On June 23, 1927, in a shootout with OGPU officers near the Dretun station near Polotsk, a participant in the First World War and the Civil War, a political activist of the white movement, one of the leaders of the ROVS Combat Organization, a scout, Zakharchenko, Maria Vladislavovna Schultz, died - a woman of extraordinary fate! In 33 years of her life, she fit many heroic deeds. She performed most of her feats in secret, but even what we know causes genuine admiration.
Masha was born in 1893 on an estate in the Penza province. in the family of state councilor Lysov. She graduated from the Smolny Institute, married a Lieutenant of the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno, but in 1914 her husband died from severe wounds received in battle. In the spring of 1915, she was enrolled as a volunteer in the 5th squadron of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment under the name of Andrei Mikhno, fought bravely and desperately (she was awarded two St. George's crosses and a medal for courage). In the autumn of 1917, after the Bolshevik coup, she returned to her estate, hiding volunteer officers at her place. She had a whole system of transferring White Guards with carts going east for salt, and with her faithful old maid she personally checked this road. In the thickets of her Penza garden and under the stairs in the closet of the wing, many, many officers who fled from the Bolshevik bullet found shelter and help. Incidentally, General Rozanov, later Kolchak's chief of staff, was also transported across the front. She remarried the former captain of the 15th Ulansky Tatar Regiment Zakharchenko, together with him she made her way to the Kuban, fought in the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in the Crimea, was seriously wounded in the chest, and had typhus. And a new loss: in the battles near Kakhovka, the commander of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Zakharchenko, died of blood poisoning. The furious avenger received the nickname "Mad Mary" from the Reds. They say that she personally machine-gunned captured commissars and Chekists. With the army of Wrangel, she went to Turkey, was in the Gallipoli camp. She married a friend of her youth, life ranger, captain Georgy Nikolaevich Radkovich. At the end of September 1923, together with her husband, she secretly crossed the Soviet-Estonian border and arrived in Petrograd under the surname Schultz, later - in Moscow under the surname Krasnoshtanov (she also had everything in order with humor). In the Central Market, she and her husband opened a tent selling small consumer goods; to strengthen confidence in the monarchist organization "Trust", she was offered secretarial and cipher work: the mail sent by the "Trust" now went through her. She crossed the border several times through the "window", was in Finland, Poland, Paris, met with Kutepov.
At the beginning of June 1927 - after the April scandal with the failure and debunking of the "Trust", Maria Vladislavovna's group committed an unsuccessful arson of the KGB hostel on Malaya Lubyanka, house 3/6. The attempt ended in failure - the terrorists were discovered by the guards before everything was prepared for sabotage. It was not possible to activate the mine, only one melinite bomb managed to explode, which caused a fire, which was easily extinguished. They are tried to go abroad, but On June 23, 1927, in the forest near the village of Sitno near the Dretun station of the Moscow-Belarusian-Baltic railway, Maria and her colleague Yuri took the last battle with the Red Army and committed suicide, not wanting to surrender.
As one of the eyewitnesses to the death of Zakharchenko-Schultz, a Red Army soldier who was present at the shooting range at that moment, reported:
"At the opposite edge of the forest, in the interval between the targets, a man and a woman stand side by side, each holding a revolver in their hands. They raise their revolvers up. The woman turns to us, shouts: - For Russia! - and shoots herself in the temple. The man also shoots ", but in the mouth. Both fall. ... I saw this heroine again two hours later. In a modest gray dress, she lay right on the ground near the headquarters of our regiment. Below average height. Middle-aged. Brown hair. Deathly pale face, pointed nose, closed eyes. Barely noticeable breathing. Unconscious."
Not so long ago in the Russian Federation, the Soviet multi-part film "Operation Trust" was once again shown on television. This picture, recognized as one of the classic films of Soviet cinema, was filmed in 1967 based on the well-known novel by Stalin Prize laureate L.V. Nikulin "Dead swell", who sang the "exploits" of the Cheka - OGPU in the fight against the White emigration and the White underground in the USSR. Of course, we are not going to engage in criticism of the film "Operation" Trust ", as well as criticism of the novel "Dead Swell", of course. Both works were "ideologically consistent" and, shamelessly distorting historical facts, pursued quite specific propaganda goals. Naturally, all Chekists and their provocateurs were portrayed there as noble, intelligent, kind and fearless patriots; Kutepovites and other anti-communists are vicious and vicious enemies, or even just criminals and degenerates. But here's a paradox: even in this KGB series, the sympathy and sympathy of the audience somehow involuntarily aroused the image of Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz, the leader of the Kutepov militants in sub-Soviet Russia. In "Operation" Trust ", the role of Maria Zakharchenko was played in her own way by the brilliant actress Lyudmila Kasatkina. But it was not so much the indisputable talent of the Soviet film actress, but something else: the very image of a beautiful, charming and intelligent Russian woman, a patriot, with a tiny group of like-minded officers rushing into an incredibly risky battle against the huge army of the OGPU, simply could not leave the audience indifferent. Any complete and reliable biography of Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz, unfortunately, has not yet been written by anyone). Meanwhile, the name of this amazing Russian woman still does not leave the pages of numerous books and articles on the history of the Great and Civil Wars, the Russian White emigration and, especially, the history of the infamous Operation Trust. However, this situation is easily explained: neither the leaders of the ROVS (for one reason), nor the leaders of the Soviet special services (for others) were interested in making the details of the biography of the legendary heroine of the White movement public for a long time. The first to tell in the press about the unprecedented (really unprecedented!) feat of life of Maria Zakharchenko was the talented Russian publicist Nikolai Alexandrovich Tsurikov, well-known in exile) - a person very close to the work of the Russian All-Military Union. We have good reason to believe that this article was written at the personal request of General A. P. Kutepov (at that time - the main leader of the "special work"), based on secret materials provided by the general to the journalist. Alas, the publicist could not yet fully use them to write a biography of the Russian heroine. “From what is in the material transmitted to me,” wrote the first biographer of Maria Zakharchenko, “I can convey, perhaps, only half ... Talk about the life of M.V. before the start of her combat, revolutionary work for one reason, and talk about details of how this work proceeded in Russia, according to others - it does not seem possible now ... "Indeed, reading a brilliant article by N.A. Tsurikov in 1927, you are convinced that the author deliberately keeps silent about many things, keeps silent, and, perhaps, sometimes deliberately "makes mistakes" (to confuse the OGPU workers, who undoubtedly also read and analyzed this material). Only later, when it became possible to remove the veil of secrecy, did more detailed information about Maria Zakharchenko appear in the emigrant press, but, unfortunately, also leaving many "blank spots" in the biography of the Russian heroine. What do we really know about her?
SMOLYANKA
Masha Lysova (that was her maiden name) was born on December 9, 1893 in the family of a real state councilor) Vladislav Gerasimovich Lysov. According to N.A. Tsurikov, Masha lost her mother very early: she died shortly after the birth of her daughter. Masha spent the first years of her life in the city of Penza and the Penza province, in her parents' estate. She received her initial education at home, and then was sent to study in St. Petersburg, at the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens - the best educational institution in Russia for girls from noble families. Study and life at the institute have always been very strict. But the reputation of Smolensk women is well known: a brilliant education, excellent upbringing; the best pupils upon graduation from the institute could be assigned to the service of the Court. The name of Maria Vladislavovna Lysova can be found in the list of Smolensk women among forty-five graduates of the Imperial Educational Society for Noble Maidens in 1911 (79th edition). At the age of about twenty, she married an officer of the L.-Gds. Semyonovsky regiment Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno. The young couple settled at 54 Zagorodny Prospekt, where most of the family and single officers of the regiment lived in state-owned apartments.) But the relatively serene life of the regimental lady of one of the most privileged regiments of the Imperial Guard was very short: World War I soon broke out. In August 1914, Captain Mikhno was sent to the front with the regiment as head of the cavalry reconnaissance team.6) In the same year, seriously wounded, he died in the arms of his young wife. And now, she is already a heartbroken widow with a tiny, just born child in her arms. This loss shocked the young twenty-two-year-old woman, but she did not lose heart: the answer to the death of a loved one was the decision to voluntarily go to the front - into the ranks, in order to replace her dead husband with arms in hand. At that time, in the Russian Army, a woman in the military ranks was an exceptional case, almost unprecedented since the time of the famous "cavalry girl", cornet N.A. Durova. It was only later, in 1917, during the Kerensky period, that "exotic" women's shock battalions and separate women's communications teams would begin to form in the ranks of the decaying Russian Army. But in 1914, it was hard to even imagine a woman in the regimental ranks! Any military commander would, of course, respond to such a request from a young lady with surprise and a categorical refusal. At best, one could count on the position of a sister of mercy ... And then the recent Smolensk woman decides to resort to the help of Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (1895 - 1918) - the eldest August Daughter of Emperor Nicholas II. Back in 1909, the Sovereign appointed Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna as chief of the 3rd Yelisavetgrad Hussar Regiment. It was a great honor for the army regiment, and the residents of Elisavetgrad were proud of such patronage.
"... We are not foil hussars,
Each of us is cast damask steel,
We protect the name of Olga,
White mentic and standard.
In the field of battle, in the field of honor
The name of Olga is law to us ... "
So it was sung in the "Regimental Song of the Elisavetgrad Hussars". For her part, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna loved her regiment, took an interest in its life and gave it every attention. During the war, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, like other August Daughters of Emperor Nicholas II, was in Petrograd and selflessly cared for the wounded, but did not lose contact with her regiment. A young widow turned to her, as well as to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, with an unusual request - to appoint her to the 3rd Hussar Elisavetgradsky E.I. High V. Princess Olga Nikolaevna volunteer regiment. The Empress asked the Sovereign, and he, showing attention, ordered the Minister of War, Adjutant General, Cavalry General V.A. Sukhomlinov to make the appropriate order, which was executed ... Having overcome all the numerous obstacles and formalities, Maria Vladislavovna leaves the child in the care of loved ones and in 1915 joins the 3rd Hussar Elisavetgradsky E.I. High V. Princess Olga Nikolaevna regiment.
IN THE RANKS OF THE ELISAVETGRAD HUSSARS
From the very beginning of the Great War, the Elisavetgrad hussars took part in the battles in East Prussia, in the spring of 1915 they fought in Lithuania. Maria Vladislavovna Mikhno arrived in the regiment in the early spring of 1915. Immediately she was enrolled in the fifth squadron of captain P.P. Butt under the name of the volunteer Andrey Mikhno. Subsequently, already in exile, one of Marie Vladislavovna's fellow soldiers, staff captain B.N. Arkhipov, speaking of her first steps at the front, will write: “Maria Vladislavovna did not ride badly like a man, but, of course, she never studied weapons and intelligence: it means that from a combat point of view she was useless. at night, the presence of a young woman disguised as a hussar was very embarrassing for officers and soldiers. The regiment commander would not mind getting rid of such a volunteer, but he was confirmed that everything was done at the personal request of the Sovereign Emperor. I had to come to terms with a fait accompli. " But soon Maria Mikhno, who at first was so skeptical in the regiment, managed to prove that her arrival at the front was not a whim of a young eccentric lady who received the patronage of Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna and the Sovereign himself. She went to war for real. As one of her biographers testified, there was nothing sham, nothing masquerade, nothing from "theatrical dressing" in this woman. Always modest, exceptionally tactful, she somehow knew how not to lose her femininity even in the midst of the most terrible military suffering. But at the same time, she was given something else: she boldly went to meet any danger, and this attracted others, she knew how to subjugate people and lead them along. Not only the officers of the regiment, but also the soldiers, in whom female volunteers often caused, if not outright hostility, then laughter, they were surprised at her, respected and seriously honored her. spent in the ranks of the regiment, being constantly in combat affairs, M. V. Mikhno learned everything that was required from a combatant hussar, and could compete on equal terms with men, distinguished by fearlessness, especially in intelligence. division (it happened in November), at night she led her detachment to the rear of a German company. The Germans were killed, the survivors were taken prisoner. During another reconnaissance, Maria Vladislavovna, who was accompanied by two soldiers, came across a German outpost. The enemy opened fire. One of the soldiers was killed, another was wounded. But Maria Vladislavovna, herself wounded, under terrible fire, managed to carry her bleeding comrade in her arms.
And here is another combat episode that happened to Maria Vladislavovna, by that time she had already been promoted to non-commissioned officer. In 1916, in Dobruja, the fifth squadron of the Elisavetgrd hussars, under the command of Staff Captain von Baumgarten, occupied a Bulgarian village. Riding a horse into a yard, Maria Vladislavovna unexpectedly ran into a Bulgarian infantry soldier and began to shout at him in such a frantic voice that the soldier was confused, threw down his rifle and raised his hands. Then he was very embarrassed when he found out that he had been taken prisoner by a woman ... During the Great War, two St. George Crosses and medals "For Courage" adorned the chest of this small, outwardly very fragile woman ... In fact, only this page of her biography - a feat on the front of the Great War - it would be enough for us today, in the year of the 75th anniversary of the death of Maria Zakharchenko, to respectfully remember the name of this Russian heroine. But the Lord determined for her to go the whole way. Until the end ... At the turn of 1916 - 1917, the 3rd Hussar Elisavetgradsky E.I. High V. Princess Olga Nikolaevna, the regiment was withdrawn from the front to rest and at the end of January 1917 stood in Bessarabia. Here he found the tragic events of February. "The revolution in the regiment was accepted with restraint," Colonel A. Ryabinin, one of the Elisavetgrad officers, testified, "the relations between the officers and the hussars were quite good. Discipline was maintained." The Elisavetgraders were one of the very few units of the Russian Army that retained relative discipline in their ranks to the end, and, on the whole, did not succumb to revolutionary moods. Only at Christmas 1918, having put on their magnificent dress uniform and never recognized Bolshevik power, the hussars began to leave the regiment in large groups. Then the regiment and all the officers left. The commander of the regiment, Colonel Takaev, with several officers tried to get into the Volunteer Army, but on the way they were arrested and shot, other officers managed to get to the south of Russia and take part in the White Struggle.
IN THE FIRE OF CIVIL WAR
After the Bolshevik coup and the collapse of the front, Maria Vladislavovna returned to her homeland - to her parents' estate in the Penza province. At that time, the Penza land presented a terrible picture: in the city of Penza, crowds maddened by "freedom" robbed shops, in the villages they burned landowners' estates. And everywhere they killed - senselessly, mercilessly and with impunity. So, in those very days, on the station square, a captain passing through Penza was killed by lynching because he had not yet taken off his shoulder straps. After that, having stripped the officer to the naked, with a boom and laughter, the "revolutionaries" dragged his corpse along the snow of Moscow Street - up and down. The old Penza landowner Lukina, along with her daughter, the Bolshevik peasants at a village meeting decided to kill and ... beaten with stakes. Then they killed the landowner Skripkin in his own estate, and then "for fun" they pushed his naked corpse into a barrel of sauerkraut. And all this with laughter - "now our power! People's!" And how many more such episodes did the Penza land and all of Russia see in those "cursed days"?.. The famous émigré writer R.B. Gul, a fellow countryman of Maria Vladislavovna, wrote in his chronicle "The Red Horse": "On the same days, with a detachment of some desperate youth, the girl Maria Vladislavovna Lysova, the future famous white terrorist Zakharchenko-Schultz, who returned from the front, rode on horseback in the Penza district, setting fire to villages taking revenge on the peasants for the murders of landlords and the destruction of estates. Something similar, and even with the addition of "details", can be read in the article of the staff captain Arkhipov already mentioned above, and after him in the works of other authors who wrote about Maria Zakharchenko. But here an explanation is needed. Indeed, having returned from the front to her homeland, and having found a picture of general collapse and robbery there, Maria Vladislavovna, at her own peril and risk, set about creating a partisan detachment, attracting young students into its ranks. There was not a single officer in this detachment. According to some informed sources, there were no "arson of villages", as well as horse raids on rebellious villages. The fact is that the detachment of Maria Mikhno never left the formation stage, and therefore he simply could not take part in any military affairs or punitive operations against the pogromists. About this period of the life of Maria Vladislavovna, her biographers speak very sparingly. It is only clear that the attempt to form a partisan detachment, in all likelihood, was unsuccessful, and Maria Vladislavovna left Penza. And then, finding herself in the rear of the Red Army, she finds out that somewhere the White Army is fighting the Bolsheviks. This news gives her strength. And again, on his own initiative, "with the help of only one old maid," N.A. Tsurikov, - Maria Vladislavovna organizes a serious and extremely risky business. She shelters volunteer officers and secretly helps them to make their way into the ranks of the White troops. In fact, this was her first serious experience of underground work in the rear of the Bolsheviks. According to N.A. Tsurikov, this work, which had great results, Maria Vladislavovna stopped only after being discovered ... At this time, she meets her former friend, an officer of the 15th Tatar Lancers Regiment Zakharchenko, and in the spring of 1918 she marries him. Soon the Zakharchenko couple makes their way to the Kuban and joins the Volunteer Army. However, it seems that before the Zakharchenkos made their way into the area of operation of the Volunteer Army, they had to visit Persia and go through many dangerous adventures on their way to the south of Russia. Some biographers specify their route: Moscow - Tehran, then through Kurdistan to Mesopotamia to the British, then through the Persian Gulf, Suez and Bosphorus - to Armenia. Other biographers describe the journey of the Zakharchenko spouses to the White Army in a different way: "from Persia through India on an English steamer." One way or another, Maria Vladislavovna again finds herself in a cavalry saddle, again at the front. Here, new military exploits awaited her, a new severe wound in the chest, typhus, frostbitten hands and feet, and a new heavy loss: near the Monastery (near Kakhovka), her second husband, the commander of the 2nd cavalry regiment, Colonel Zakharchenko, died of blood poisoning ... After evacuation of the Russian Army, Lieutenant General, Baron P.N. Wrangel from the Crimea, Maria Vladislavovna ended up in Gallipoli. Wanderings began in foreign countries. But even in a foreign land, she did not lose heart: a new stage in her life was coming - the Combat Organization of General Kutepov.
IN THE KUTEPOVSKAYA ORGANIZATION
The combat organization of General Kutepov (or the Kutepov organization) originated in exile in the early 1920s. It was a small, highly conspiratorial structure, consisting of selfless Russian patriots, those who, having gone to a foreign land, did not lay down their arms and voluntarily chose for themselves the dangerous path of underground and combat work in the USSR. The Kutepov organization was entrusted with the task of establishing and maintaining links between the White emigration and internal Russian anti-communist groups, committing terrorist acts against the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, the Cheka - the OGPU, etc. The main goal of the Kutepovites was to prepare an armed anti-Bolshevik uprising in Russia. The White officers and volunteers, hardened in the battles of the Civil War, joined the ranks of the Kutepov militants, but there were also a lot of desperate Russian patriotic youth in it - yesterday's high school students and cadets. And at the head of one of the militant groups is a fragile woman. Maria Zakharchenko joined the ranks of General Kutepov's organization, probably one of the first. In October 1923, on the instructions of General Kutepov, she illegally crossed the Soviet-Estonian border at great risk and returned to her homeland. Together with her, her closest colleague in the Kutepov organization, a former life huntsman, captain Georgy Nikolaevich Radkovich (1898 - 1928), who became her third husband, left for the USSR. With documents in the name of the spouses Schultz, Maria Vladislavovna and Georgy Nikolayevich had to make their way to Petrograd, and then to Moscow to carry out a special task for General Kutepov. This last and, probably, the most dangerous and heroic period in the life of Maria Vladislavovna is eloquently evidenced by the few records left by her associates - Kutepov officers. One of them, V. I. Volkov, dedicated the following lines to Maria Zakharchenko in his notebook: “It’s amazing all the same: at the head of the combat groups is a small, fragile woman! And she, like no one else, knew how to choose and select people for work, and her "school" was the only and never, of course, unique training in conditions of incredibly and irresistibly difficult, inhuman difficulties. She is a legend even for us! A terrible and beautiful Russian fairy tale! In her fate is the fate of a Russian woman and a Russian anti-Bolshevik. " Another Kutepovite officer, Alexander Alexandrovich Anisimov, said with admiration: “When we, two of her companions, asked to rest, Maria Vladislavovna told us:“ How do you men get tired soon ... And this was the third day of uninterrupted walking through the swamps ... " But the evidence left by the famous political figure V. V. Shulgin, who “secretly” visited the USSR in 1926 and met Maria Vladislavovna there: “According to her cards, taken in her youth, she was a pretty woman, not to say beautiful. She was a little taller than average, with delicate features, she experienced a lot, and her face, of course, bore the seal of all trials, but the woman was hardy and absolutely exceptional energy ... I had to have frank conversations with Maria Vladislavovna Once she told me: “I am getting old. I feel that this is my last strength. I invested everything in the Trust, if it breaks, I will not live. It is probably unnecessary to talk about what "Operation" Trust "was." Dozens, maybe even hundreds of books and articles have been written about this notorious provocation by the INO VChK-OGPU. Let us make just one important remark here. The Chekists have always tried to present "Trust" as their most successful operation, as a result of which they allegedly achieved complete success in the fight against the activism of the White emigration. According to the KGB officers, the operation "Trust" was subsequently "always studied in the closed educational institutions of the NKVD - NKGB - MGB as a classic." In reality, "Trust" ended not with success, but with a serious failure of the Chekists! Yes, "Trust" brought a lot of evil to the Russian National Cause. But in April 1927, unexpectedly for the leadership of the OGPU, the provocation was exposed, and all the Russian intelligence officers who were in the USSR at that moment safely slipped out from under the very nose of the enemy, and then intensified terrorist activities - this was what the Kremlin feared most of all. management. For the failure of the "Trust", its main organizer - Chekist A. Artuzov - received a penalty instead of an award, and then was demoted. Subsequently, trying to somehow camouflage their major failure, the Chekists began to assert (and are still doing this) that the collapse of the "Trust" was supposedly ... beneficial to the Soviet side! In fact, the bloody office of V. Menzhinsky was in a panic, since since April 1927 it had lost all ability to restrain the work of the Kutepovskaya military organization, and the intelligence of the ROVS, having drawn the appropriate conclusions from the story with the "Trust", radically changed the methods of its work in the sub-Soviet Russia - instead of relying on dubious internal Russian organizations and groups, the ROVS began to rely only on its own agents.
"TYRANO-KILL SHOTS"
Today, when terrorism has become one of the terrible scourges of the modern world, someone may have a question: how justified were the terrorist methods of the struggle of the Kutepovites against the Soviet regime? Wouldn't it be legitimate to put General Kutepov and the members of his combat organization on a par with some modern baaders, radevs and baraevs? Quite precisely, as it seems to us, the Russian writer Gul answered this question - a person very far from sympathy for the ROVS and any active White organizations. Gul, as he himself later stated, could not bear the bloodshed of the Civil War, in which "a Russian man had to kill a Russian man." This position of his led to the fact that he left the ranks of the Volunteer Army at the very beginning of the Civil War, and then, in exile, wrote an "anti-war book", highly appreciated by the patriarch of Soviet literature M. Gorky and repeatedly reprinted in the USSR. So, Gul, being a hater of fratricidal bloodshed, writes: “I sympathize with the shots in the Kremlin, at the Borovitsky Gate, on the limousines of the Tyrants. V. Volodarsky, who became a grandee-terrorist of Bolshevik Petrograd. I fully understood the murder of Voikov by Boris Koverda, and Vorovsky Konradi. I sympathized with the attempt of Fanny Kaplan on the "brilliant gorilla" - Lenin, with all my heart, and I regret that she did not kill him, than saved him not only Russia, but all of humanity. How could Count Stauffenberg save Germany by killing Hitler. All these Russian shots did not look like shots of some half-mad German terrorist Baader. No, Russian shots were not terror, but resistance to terror ... They were tyrannical shots." Not at "workers and peasants", as Soviet propaganda claimed, the bullets of Kutepov's militants were directed, not at "accidental victims", but at communists and Chekists - the direct tormentors of the Russian people, organizers and conductors of the Red Terror. For not against their own people, the comrades-in-arms of General Kutepov fought, but together with the people - here and there, raising the banners of anti-communist uprisings inside the country - for the liberation of Russia!
"FOR RUSSIA!"
In late May - early June 1927, several groups of Kutepov fighters crossed the Soviet-Finnish border and headed deep into the USSR. One of them, heading to the then Leningrad, was headed by Captain Viktor Aleksandrovich Larionov of the Markov artillery brigade. Another group was commanded by Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz. Moscow was her target. With Maria Zakharchenko, two more militants went on this mission: twenty-two-year-old Yuri Sergeevich Peters and Alexander (Eduard) Ottovich Opperput. None of the members of this last group came back... What happened to the members of the "Moscow group"? It is known from open Soviet sources that a trio of militants managed to arrive in Moscow and plant a melinite bomb weighing four kilograms in house number 3/6 on Malaya Lubyanka. Not many people knew that this house housed a dormitory for Chekists, and that Moscow genpeushniks lived in it, including employees of the INO OGPU, who organized the provocation "Trust". It was assumed that in case of success, a serious blow would be dealt to the OGPU: it was supposed to be a "tyrannical explosion" that would be heard by all of under-yoke Russia. On the night of June 3, an explosive device was installed in the OGPU building, and, according to all Soviet sources, the Chekists did not fly into the air only thanks to pure chance: the bomb was discovered just before the explosion. Allegedly, only one melinite bomb managed to explode, which caused a fire, but the Kutepovites failed to blow up the entire building of the OGPU hostel. From the same Soviet sources, the reliability of which, however, is always largely doubtful, the further fate of the members of the "Moscow group" is also known. The militants tried to leave the cordon through the western border. The group split up: Zakharchenko and Peters made their way to the border together, Opperput went in the same direction separately from them. The OGPU at this time had already raised the alarm. Along the border and in the areas adjacent to it, not only parts of the NKVD and the Red Army were alerted, but also the civilian population was mobilized to comb the forests. All roads were blocked by their forces, raids were organized. According to the latest version of the Chekists and the materials they recently published, on June 18, 1927, Opperput was almost captured near the Yanovsky distillery, but, having wounded three pursuers, he managed to escape. The next day, leaving the chase, he fell into a raid organized by employees of the Special Department of the Belarusian Military District (BVO), police, Red Army soldiers and mobilized peasants, and was killed on a farm near the village of Altukhovka, Smolensk province. As for Zakharchenko and Peters, near the county town of Rudnya, Smolensk province, they allegedly managed to seize a car that belonged to the headquarters of the BVO, moreover, one of the Red Army men who were in it was shot dead, but the other, already wounded, managed to put the car out of action. After that, the Kutepovites could not use the car captured from the Reds. However, somehow they still overcame another hundred and fifty kilometers towards the border, and were overtaken only in the area of the Dretun railway station in Belarus. The Dretun station of the Moscow-Belarusian-Baltic Railway is located on the Nevel - Polotsk section, in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk province, twenty-five kilometers from the city of Polotsk. Near the Dretun station, in a coniferous forest, there was the village of Sitno, where there were training grounds and military camps of the Red Army. Here, the substitutes served primary training camps in the summer. Approximately there they took their last fight with the Reds Maria Zakharchenko and Yuri Peters. Some sources report that they died in a shootout. But more credible are the allegations that both of them committed suicide, not wanting to surrender. One of the Red Army soldiers who witnessed the death of the Kutepovites, I. Repin left a detailed description of the last minutes of their life. According to him, the Kutepovites came out of the forest directly to the shooting range, where at that time some company was firing practice. There is an assumption that the OGPU deliberately pushed the militants to the location of the Red Army camps. “At the opposite edge of the forest,” an eyewitness of the tragedy testifies, “in the interval between the targets, a man and a woman stand side by side, each holding a revolver in their hands. They raise their revolvers up. in the temple. The man also shoots, but in the mouth. Both fall. ... Once again I saw this heroine about two hours later. In a modest gray dress, she lay right on the ground at the headquarters of our regiment. Below average height. Middle-aged. Brown hair. Deathly pale face, pointed nose, closed eyes, barely perceptible breathing, unconscious.
... There was a crowd of curious Red Army soldiers all around. One of them came close to the lying woman and, apparently intending to show his prowess, shoved her with his toe of his boot into what seemed to be a swollen belly and cursed vilely. The woman's body remained completely impassive, not even flinching. ... Nevertheless, the calculation of the "well done" on the effect turned out to be erroneous. The gloomy, stern faces of the vast majority of the Red Army showed a clearly negative assessment of the ridiculous, vile trick. Later, I heard that the "spy" on the same day and in the same unconscious state was "loaded" into an ice car and sent to Leningrad. For some reason, open Soviet sources do not give the date of death of Zakharchenko and Peters. the place of their burial is not known.If we believe the reports of the Daily Express and The Times correspondents, who hotly published information about the death of the "Moscow group" of Kutepovites, then the life of Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko was cut short on June 23, 1927 ...
AFTERWORD
Even today, more than seventy-five years later, some of the participants in the tragic confrontation between the militants of General Kutepov and the OGPU that unfolded in 1927 are still alive. On August 19, 2002, the central mass media of the Russian Federation with obsequiousness told TV viewers and readers about the centennial anniversary of KGB Colonel Boris Gudz, one of the Soviet provocateurs who participated in the operation "Trust". Moreover, the federal media called the main merits of the Chekist precisely participation in the operations "Trust" and "Syndicate-2". Television of the Russian Federation broadcast the speech of the century-old GEP to the whole world. And the next day, on August 20, in Moscow, the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR - the former First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR) arranged an official solemn celebration of the retired "trustovik": the leaders of the SVR gratified their veteran and "educated" the younger generation of "Russian intelligence agents" (!) on his example ... Well, the authorities of the Russian Federation have their own heroes, Russia has its own. And while the federal authorities and their secret services are loudly honoring Soviet spies and provocateurs throughout the country, Russia will quietly remember its Heroes with a prayer. Let these lines of gratitude become a symbolic modest bouquet of white roses laid on the unknown graves of our National Heroes - Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko and her combat comrades-in-arms.
"Vestnik ROVS" No. 6-7 of 2003.
Russian empire
V. G. Lysov
I. S. Mikhno;
G. A. Zakharchenko
Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz(nee Lysova, in first marriage Mikhno listen)) is a political activist of the white movement. From nobles. Participant of the First World War, Civil War, White Movement, Gallipoli, one of the leaders of the ROVS Combat Organization, terrorist, intelligence officer.
Biography
The formation of personality
Masha Lysova was born in the family of a real state councilor V. G. Lysov. Masha's mother died shortly after giving birth. Masha spent the first years of her life in the Penza province, in her parents' estate, and in the city of Penza, where she received a good home education. From a young age, horses have been her passion. She continued her studies at , which she graduated in 1911 with a gold medal. After graduating from Smolny, she spent a year studying in Lausanne. Returning to her native estate, she put the economy in order and created a small exemplary stud farm. In 1913 she married a participant in the Japanese war, the captain of the Life Guards of the Semenovsky regiment I. S. Mikhno. The young people settled in St. Petersburg on Zagorodny Prospekt, house 54 - in this house there were state-owned apartments for officers of the regiment.
Participation in World War I
With the outbreak of the First World War, Mikhno, along with the regiment, left for the front, where he was soon seriously wounded and died in his wife's arms. Three days after her husband's death, Mary gave birth to a daughter. She decided to replace her dead husband's place at the front. By the highest permission received with the help of the Empress and her eldest daughter, Maria, under the name of her first husband, Mikhno, leaving her daughter in the care of relatives, at the beginning of 1915 entered the 3rd Elizavetgrad Hussars of Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Regiment - Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army, whose chief was Grand Duchess Olga. Immediately she was enlisted in the fifth squadron of captain P. P. Obukh. Subsequently, one of Maria's fellow soldiers, staff captain B. N. Arkhipov, recalled her first time in the regiment:
Maria Vladislavovna did not ride badly like a man, but, of course, she had never been trained in the use of weapons and reconnaissance: therefore, from a combat point of view, she was useless. Moreover, the constant day and night presence of a young woman disguised as a hussar was very embarrassing for officers and soldiers. The regiment commander would not mind getting rid of such a volunteer, but he was confirmed that everything was done at the personal request of the Sovereign Emperor. Had to come to terms with the fait accompli
However, this skeptical attitude towards women soon changed. As the same Arkhipov recalled: “It should be mentioned that during the period spent in the ranks of the regiment, being constantly in military affairs, M.V. Mikhno learned everything that was required from a combatant hussar, and could compete on equal terms with men, distinguished by fearlessness, especially in intelligence. Maria received her St. George's Crosses as follows: in November 1915, having volunteered to be a guide to the reconnaissance team of her division, at night she led her detachment to the rear of a German company. The enemy was hacked and captured. During another reconnaissance, Maria, who was accompanied by two soldiers, went to the German outpost, which opened fire on the hussars. One of the soldiers was killed, another was wounded. Maria, herself wounded, under enemy fire, managed to take out a wounded colleague from under fire. The next incident that happened to Maria, by that time already a non-commissioned officer, occurred in 1916 in Dobruja, when a squadron of hussars under the command of staff captain von Baumgarten occupied one Bulgarian village. Riding a horse into a yard, Maria ran into a Bulgarian infantryman. Not at a loss, she began to shout at him in such a frantic voice that the soldier was confused, threw down his rifle and surrendered. Subsequently, he was embarrassed to learn that he was captivated by a young woman.
At the end of 1916, the regiment was withdrawn from the front to rest and at the end of January 1917 stood in Bessarabia. There he was caught by the February Revolution.
Revolution and Civil War
The Elizavetgrad regiment remained one of the few units of the Russian army that was not affected by decomposition. Hussars maintained discipline, relations between officers and privates remained within the framework of charters. However, by the end of 1917, after the Bolshevik coup, the regiment's employees left its location, going home.
Arriving in her native land, Maria was faced with terrible pictures of the revolution - her estate and stud farm were devastated, crowds robbed shops in the city of Penza, and burned landowners' estates in the villages. And everywhere they killed - mercilessly, senselessly, with impunity. Maria organized the "Union of Self-Defense" and a partisan detachment from the Penza student youth to protect private property in the Penza district. Memoirists Roman Gul and Staff Captain Arkhipov reported that Maria's detachment severely took revenge on the peasants whose villages took part in the extermination of landowners' estates by burning peasant huts, however, later researchers tend to believe that Maria's detachments never completed the formation stage and in did not take part in real affairs.
The real thing for Mary was the transfer of officers from Penza to the White armies. No one helped her - she alone, only with the help of an old maid, hid former officers at her place and, having provided them with documents, sent them to the whites. This was her first experience of underground work in the rear of the Bolsheviks. Then she met her old acquaintance, an officer of the 15th Lancers Regiment, who in the spring of 1918 became her second husband, under whose last name and gained subsequent fame - G. A. Zakharchenko - he was wounded in the house of Mary while he was recovering - they got closer. When the activities of Mary nevertheless came to the attention of the Bolsheviks, both of them had to make their way to the whites. The path to the Volunteer Army was round and very long - G. A. Zakharchenko managed to get documents of Persian subjects. So, under the guise of "Persians", the Zakharchenko couple traveled from Moscow through Astrakhan to the Middle East - according to one version, through Mesopotamia, occupied by the British, they ended up in Armenia, having made a sea voyage through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal, according to another version - their path lay through India.
In 1919-1920. - a volunteer in the All-Union Socialist Youth League, in the 15th Lancers Regiment, commanded by her husband, Colonel Zakharchenko. She was distinguished by fearlessness in battles and cruelty to prisoners, whom she preferred not to take, for which she received the nickname "Mad Mary". In the autumn of 1920, having buried her husband, who died of blood poisoning after a serious wound, she was seriously wounded near Kakhovka - early frosts set in, and frostbite of the extremities was added to the gunshot wound. After the Crimean evacuation, Maria found herself in the Gallipoli camp.
Emigration. In the Combat Organization of General Kutepov
After the Gallipoli camp, she first came to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and then to Western Europe. Probably, Maria Zakharchenko became one of the first members of the Combat Organization of General Kutepov, whose task was to continue the armed struggle against Bolshevism, including by committing terrorist acts on the territory of the USSR.
In October 1923, she, together with her colleague - Captain G. N. Radkovich, a former life huntsman, who became her third, civil, husband, with whom she met while still in the Gallipoli camp - under the guise of a married couple named Schultz, illegally crossed the Soviet-Estonian border and traveled to Petrograd and Moscow on a secret assignment from General Kutepov. It was her first clandestine illegal visit to Soviet Russia. In subsequent years, there will be many more such illegal visits and long stays in the USSR.
Zakharchenko-Schultz became one of the key figures in the operation "Trust" carried out by the Chekists - a provocation designed to discredit and destroy the ROVS and reduce the "activism" of the White emigration. Using the spouses "Schultz" blindly, the Chekists for a long time managed to control and even direct the activities of the EMRO. Zakharchenko-Schultz was used to lure the British intelligence officer Sydney Reilly to Soviet territory.
However, over time, it became more and more difficult to restrain the "activism" of the militants Kutepov and personally Zakharchenko-Schultz. Despite the calls of the NKVD agents who were in the leadership of the "Trust" to abandon terrorist attacks and "accumulate forces", Zakharchenko-Schultz sought to change the policy of the ROVS and Kutepov personally, whom she knew well, in the direction of conducting active sabotage and terrorist actions against the Bolshevik leadership. She proposed to create the Union of National Terrorists (SNT) - an organization that would engage in terror in the territory of the USSR.
I was given to Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz and her husband under special protection. Her husband was an officer ... According to her cards, taken in her youth, she was a pretty woman, not to say beautiful. I recognized her already at the age of withering, but still something was preserved in her features. She was slightly above average height, with delicate features. She experienced a lot, and her face, of course, bore the seal of all trials, but the woman was hardy and had absolutely exceptional energy ... she worked "in chemistry", that is, she developed, reprinted secret correspondence, which was written with chemical ink ... I had to have frank conversations with Maria Vladislavovna. One day she told me: “I am getting old. I feel that this is my last strength. I invested everything in the Trust, if it breaks, I will not live.
On the opposite edge of the forest, in the interval between the targets, a man and a woman stand side by side, each holding a revolver. They raise their revolvers up. The woman turns to us, shouting: - For Russia! - and shoots himself in the temple. The man also shoots, but in the mouth. Both fall.
... Once again I saw this heroine in two hours. In a modest gray dress, she lay right on the ground at the headquarters of our regiment. Below average height. Middle-aged. Brown hair. Deadly pale face, pointed nose, closed eyes. Barely noticeable breath. Unconscious.
Relatives
In the research literature, Maria Vladislavovna is mentioned as the niece of A.P. Kutepov. Researcher A. S. Gasparyan, however, rejected this relationship, pointing out that although Kutepov himself called Maria Dmitrievna and her husband Radkovich "nephews", this was nothing more than a nickname.
First husband Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno (?? -1914) - officer of the guard, participant in the Russian-Japanese war. He died in the first months of the Great War, being in the position of head of a team of mounted scouts.
Second husband Grigory Alexandrovich Zakharchenko (1875-1920), captain. Served in the Persian Brigade. Colonel of the 15th Lancers. In the Volunteer Army since June 1919 in the division of the 15th Lancers. Wounded near Kakhovka and died of wounds in the summer of 1920.
The third husband Georgy Nikolaevich Radkovich (1898-1928) (underground pseudonym Schultz), a member of the Kutepov Combat Organization and Operation Trust.
In culture
Zakharchenko-Schultz was one of the characters in the novel by the Soviet writer L.V. Nikulin "Dead Swell", which tells about the KGB operation "Trust". The role of Maria Vladislavovna in the film Operation Trust, staged in 1967 based on this novel, was played by the Soviet theater actress Lyudmila Kasatkina.
see also
Notes
- Zakharchenko-Schultz Maria Vladislavovna (Russian) // Vestnik ROVS: Magazine. - 2003. - No. 6-7.
Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz(nee Lysova, in first marriage Mikhno; 1893-1927) - politician of the white movement. From nobles. Participant of the First World War, Civil War, White Movement, Gallipoli, one of the leaders of the Combat Organization, ROVS, terrorist, intelligence officer.
Biography
The formation of personality
Masha Lysova was born in the family of a real state councilor V. G. Lysov. Masha's mother died shortly after giving birth. Masha spent the first years of her life in the Penza province, in her parents' estate, and in the city of Penza, where she received a good home education. From a young age, horses have been her passion. She continued her studies at, which she graduated in 1911 with a gold medal. After graduating from Smolny, she spent a year studying in Lausanne. Returning to her native estate, she put the economy in order and created a small exemplary stud farm. In 1913 she married a participant in the Japanese war, captain of the Life Guards Semenovsky regiment Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno. The young people settled in St. Petersburg on Zagorodny Prospekt, house 54 - in this house there were state-owned apartments for officers of the regiment.
Participation in World War I
With the outbreak of the First World War, Mikhno, along with the regiment, left for the front, where he was soon seriously wounded and died in his wife's arms. Three days after her husband's death, Mary gave birth to a daughter. She decided to replace her dead husband's place at the front. By the highest permission received with the help of the Empress and her eldest daughter, Maria, under the name of her first husband, Mikhno, leaving her daughter in the care of relatives, at the beginning of 1915 entered the 3rd Elizavetgrad Hussars of Her Imperial Highness half the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolay - Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army, whose chief was Grand Duchess Olga. Immediately she was enlisted in the fifth squadron of captain P. P. Obukh. Subsequently, one of Maria's fellow soldiers, staff captain B. N. Arkhipov, recalled her first time in the regiment:
Maria Vladislavovna did not ride badly like a man, but, of course, she had never been trained in the use of weapons and reconnaissance: therefore, from a combat point of view, she was useless. Moreover, the constant day and night presence of a young woman disguised as a hussar was very embarrassing for officers and soldiers. The regiment commander would not mind getting rid of such a volunteer, but he was confirmed that everything was done at the personal request of the Sovereign Emperor. Had to come to terms with the fait accompli
However, this skeptical attitude towards women soon changed. As the same Arkhipov recalled: “It should be mentioned that during the period spent in the ranks of the regiment, being constantly in military affairs, M.V. Mikhno learned everything that was required from a combatant hussar, and could compete on equal terms with men, distinguished by fearlessness, especially in intelligence. Maria received her St. George's Crosses as follows: in November 1915, having volunteered to be a guide to the reconnaissance team of her division, at night she led her detachment to the rear of a German company. The enemy was hacked and captured. During another reconnaissance, Maria, who was accompanied by two soldiers, went to the German outpost, which opened fire on the hussars. One of the soldiers was killed, another was wounded. Maria, herself wounded, under enemy fire, managed to take out a wounded colleague from under fire. The next incident that happened to Maria, by that time already a non-commissioned officer, happened in 1916 in Dobruja, when a squadron of hussars under the command of staff captain von Baumgarten occupied one Bulgarian village. Riding a horse into a yard, Maria ran into a Bulgarian infantryman. Not at a loss, she began to shout at him in such a frantic voice that the soldier was confused, threw down his rifle and surrendered. Subsequently, he was embarrassed to learn that he was captivated by a young woman.
At the end of 1916, the regiment was withdrawn from the front to rest and at the end of January 1917 stood in Bessarabia. There he was caught by the February Revolution.
Revolution and Civil War
The Elizavetgrad regiment remained one of the few units of the Russian army that was not affected by decomposition. Hussars maintained discipline, relations between officers and privates remained within the framework of charters. However, by the end of 1917, after the October Revolution, the regiment's employees left its location, going home.
Arriving in her native land, Maria was faced with terrible pictures of the revolution - her estate and stud farm were devastated, crowds robbed shops in the city of Penza, and burned landowners' estates in the villages. And everywhere they killed - mercilessly, senselessly, with impunity. Maria organized the "Union of Self-Defense" and a partisan detachment from the Penza student youth to protect private property in the Penza district. Memoirists Roman Gul and Staff Captain Arkhipov reported that Maria’s detachment severely took revenge on the peasants whose villages took part in the extermination of landowners’ estates by burning peasant huts, however, later researchers tend to believe that Maria’s detachments never completed the formation stage and in did not take part in real affairs.
The real thing for Mary was the transfer of officers from Penza to the White armies. No one helped her - she alone, only with the help of an old maid, hid former officers at her place and, having provided them with documents, sent them to the whites. This was her first experience of underground work in the rear of the Bolsheviks. At the same time, she met her old acquaintance, an officer of the 15th Sulansky regiment, who in the spring of 1918 became her second husband, under whose last name he became famous later - G. A. Zakharchenko - wounded, he ended up in Maria’s house while he was recovering - they got closer. When the activities of Mary nevertheless came to the attention of the Bolsheviks, both of them had to make their way to the whites. The path to the Volunteer Army was round and very long - G. A. Zakharchenko managed to get documents of Persian subjects. So, under the guise of "Persians", the Zakharchenko couple made a trip from Moscow through Astrakhan to the Middle East - according to one version, through Mesopotamia, occupied by the British, they ended up in Armenia, having made a sea voyage through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal, according to another version - their path lay through India.
In 1919-1920. - a volunteer in the All-Union Socialist Youth League, in the 15th Lancers Regiment, commanded by her husband, Colonel Zakharchenko. She was distinguished by fearlessness in battles and cruelty to prisoners, whom she preferred not to take, for which she received the nickname "Mad Mary". In the autumn of 1920, having buried her husband, who died of blood poisoning after a serious wound, she was seriously wounded near Kakhovka - early frosts set in, and frostbite of the extremities was added to the gunshot wound. After the Crimean evacuation, Maria ended up in the Gallipoli camp.
Emigration. In the Combat Organization of General Kutepov
After the Gallipoli camp, she first came to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and then to Western Europe. Probably, Maria Zakharchenko became one of the first members of the Combat Organization of General Kutepov, whose task was to continue the armed struggle against Bolshevism, including by committing terrorist acts on the territory of the USSR.
In October 1923, she, together with her colleague - Captain G.N. the Soviet-Estonian border and traveled to Petrograd and Moscow on a secret assignment from General Kutepov. It was her first clandestine illegal visit to Soviet Russia. In subsequent years, there will be many more such illegal visits and long stays in the USSR.
Zakharchenko-Schultz became one of the key figures in the operation "Trust" carried out by the Chekists - a provocation designed to discredit and destroy the ROVS and reduce the "activism" of the White emigration. Using the spouses "Schultz" blindly, the Chekists for a long time managed to control and even direct the activities of the EMRO. Zakharchenko-Schultz was used to lure the British intelligence officer Sydney Reilly to Soviet territory.
However, over time, it became more and more difficult to restrain the "activism" of the militants Kutepov and personally Zakharchenko-Schultz. Despite the calls of the NKVD agents who were in the leadership of the "Trust" to abandon terrorist attacks and "accumulate forces", Zakharchenko-Schultz sought to change the policy of the ROVS and Kutepov personally, whom she knew well, in the direction of conducting active sabotage and terrorist actions against the Bolshevik leadership. She proposed to create the Union of National Terrorists (SNT) - an organization that would engage in terror in the territory of the USSR.
I was given to Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz and her husband under special protection. Her husband was an officer ... According to her cards, taken in her youth, she was a pretty woman, not to say beautiful. I recognized her already at the age of withering, but still something was preserved in her features. She was slightly above average height, with delicate features. She experienced a lot, and her face, of course, bore the seal of all trials, but the woman was hardy and had absolutely exceptional energy ... she worked "in chemistry", that is, she developed, reprinted secret correspondence, which was written with chemical ink ... I had to have frank conversations with Maria Vladislavovna. One day she told me: “I am getting old. I feel that this is my last strength. I invested everything in the Trust, if it breaks, I will not live.
On the opposite edge of the forest, in the interval between the targets, a man and a woman stand side by side, each holding a revolver. They raise their revolvers up. The woman turns to us, shouting: - For Russia! - and shoots himself in the temple. The man also shoots, but in the mouth. Both fall.
... Once again I saw this heroine in two hours. In a modest gray dress, she lay right on the ground at the headquarters of our regiment. Below average height. Middle-aged. Brown hair. Deadly pale face, pointed nose, closed eyes. Barely noticeable breath. Unconscious.
Relatives
In research and popular literature, Maria Vladislavovna is mentioned as the niece of A.P. Kutepov. Although Kutepov himself called Maria Dmitrievna and her husband Radkovich "nephews", historians and researchers agree that in fact it was just an agency pseudonym, a nickname.
First husband Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno (?? -1914) - officer of the guard, participant in the Russian-Japanese war. He died in the first months of the First World War, being in the position of head of a team of mounted scouts.
Second husband Grigory Alexandrovich Zakharchenko (1875-1920), captain. Served in the Persian Brigade. Colonel of the 15th Lancers. In the Volunteer Army since June 1919 in the division of the 15th Lancers. Wounded near Kakhovka and died of wounds in the summer of 1920.
The third husband Georgy Nikolaevich Radkovich (1898-1928) (underground pseudonym Schultz), a member of the Kutepov Combat Organization and Operation Trust.
In culture
Zakharchenko-Schultz was one of the characters in the novel by the Soviet writer L. V. Nikulin "Dead Swell", which tells about the KGB operation "Trust". The role of Maria Vladislavovna in the film "Operation " Trust "", staged in 1967 based on this novel, was played by the Soviet theater actress Lyudmila Kasatkina.
see also
Notes
- Zakharchenko-Schultz Maria Vladislavovna (Russian) // Bulletin ROVS: Journal. - 2003. - No. 6-7.
- Damaskin I. A. Maria Zakharchenko-Schultz (1893-1927)// 100 great scouts. - Moscow: Veche, 2002. - (100 great). - ISBN 5-7838-0961-6.
- Egorova O. Crazy Maria. (Operation "Trust") (Russian). Website "Russian-All-Military Union". Retrieved May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012.
- About the Soviet-British conflict in 1927 on the website of Khronos.ru
- Khlobustov O. M.: State Security Russia from Alexander I to Putin. Scientific and popular publication. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - M., In-Folio publishing house, 2008
- Gasparyan A.S. Annex 2. List of known today officials Combat organization Kutepov// Operation "Trust". Soviet intelligence against Russian emigration. 1921-1937 . - M. : Veche, 2008. - 465 p.
- Gagkuev R. G., Tsvetkov V. Zh., Golitsyn V. V. General Kutepov. - M.: Posev, 2009. - 590 p. - ISBN 978-5-85824-190-4, p. 316
Maria Vladislavovna Zakharchenko-Schultz(nee Lysova, in first marriage Mikhno; 1893-1927) - political activist of the white movement. From nobles. Participant of World War I, Civil Wars, White Movement, Gallipoli, one of the leaders of the Combat Organization ROVS, terrorist, intelligence officer.
Biography
The formation of personality
Masha Lysova was born in the family of a real state councilor V. G. Lysov. Masha's mother died shortly after giving birth. Masha spent the first years of her life in the Penza province, in her parents' estate, and in the city of Penza, where she received a good home education. From a young age, horses have been her passion. She continued her studies at the Smolny Institute, from which she graduated in 1911 with a gold medal. After graduating from Smolny, she spent a year studying in Lausanne. Returning to her native estate, she put the economy in order and created a small exemplary stud farm. In 1913, she married a participant in the Japanese war, captain of the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment Ivan Sergeevich Mikhno. The young people settled in St. Petersburg on Zagorodny Prospekt, house 54 - in this house there were state-owned apartments for officers of the regiment.
Participation in World War I
With the outbreak of the First World War, Mikhno, along with the regiment, left for the front, where he was soon seriously wounded and died in his wife's arms. Three days after her husband's death, Mary gave birth to a daughter. She decided to replace her dead husband's place at the front. By the highest permission received with the help of the Empress and her eldest daughter, Maria, under the name of her first husband, Mikhno, leaving her daughter in the care of relatives, at the beginning of 1915 entered the 3rd Elizavetgrad Hussars of Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Regiment - Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army, whose chief was Grand Duchess Olga. Immediately she was enlisted in the fifth squadron of captain P. P. Obukh. Subsequently, one of Maria's brother-soldiers, staff captain B. N. Arkhipov, recalled her first time in the regiment:
Maria Vladislavovna did not ride badly like a man, but, of course, she had never been trained in the use of weapons and reconnaissance: therefore, from a combat point of view, she was useless. Moreover, the constant day and night presence of a young woman disguised as a hussar was very embarrassing for officers and soldiers. The regiment commander would not mind getting rid of such a volunteer, but he was confirmed that everything was done at the personal request of the Sovereign Emperor. Had to come to terms with the fait accompli
However, this skeptical attitude towards women soon changed. As the same Arkhipov recalled: “It should be mentioned that during the period spent in the ranks of the regiment, being constantly in military affairs, M.V. Mikhno learned everything that was required from a combatant hussar, and could compete on equal terms with men, distinguished by fearlessness, especially in intelligence. Maria received her St. George's Crosses as follows: in November 1915, having volunteered to be a guide to the reconnaissance team of her division, at night she led her detachment to the rear of a German company. The enemy was hacked and captured. During another reconnaissance, Maria, who was accompanied by two soldiers, went to the German outpost, which opened fire on the hussars. One of the soldiers was killed, another was wounded. Maria, herself wounded, under enemy fire, managed to take out a wounded colleague from under fire. The next incident that happened to Maria, by that time already a non-commissioned officer, occurred in 1916 in Dobruja, when a squadron of hussars under the command of staff captain von Baumgarten occupied one Bulgarian village. Riding a horse into a yard, Maria ran into a Bulgarian infantryman. Not at a loss, she began to shout at him in such a frantic voice that the soldier was confused, threw down his rifle and surrendered. Subsequently, he was embarrassed to learn that he was captivated by a young woman.
At the end of 1916, the regiment was withdrawn from the front for rest, and at the end of January 1917 it was stationed in Bessarabia. There he found the February Revolution.
Revolution and Civil War
The Elizavetgrad regiment remained one of the few units of the Russian army that was not affected by decay. Hussars maintained discipline, relations between officers and privates remained within the framework of charters. However, by the end of 1917, after the October Revolution, the regiment's employees left its location, going home.