31 of the LC RF). In the same way, these concepts are correlated in labor law: "... wages not received by the day of death of an employee are issued to members of his family or to a person who was dependent on the deceased on the day of his death" (Article 141 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Tax law does not consider the correlation of these concepts at all and uses the concept of "persons dependent on employees" (part 7 of article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
In criminal proceedings, certain legal norms separate dependents from relatives (part 2 of article 134 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation), however, other norms identify dependents with certain relatives (part 1 of article 160, part 1 of article 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation).
Family law only mentions the fact that children are dependent on their parents (Article 49 of the RF IC).
AT civil law contains the concept of "life maintenance with a dependent", which, according to general rule has nothing to do with family relationships family responsibilities: "the obligation ... to provide maintenance with a dependent may include providing for the needs for housing, food and clothing, and if this is required by the state of health of a citizen, also caring for him. A contract for life maintenance with a dependent may also provide for payment by the rent payer of funeral services" ( part 1 article 602 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). This branch of law in this context regulates exclusively property relations in the framework of the execution of contracts for life maintenance with dependents.
In the right of social security by persons who are dependent on the subject, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 9 of the Federal Law "On labor pensions in Russian Federation"of December 17, 2001 N 173-FZ, only members of the family of a deceased citizen can be recognized ("the right to a labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner is for disabled family members of the deceased breadwinner who were dependent on him"). The ratio of these concepts is interpreted in a similar way in the Law of the Russian Federation "On the provision of pensions for persons who have completed military service ...".
The Federal Law "On the Status of Servicemen" uses a different approach. As follows from the meaning of paragraph 5 of Art. 2 of this Law, persons who are dependents of military personnel are actually equal in rights to social guarantees with members of his family, but with the proviso: "unless otherwise provided by federal law."
The legislative definition of the concept in question is contained in Art. 31 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the provision of pensions for persons who have done military service ...", which states that family members of a serviceman are considered dependent on him if they are fully supported by him or receive assistance from him, which is a constant and main source for them livelihood.
In the formulated definition of this concept, two different conditions are indicated, under which the family members of a serviceman, as well as a pensioner from among citizens dismissed from military service are considered to be dependent on them:
a) the first condition: the full maintenance of family members by the military. Full maintenance is understood as the actions of a serviceman aimed at providing family members with all the necessary goods of life (housing, clothing, footwear, food and other necessities of life). Family members in this case receive maintenance only from a serviceman, i.e. they do not receive material support from other persons, and the income, property of a serviceman is the only source of funds for their existence;
b) the second condition: the serviceman's assistance to family members is a permanent and main source of livelihood for them. A permanent and main source of livelihood is understood as the assistance of a serviceman to family members, carried out systematically over a certain period of time, i.e. this assistance is not one-time (one-time, on a case-by-case basis), but regular. From the actions of a serviceman, his will must be traced, indicating the intention to provide constant assistance to family members.
The concept of "main source of livelihood" implies that family members, in addition to the funds provided to military personnel, have other sources of income (for example, pensions, stipends, salaries, etc.). In order to recognize the assistance of a serviceman as the main source of livelihood, in terms of its size and frequency of provision, it must be such that without it the family members receiving it would not be able to provide themselves with the necessary means for a normal existence. The help of a soldier should be the main part of the means on which family members live. At the same time, in order to recognize the fact of being dependent, the condition of cohabitation of family members with a serviceman is not always necessary.
A document confirming the presence of any persons dependent on a serviceman is the corresponding entry in column 21 of the service record of his personal file.
In accordance with the Accounting Manual personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, in column 21 of the service record of the personal file of a serviceman, persons who are dependent on a serviceman can be recorded: disabled parents (adoptive parents) of a serviceman, his brothers and sisters, as well as disabled parents of his wife (husband), if they are fully supported by him or receive assistance from him, which is their permanent and main source of livelihood.
When analyzing the above norm of the Manual on the registration of personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, attention is drawn to the fact that this norm mentions a limited circle of persons who can be recorded in achievement list military personnel as dependents. For some reason, this list does not mention the grandchildren, grandparents, stepsons and stepdaughters, stepmothers and stepfathers of servicemen. At the same time, according to paragraph 5 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On the Status of Servicemen", family members of a serviceman who are subject to social guarantees established by this Law include persons who are dependent on him. At the same time, the said Law does not contain any specification of which persons can be recognized as dependents of a serviceman. In this regard, it is quite legitimate to conclude that the above norms of the Manual on the registration of personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation contradict the Federal Law "On the Status of Military Personnel" to the extent that they limit the circle of persons who can be recorded in column 21 of service a list of the personal file of a serviceman as dependents.
The legislation provides for two ways of recognizing persons as dependents of a serviceman:
1) in an administrative manner;
2) in a judicial proceeding.
To resolve this issue in an administrative manner, a serviceman must submit a report in the order of subordination with the attachment of documents confirming the incapacity for work (certificate of age or disability) of a person dependent on him, and documents confirming that the main source of livelihood of the specified person is material assistance serviceman (certificates about the amount of the pension, the presence of other children, the nature and amount of assistance they provide, etc.).
An example of a report on this issue is given below.
Sample
Commander of the 3rd division of the 799th division
lieutenant colonel E.E. Laptev
I ask for your petition to the higher command to make
in column 21 of the track record of my personal file, a record of being on
my dependent of my mother - Dudareva Anna Dmitrievna, 1935
birth, a disabled person of group II, in need of constant outside care,
living with me since 1998.
My mother's husband and my father Dudarev I.M. died in 1998.
In addition to me, my mother has another son - Alexander Dudarev
Ivanovich, born in 1970, but he has been disabled since childhood,
receives a small pension and is unable to help his mother.
Applications:
1) a copy of the passport of A.D. Dudareva;
2) the conclusion of the ITU institution on the disability of A.D. Dudareva and her
the need for constant care;
3) a certificate from the branch of the Pension Fund of Russia on the amount of A.D. Dudareva;
4) a copy of the death certificate of I.M. Dudareva;
5) a copy of the birth certificate of V.I. Dudareva;
6) a copy of the birth certificate of A.I. Dudareva;
7) the conclusion of the ITU institution on the disability of A.I. Dudareva;
certificate of the branch of the Pension Fund of Russia on the amount of pension A.I. Dudareva.
Sergeant Major of the 3rd Division
senior warrant officer V. Dudarev
In the event of a positive decision on this report, the commander of the military unit issues an order to make an appropriate entry in the personal file of the serviceman.
An approximate wording of the order of the commander of the military unit for the combat unit on this issue is given below.
ORDER of the commander of the military unit 00000 (for the combat unit)
Enter in column 21 of the track record of senior warrant officer Dudarev
Vladimir Ivanovich his mother Dudareva Anna Dmitrievna, born in 1935
birth, which is dependent on him.
Reason: report of senior warrant officer V.I. Dudareva with
attached documents.
UNIT COMMANDER 00000
Colonel E. Yakushin
Taking into account the above norms of the Manual on the registration of personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, we can conclude that in an administrative manner, i.e. by submitting a report and issuing an order from the commander of a military unit, only those of his relatives who are directly indicated in the Manual can be recognized as family members of a serviceman: these are disabled parents (adoptive parents) of a military serviceman, his brothers and sisters, as well as disabled parents of a wife (husband).
With regard to the recognition of other persons as family members of a serviceman, as well as in the absence of supporting documents, you can use the judicial procedure for establishing this fact. This possibility is expressly provided for in paragraph 2 of part 2 of Art. 264 Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.
Courts accept in cases where:
1) this fact gives rise to legal consequences, i.e. the emergence, change, termination of personal or property rights of citizens (for example, the right to receive a pension in connection with the death of the breadwinner; the right to medical care in military medical institutions, etc.). In this regard, civil procedural legislation contains a special requirement for an application to establish the fact of being dependent: an indication of the purpose of its establishment. If the fact that the applicant asks to establish has no legal significance, the judge has the right to refuse to accept the application;
2) the establishment of the fact of a dependent state is not connected with the subsequent resolution of the dispute on the right. In the order of special proceedings, the establishment of legal facts that give rise, change or terminate certain legal relations is considered. However, if, for example, a claim is made to recognize the fact of a dependent state of a deceased serviceman in order to resolve a dispute about inheritance, then it is not subject to consideration in the framework of special proceedings. In this case, a claim for the division of the inherited property must be filed and, within the framework of the action, the facts necessary to resolve the case must be established;
3) there is no other possibility, except in court, to establish the fact of a state of dependence. For example, a serviceman applied on this issue with a report to the commander, but he refused; or if the housing maintenance organization issued a certificate stating that, according to the data available to it, the person was not dependent on the deceased serviceman * (14).
An application for establishing the fact of being a dependent is submitted to the court at the place of residence of the applicant in the following approximate form:
To the Petrovsky District Court
Ivanovo region
from Dudarev Vladimir Ivanovich,
living at the address: Ivanovo region, Petrovsk, st.
Sovetskaya, d. 1, apt. 12
Interested persons:
Commander of the military unit 00000, Petrovsk, Ivanovo region;
Dudareva A.V., residing at the address: Ivanovo Region,
Petrovsk, st. Sovetskaya, d. 1, apt. 12
Application for establishing the fact of being dependent
I, Dudarev Vladimir Ivanovich, am doing military service under a contract in
military unit 00000 as foreman of the anti-aircraft missile
division.
Currently living with me: Dudarev's wife L.M., my mother
Dudareva A.D., born in 1935, my daughter Danilina Anna Vladimirovna,
Born in 1985, and her two children, my grandchildren - Ilya, 2005
birth, and Olga, born in 2008.
My grandchildren are dependent on me, since their mother, due to the fact
that grandson Ilya has been disabled since childhood, forced not to work, but
father of my grandchildren Danilin Gennady Ilyich in February 2009 for
committed a crime was sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 9 years, in
cannot provide material assistance to their children. AT
December 2009 marriage between Danilina A.V. and Danilin G.I. was
terminated.
In January 2010, I submitted a report to the commander of the military unit
on the inclusion of my grandchildren as persons dependent on me, in
column 21 of the track record of my personal file. However, in satisfaction
my report was denied with reference to the Manual on Personal Accounting
composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, approved by order
Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who does not have such an opportunity
provided.
Establishing the fact that my grandchildren are dependent is necessary
me to recognize them as members of my family. This will allow me to implement
my rights guaranteed by the Federal Law "On the status
military personnel", in full, including: the right to improve
living conditions, to receive compensation for cash expenses for
visiting children's grandchildren preschool institutions and other social
guarantees established by law for family members
military personnel.
In accordance with Article.Article. 264, 265, 268 Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation REQUEST:
establish the fact that my grandchildren are dependent on me:
Danilin Ilya Gennadievich, born in 2005, and Danilina Olga
Gennadievna, born in 2008.
Applications:
1. A copy of the birth certificate of Danilin I.G.
2. A copy of the birth certificate of Danilina O.G.
3. A copy of the birth certificate of Danilina A.V.
4. Copies of the passport of Danilina A.V.
5. A copy of the certificate of divorce between Danilin G.I. and
Danilina A.V.
6. A copy of the sentence of the Petrovsky District Court on the conviction of Danilin
G.I.
7. Extract from the house book on the composition of the family living at:
Ivanovo region, Petrovsk, st. Sovetskaya, d. 1, apt. 12.
8. Certificate of the ITU institution on disability Danilina I.G. and his
need for constant care.
9. Certificate of the social security authority on the amount of benefits,
appointed Danilin I.G., Danilina O.G.
10. A copy of the report to the commander of the military unit.
11. A copy of the commander's response to the report.
12. Receipt of payment of the state fee.
13. Copy of the application.
V. Dudarev
It should be noted that if the person, the fact of being dependent on whom it is necessary to establish, is capable, then he has the right to apply to the court with a statement. In this case, the serviceman participates in the case as an interested person.
In practice, such applications are most often filed with the court by interested persons in order to establish the fact of the dependent state of the deceased serviceman in order to exercise the right to pension provision. The statement in this case looks like this:
To the Petrovsky District Court
Ivanovo region
from Kalacheva Irina Ivanovna,
living at the address: Ivanovo region, Petrovsky district, d.
Sosnovka
Interested persons:
Military Commissariat of the Petrovsky District of the Ivanovo Region
(Petrovsk, Pushkin street, 14)
Application for establishing the fact of being dependent
I, Kalacheva Irina Ivanovna, born in 1940, since October 1995 and
I am currently disabled due to the achievement
retirement age.
All the indicated time I lived together with my grandson Kalachev
Igor Andreevich, a sergeant who served in the military under a contract,
who died on August 10, 2008 in the line of duty during
during the war in South Ossetia, and was dependent on him.
Being dependent on my grandson is confirmed by the fact that I have
I have no other relatives legally required to help me. My
son Kalachev A.V. and his wife Kalacheva M.N., the parents of my grandson, died
as a result of a traffic accident on September 15, 2005
I have no other children. Before being called up for military service, my grandson Kalachev
I.A. lived with me, helped me. During the military
services under the contract sent me monthly money in the amount of 5 to
10 thousand rubles, which were the main source of my existence,
since my pension is 4,200 rubles. per month.
Establishing the fact of being dependent is necessary for me to
granting a survivor's pension.
There are no other documents confirming the fact of my dependency.
available, it is impossible to obtain the proper documents in a different order.
There is no legal dispute.
In accordance with Article.Article. 262-268 Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation REQUEST:
establish the fact of finding me, Kalacheva Irina Ivanovna, from 15
September 2005 to August 10, 2008 dependent on Igor Kalachev
Aleksandrovich, who died on August 10, 2008.
Applications:
1. A copy of the death certificate of Kalachev I.A.
2. A copy of the death certificate of Kalachev A.V.
3. A copy of the death certificate of Kalacheva M.N.
4. Copies of notices of money transfers sent by Kalachev I.A.
for the period from January to August 2008.
5. Certificate of the branch of the Pension Fund of Russia on the amount of pension Kalacheva I.I.
6. Receipt of payment of the state fee.
7. Copy of the application.
On the basis of a court decision recognizing a person as a dependent of a serviceman in a military unit, an order must be issued to make an appropriate entry in the record of the serviceman's personal file.
Koryakin V.M., Skulakova O.V. Social guarantees provided to the families of military personnel. - "For the rights of military personnel", 2010
Labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner - this is a monthly payment assigned to the disabled dependents of the deceased (missing) breadwinner as a partial compensation for the assistance that served them as a permanent and main source of livelihood and was lost due to his death (missing).
The concept of "breadwinner" is not established by law. In resolving this issue, the territorial bodies of the PFR are guided by the RF IC.
Under survivor his death is understood, which must be confirmed by a death certificate issued by the civil registry authorities.
In the absence of a certificate, the fact of death may be established by the court in accordance with the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 45 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a citizen may be declared dead by a court if there is no information at his place of residence about his place of stay for five years. If he went missing under circumstances threatening death or giving reason to assume his death from a certain accident, then this period is reduced to six months. Such circumstances include catastrophes, natural disasters, etc.
A special period has been established for citizens missing in connection with hostilities. For such a person to be declared dead, at least two years must elapse from the date of the end of hostilities.
The day of death is the day the court decision comes into force. If a we are talking about a specific catastrophe, then the court may declare the day of death of a citizen the date of its occurrence.
In addition to death, the absence of a breadwinner has legal significance for acquiring the right to a labor pension. The court may make an appropriate decision if during the year at the place of his residence there is no information about the place of his stay. If it is impossible to establish the day of receipt of the latest information, the beginning of the calculation of the period necessary for making a decision is considered to be the first day of the month following the one in which the specified information was received, and if it is impossible to establish this month, the first day of the next year.
To be eligible for a retirement pension, a person must:
- 1) be a family member of the deceased breadwinner;
- 2) be disabled;
- 3) be dependent on the deceased breadwinner.
Establishing the degree of kinship is carried out according to the norms of family law. Adopted children, as well as stepsons and stepdaughters, have the right to a pension on equal grounds with their own children.
In addition to natural (adopted) children, the circle of family members for pension purposes includes the spouse, parents, grandfather, grandmother of the deceased breadwinner, as well as his sisters, brothers and grandchildren.
It is important to note that the brothers, sisters and grandchildren of the deceased breadwinner acquire the right to a pension only if they do not have able-bodied parents who are legally required to support them. According to Art. 71 of the RF IC, deprivation of parental rights does not relieve parents from the obligation to support their children. Serving a sentence in places of deprivation of liberty also does not relieve parents from this obligation.
The concept of "disability" covers such heterogeneous phenomena as:
- - presumption of incapacity for work by age - minors under 18 years of age (students under 23 years of age) and after reaching 60 years for men, 55 years for women;
- - Disability of one of the three groups;
- - inability to practice labor activity in connection with the need to care for children, brothers, sisters or grandchildren of the deceased breadwinner who have not reached the age of 14 years.
Disability must occur before the death of the breadwinner or before the court declares him dead or missing.
The student category includes family members under the age of 23 who are enrolled in full-time in educational institutions of all types and kinds, regardless of the legal form and form of ownership, including in foreign countries located outside the territory of the Russian Federation, if the referral for study was made on the basis of an international agreement. When studying in the former republics of the USSR, the right to a pension is retained. If a citizen studies in a foreign educational institution on his own initiative, i.e. without being sent to study in accordance with an international treaty of the Russian Federation, he loses the right to a labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner.
Organizations are an exception. additional education, which include advanced training courses, vocational guidance centers, music and art schools, stations young technicians and naturalists, etc. Education in them does not give the right to a labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner.
An educational organization is considered to be a non-profit organization that, on the basis of a license, carries out educational activities, i.e. training in one or more educational programs and (or) providing maintenance and education.
Type and kind educational organization determined by its statute.
Legal significance is not attached to the type or species educational institution, a form of education, because according to Art. 9 of the Law on Labor Pensions, only students are included in the circle of disabled family members full-time learning. Receiving education in part-time or full-time part-time (evening) form of education does not give the right to a pension, even if the student does not actually work. Cadets of higher education are not considered students. educational institutions The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Ministry of Defense of Russia, since they are military personnel.
With regard to family members caring for minor family members of the deceased breadwinner, they acquire the right to this type of labor pension only if they are not working, i.e. are not in an employment relationship. Example. The wife of the deceased breadwinner is on leave to care for a child up to one and a half years. While on leave, she remains employed under an employment contract and is therefore not entitled to a pension.
Assigning a pension to several family members for the care of the same person is not allowed.
Disabled members of the family of the deceased breadwinner are entitled to a pension, who were dependent on him. Members of the family of the deceased are considered to be dependent on him if they were on his full support or received from him assistance that was for them permanent and basic source of livelihood. The assessment of the actual assistance of the deceased breadwinner is carried out by the territorial bodies of the PFR on the basis of available documents (for example, certificates from housing authorities or municipal authorities on cohabitation, certificates of income of family members, receipts for postal orders, etc.). In the absence of documents, the fact of dependence can be established by the court.
As an example, case No. 75-G02-16 on the establishment of the fact of dependence can be cited, in which on September 30, 2002 the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation issued the following ruling.
The applicant applied to the court with a claim to establish the fact that Kh.I. was dependent. A. In the period from December 30, 1965 to April 24, 2002, she was in a registered marriage with him, and since 1993 she has been unable to work due to retirement due to age.
Until April 24, 2002 (that is, until his death), she lived permanently with her husband, received assistance from him, which was her permanent and main income. Establishing the fact of being dependent is necessary for her to assign a survivor's pension.
At the hearing found confirmation of the fact that Kh.A. P. and H.I. A. lived as one family and ran a joint household. The family's budget consisted of the applicant's pension and Kh.I. A. It has been established that the amount of the applicant's pension in April 2002 was 1,482 rubles, which is confirmed by a certificate issued by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in Petrozavodsk. According to information received from the Supreme Court of the Republic of Karelia, Kh.I. A. was a retired judge and received a monthly life allowance in the amount of 85% of the judge's salary, which, according to data for April 2002, amounted to 14,255 rubles. From the presented data it can be seen that the means of Kh.I. A. is almost ten times the amount of the applicant's pension.
Since the applicant and her husband lived together, the court correctly stated in its judgment that constant source their means of subsistence (including the applicant's) was the maintenance of the deceased for life. Taking into account the applicant’s state of health: since 1984, she has been registered with the Republican Oncological Dispensary, annually undergoes a dispensary examination in connection with an oncological disease, needs constant medication and an annual purchase of a breast prosthesis, which is confirmed by the documents submitted (certificates from ROD RK, Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Petrozavodsk Prosthetic and Orthopedic Enterprise", prescription and bills for medicines and prosthesis), the court correctly concluded that in the particular case, these circumstances indicate that she was dependent on her husband.
The length of the dependency is generally irrelevant. An exception is provided for the stepfather and stepmother. They acquire the right to a pension if they have raised or supported a deceased stepson or stepdaughter for at least five years.
Dependence of children (including adopted children) is assumed and does not require proof. For example, for pension provision, it does not matter that the father lived separately from the children and did not actually provide them with any assistance, that the child was born after the death of the father, or that the mother of the child died during childbirth, etc.
But children who are declared fully capable must confirm the fact of dependency. A minor child who has reached the age of 16 may be declared fully capable if he works under an employment contract or is engaged in entrepreneurial activity with the consent of the parents, adoptive parents or guardian. In the presence of the consent of both parents (adoptive parents or guardian), the declaration of the child as fully capable (emancipation) is carried out by the decision of the guardianship and guardianship authority, and in its absence - by court decision (clause 1, article 27 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
If the death of the breadwinner occurred as a result of the commission of a criminal offense by his dependent, then such a dependent does not have the right to a labor pension. He can only be assigned a social pension.
The subject of the pension legal relationship in case of loss of a breadwinner is the family as a whole, but first the right to it of each family member individually is determined.
Only a few are able to really realize that AC and DC are somehow different. Not to mention naming specific differences. The purpose of this article is to explain the main characteristics of these physical quantities in terms understandable to people without technical knowledge, as well as to provide some basic concepts related to this issue.
Difficulties of visualization
Most people have no difficulty understanding concepts such as "pressure", "quantity" and "flow", because in their Everyday life they run into them all the time. For example, it is easy to understand that increasing the flow when watering flowers will increase the amount of water coming out of the garden hose, while increasing the water pressure will make it move faster and with more force.
Electrical terms such as "voltage" and "current" are usually difficult to understand because you cannot see or feel the electricity moving through cables and electrical circuits. Even for a novice electrician, it is extremely difficult to visualize what is happening at the molecular level or even clearly understand what an electron is, for example. This particle is beyond the human sensory capabilities, it cannot be seen and cannot be touched, except when a certain amount of them does not pass through the human body. Only then will the victim definitely feel them and experience what is usually called an electric shock.
However, exposed cables and wires seem completely harmless to most people only because they can't see the electrons just waiting to take the path of least resistance, which is usually ground.
Analogy
It's understandable why most people can't visualize what's going on inside ordinary conductors and cables. Trying to explain that something moves through metal goes against the grain. common sense. Actually basic level electricity is not so different from water, so its basic concepts are quite easy to master when compared electrical circuit with plumbing system. The main difference between water and electricity is that the former fills something if it manages to escape from the pipe, while the latter needs a conductor to move the electrons. Visualizing the piping system makes it easier for most to understand the technical terminology.
tension as pressure
Voltage is very similar to the pressure of electrons and indicates how fast and with what force they move through a conductor. These physical quantities are equivalent in many respects, including their relation to the strength of the conduit-cable. Just as too much pressure ruptures a pipe, too much voltage destroys or pierces the shielding of a conductor.
current as flow
Current is the flow of electrons, indicating how many of them move along the cable. The higher it is, the more electrons pass through the conductor. Just as large amounts of water require thicker pipes, high currents require thicker cables.
The use of the water loop model makes it possible to explain many other terms. For example, power generators can be thought of as water pumps, and an electrical load can be thought of as a water mill that requires water flow and pressure to spin. Even electronic diodes can be thought of as water valves that only allow water to flow in one direction.
D.C
What is the difference between direct and alternating current, it becomes clear already from the name. The first is the movement of electrons in one direction. It is very easy to visualize it using the water loop model. It is enough to imagine that water flows through the pipe in one direction. Common devices that produce direct current are solar cells, batteries, and dynamos. Almost any device can be designed to be powered by such a source. This is the almost exclusive prerogative of low voltage and portable electronics.
Direct current is quite simple, and obeys Ohm's law: U = I × R. It is measured in watts and is equal to: P = U × I.
Because of simple equations and the behavior of direct current is relatively easy to comprehend. The first power transmission systems developed by Thomas Edison back in the 19th century used only it. However, the difference in AC and DC soon became apparent. The transmission of the latter over considerable distances was accompanied by large losses, so after a few decades it was replaced by a more profitable (then) system developed by Nikola Tesla.
While commercial power grids across the planet now use AC, the irony is that advances in technology have made the transmission of high voltage DC over very long distances and under extreme loads more efficient. Which, for example, is used when connecting separate systems, such as entire countries or even continents. This is another difference between AC and DC. However, the former is still used in low voltage commercial networks.
Direct and alternating current: the difference in production and use
Whereas alternating current is much easier to produce with a generator using kinetic energy, batteries can only create direct current. Therefore, the latter dominates in power circuits for low-voltage devices and electronics. Batteries can only be charged with DC, so mains AC is rectified when the battery is the main part of the system.
A common example would be any vehicle - motorcycle, car and truck. The generator installed on them creates alternating current, which is instantly converted to direct current using a rectifier, since there is a battery in the power supply system, and most electronics require constant voltage to work. solar cells and fuel cells also produce only direct current, which can then, if necessary, be converted to alternating current using a device called an inverter.
Direction of travel
This is another example of the difference between DC and AC. As the name suggests, the latter is a stream of electrons that constantly changes its direction. With late XIX For centuries, nearly all domestic and industrial electrical systems throughout the world have used sinusoidal alternating current, because it is easier to obtain and much cheaper to distribute, except in very few cases of transmission over long distances, when power losses force the use of the latest high-voltage direct current systems.
AC has another great advantage: it allows energy to be returned from the point of consumption back to the grid. This is very advantageous in buildings and structures that produce more energy than they consume, which is quite possible when using alternative sources such as solar panels and The fact that alternating current allows a bidirectional flow of energy is the main reason for the popularity and availability of alternative power sources. .
Frequency
When it comes to the technical level, unfortunately, it becomes difficult to explain how AC works, because the water circuit model does not quite fit it. However, it is possible to visualize a system in which water rapidly changes direction of flow, although it is not clear how it would do anything useful in doing so. Alternating current and voltage constantly change their direction. The rate of change depends on the frequency (measured in hertz) and is typically 50 Hz for domestic electrical networks. This means that voltage and current change direction 50 times per second. Calculating the active component in sinusoidal systems is quite simple. It is enough to divide their peak value by √2.
When alternating current changes direction 50 times per second, this means that incandescent bulbs turn on and off 50 times per second. The human eye cannot see this, and the brain simply believes that the lighting is on all the time. This is another difference between AC and DC.
Vector mathematics
Current and voltage are not only constantly changing - their phases do not match (they are not synchronized). The vast majority of AC power loads cause phase differences. This means that even for the most simple calculations you need to use vector math. When working with vectors, it is impossible to simply add, subtract, or perform any other operations of scalar mathematics. With direct current, if one cable feeds 5A to some point, and 2A to the other, then the result is 7A. In the case of a variable, this is not the case, because the result will depend on the direction of the vectors.
Power factor
The active power of an AC powered load can be calculated using the simple formula P = U × I × cos(φ) where φ is the angle between voltage and current, cos(φ) is also called the power factor. This is how direct and alternating current differ: the first cos (φ) is always equal to 1. Active power is needed (and paid for) by residential and industrial consumers, but it is not equal to the complex passing through the conductors (cables) to the load, which can be is calculated using the formula S = U × I and is measured in volt-amperes (VA).
The difference between direct and alternating current in calculations is obvious - they become more complex. Even the simplest calculations require at least a mediocre knowledge of vector mathematics.
Welders
The difference between direct and alternating current also manifests itself in welding. The polarity of the arc has a great influence on its quality. Electrode-positive welding penetrates deeper than electrode-negative, but the latter accelerates the deposition of metal. With direct current, the polarity is always constant. With alternating, it changes 100 times per second (at 50 Hz). Welding at a constant is preferable, as it is more even. The difference between AC and DC welding is that in the first case, the movement of electrons is interrupted for a fraction of a second, which leads to pulsation, instability and arc failure. This type of welding is rarely used, for example, to eliminate arc wandering in the case of large diameter electrodes.