December 31, 2019 , National project "Science" The procedure for granting grants for updating the instrumentation base of scientific organizations has been established Decree of December 27, 2019 No. 1875. The adopted decision will ensure the renewal of the instrumentation base of the leading organizations performing research and development within the framework of the federal project "Development of an advanced infrastructure for research and development in Russian Federation» national project «Science».
December 31, 2019 , National project "Science" The procedure for granting grants for conducting large-scale world-class scientific projects has been established Decree of December 30, 2019 No. 1941. The decisions made will contribute to the implementation of at least five large-scale world-class scientific projects that ensure the solution of key research tasks on the global scientific agenda, aimed at obtaining new fundamental knowledge necessary for the long-term development of the country.
December 31, 2019 , National project "Science" The procedure for granting grants for conducting major scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development Decree of December 27, 2019 No. 1902. The decisions taken will help ensure Russia's presence among the five leading countries in the world that conduct research and development in areas determined by the priorities of scientific and technological development.
December 26, 2019 , A decision was made to create an innovative scientific and technological center "Valley of Mendeleev" Resolution dated December 24, 2019 No. 1805, order dated December 24, 2019 No. 3153-r. The Center is being created in order to implement the priorities of the scientific and technological development of Russia, to increase the investment attractiveness of the research and development sphere.
December 24, 2019 , Tatyana Golikova held the first meeting of the Council for State Support for the Creation and Development of World-Class Research Centers The list of priority areas for which the centers will be created was discussed, as well as the procedure for the competitive selection of winners for grants and the criteria for evaluating participants in the competition.
December 5, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the organizing committee for the preparation of the International Congress of Mathematicians The Congress will be held on July 6-14, 2022 in St. Petersburg.
December 4, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Prizes of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for 2019 were awarded Order dated November 29, 2019 No. 2846-r. 131 applicants became laureates of awards in 2019. Prizes were awarded for work in the field of medicine, energy, geology, production technologies, materials science, mechanical engineering, transport, information technology, ecology and agriculture.
November 21, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Presidium of the Council for the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The agenda includes discussion of the results of the analysis of programs for the creation and development of world-class genomic research centers in terms of the acquisition of equipment and the creation of information systems, as well as requirements for the development of the instrument base.
November 12, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Dmitry Medvedev's trip to the Novosibirsk region and a meeting.
October 12, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Prizes of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for young scientists for 2019 were awarded Order dated October 7, 2019 No. 2323-r. In 2019, 25 applicants became the laureates of the awards. Prizes, in particular, were awarded for the development and implementation of methods and systems for intelligent control of robots different kind and purpose, an integrated system for ensuring sustainable life cycle buildings and structures, forevacuum plasma electronic sources for processing and modification of dielectric materials.
September 13, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Council for the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The volume of financial support for the creation and support of genomic research centers for the period 2019–2024 from the federal budget will amount to 11.2 billion rubles.
September 9, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development
Dmitry Medvedev spoke at the solemn opening ceremony of the congress.
September 7, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development The size of the prizes of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased Decree of August 31, 2019 No. 1121. Since 2020, the amount of the monetary part of the prizes of the Russian Government in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased from 500 thousand rubles to 1 million rubles.
August 29, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the Council for State Support for the Creation and Development of World-Class Mathematical Centers At the meeting, the winners of the competitive selection were determined and their programs of creation and development were approved.
August 28, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Alexey Gordeev held a meeting on the creation of a new wintering complex at the Vostok Antarctic station The meeting was held on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.
August 23, 2019 , State policy in the field of research and development Indicators for the implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development have been established, the dynamics of which is subject to monitoring Order dated August 15, 2019 No. 1824-r. 11 indicators have been identified that reflect the progress of the implementation of the Strategy in the following areas: the impact of science and technology on the socio-economic development of Russia, including due to the transition to a model of great challenges; the state and effectiveness of the sphere of science, technology and innovation; the quality of state regulation and service provision of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities.
1Organization of effective state regulation and support of education and science is not an easy task. There are several main stages of reforming the legal ideology that preceded the current ideas about state regulation and financial support in education and science.
In the period up to the 90s of the last century, state regulation and funding in the field of science was based on a simple scheme. The volume of budget financing in the field of science was calculated based on the number of scientific workers in the country and the average planned standard for the material and technical equipment of a full-time workplace in a scientific organization. Legal regulation of activities in the field of education and science was determined by the goals and needs of the state. The main role was played by the political will, arranged by instructions, guidelines and recommendations. Sub-legislative acts of state bodies of executive power were used more often than norms of laws. The texts of laws in all the most important cases for practice referred the citizen to the acts of ministries and departments. Feature of legal ideology government controlled, dominating in that historical period, was the equalization of the minimum income within each of the strata of the population, allocated according to formal characteristics (according to professional affiliation, length of service or other factors). The legal system of the country as a whole and, in particular, the specific content of individual norms reflected the then economic and political structure of the country, when the state was the only coordinator, employer and social partner for participants in the research process. Legislation in the field of education and science has constantly grown with requirements that apply to participants in the educational and scientific activity various kinds of additional payments, benefits and other preferences related to pension, housing or other branches of law.
After the well-known socio-political reforms of the early 1990s, the rules for financing education and science generally retained the same scheme, but budget assignments were no longer implemented. To compensate for the shortfall in budget allocations, educational and scientific institutions were allowed to use funds received as a result of entrepreneurial activity. Tax incentives were introduced in the field of education and science to compensate for the shortfall in budget assignments. The penetration of liberal tendencies into the legal ideology of Russian legislators resulted in the incorporation of a number of previously uncharacteristic concepts and ideas into the texts of Russian laws. Increasingly, quotations and turns from foreign legal practice, as well as principles and provisions, in their validity and vocabulary reminiscent of declarations. Legal innovations were not always provided with economic, logistical or human resources. Therefore, non-compliance with the requirements of the law has become quite commonplace. As a means of combating this phenomenon, in addition to some non-executable laws, others began to be adopted, which had the goal of tracking the implementation of the previous ones. The norms of budgetary and tax legislation, administrative, labor and other branches of law began to occupy almost an independent position in the texts of sectoral laws in the field of education and science. An example is the Law on Science and State Science and Technology Policy that appeared during this period. This trend was even legalized in some way due to the adoption of the Federal Law of July 9, 1999 159-FZ On the Entry into Force of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, which states: Legislative acts of the Russian Federation in the field of education, science, scientific and technical policy, culture, adopted before the introduction of the Code, containing the rules governing budgetary relations, are valid if they are not recognized as invalid. Such borrowings from other sections of the Russian legal system contributed to the emergence of conflicts and contradictions. Legal inconsistencies could not be corrected, since even the federal budget was not executed, which made it possible at any time to invalidate any agreement due to force majeure circumstances.
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the original text was published in the NWRF, 01.01.2001, 1, (part II) art. 20 SZRF, 07/12/1999, 28, art. 3492
After 2000, the role of public administration began to change, budget assignments began to be fulfilled, targeted budgetary support for education and science began to crowd out tax incentives. The development of legislation in the field of education and science is purposefully and consistently influenced by international cooperation, due to Russia's desire to become a full partner in the community of developed countries. The current social and economic realities of our life serve as a source and basis for reforms.
The reform of the legal system of Russia in the field of education and science is being implemented in the following main areas:
exclusion from federal normative legal acts of sectoral legislation of norms that are not related to the powers of the Russian Federation, as well as clarification of property rights in terms of disposal federal property subordinate institutions;
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See Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation 71 dated February 10, 2004 On the creation, reorganization and liquidation of federal public institutions
exclusion from sectoral legislation of the norms of financial law, administrative law, constitutional law;
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See the Budget Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of July 12, 2004 On Budget Policy in 2005 and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 22, 2004 249 On Measures to Improve the Efficiency of Budget Expenditures
Exclusion of norms or cancellation of federal normative legal acts not supported by the federal budget;
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See Budget Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated May 30, 2003 On Budget Policy in 2004
the introduction of unified legal and technical structures and techniques for regulatory legal acts from various branches of law.
The abundance of normative legal acts dispersed in different branches of law, containing legal norms in the field of education and science, brought to life the idea of systematizing sectoral legislation in the field of education and science in order to eliminate its inconsistency with the norms of financial, administrative and international law, as well as to remove internal contradictions . The idea of codifying sectoral legislation has received a more complete development and real constructive implementation in the field of education.
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Melnikov I.I., Safaraliev G.K., Berdashkevich A.P. The structure of legislation on science as a branch of law// M., Publication of the State Duma, 2002 264 p. Syrykh V.M. Educational law as a branch of Russian law // Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation - M., 2000, 135 p.; Syrykh V.M. Educational law as a branch of Russian law // Research Center for the Problems of the Quality of Training Specialists. - M., 2000, 136 pages; The concept of the general part of the Code of the Russian Federation on Education (draft) / Under the general and scientific editorship of V.M. Syrykh, Doctor of Law, Prof.; Yu.A. Kudryavtseva, Ph.D., senior researcher - M.: Research Center for Quality Problems in Training Specialists, 2001. - 69 p.
Especially sharply the problems of inconsistency of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation began to manifest themselves in the field of division of competencies between levels of government. Problems have been accumulating for a long time, but wide public discussions arose during the discussion of the draft federal law On Amendments to legislative acts of the Russian Federation and invalidation of certain legislative acts in connection with the adoption of federal laws On the introduction of amendments and additions to the Federal Law On the general principles of organizing legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation. Approximately 200 federal regulations have been changed or become invalid since the adoption of this law.
In addition to clarifying the subjects of jurisdiction and the division of powers, the above-mentioned law amended many acts in the field of education and science. The emergence of the latter is due to various reasons. It has long been obvious that it is necessary to clear the legal field in the field of science from inactive, conflicting, duplicating and other norms. Norms borrowed or intersecting with provisions from other branches of law began to play the role of normative weeds. The legal status of subjects in the field of science has ceased to meet the realities of the socio-economic situation. In addition, the political uncertainty that existed in a certain period, combined with legal euphoria, as a result of corporate or personal, ideological or economic lobbying interests, contributed to the saturation of sectoral laws with fragmentary normative maxims.
This work aims to analyze systemic changes legal regulation produced in the field of science.
Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and technology for the period up to 2010 and beyond
(approved by the President of the Russian Federation on March 30, 2002 N Pr-576)
General provisions
1. Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and beyond (hereinafter referred to as the Fundamentals) determine the most important areas of state policy in the field of science and technology development, the goal, objectives and ways of their implementation, as well as the system of economic and other measures stimulating scientific and scientific and technical activity.
3. The implementation of the Fundamentals is aimed at ensuring the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation, which include: improving the quality of life of the population, achieving economic growth, developing fundamental science, education, culture, ensuring the defense and security of the country.
4. The foundations are formed and implemented taking into account the provision of federal interests and the interests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
I. Purpose and objectives of the state policy in the field of science and technology development
5. The development of science and technology serves to solve the problems of the country's socio-economic progress and is among the top priorities of the Russian Federation.
6. The basis for the development of science and technology are:
1) a scientific and technical complex, which is a set of organizations of various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, carrying out scientific, scientific and technical activities and training of scientists, including highly qualified personnel;
2) fundamental science, which has recognized scientific schools and world-class achievements, as well as a developed system higher education;
3) the most important applied research and development, industrial potential, unique production and other technologies, scientific and technical groundwork:
4) highly qualified personnel of scientists and specialists, information infrastructure, material and technical and experimental base;
5) experience in concentrating efforts on solving complex scientific, technical and technological problems on a national scale;
6) rich natural raw materials, developed transport and communication infrastructure.
7. The goal of the state policy in the field of science and technology development is the transition to an innovative way of the country's development based on the selected priorities.
8. To achieve the goal of state policy in the field of science and technology development, the following main tasks must be solved:
1) creation of organizational and economic mechanisms to increase the demand for innovations by domestic production, to ensure the rapid development of fundamental science, the most important applied research and development;
2) improvement of the regulatory and legal framework for scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities;
3) adaptation of the scientific and technical complex to the conditions of a market economy, ensuring the interaction of public and private capital in order to develop science, technology and technology;
4) a rational combination of state regulation and market mechanisms, measures of direct and indirect stimulation of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities in the implementation of priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology:
5) improvement of the system of training scientific and engineering personnel of the highest qualification in the field of science and technology;
6) support for scientific research and experimental development in priority areas of development of science, technology and engineering, taking into account world trends in this area;
7) strengthening the research sector of the Higher School;
8) intensifying activities for the transfer of knowledge and technologies between the defense and civilian sectors of the economy, the development of dual-use technologies and the expansion of their use;
9) accelerated implementation of scientific and scientific and technological achievements that contribute to the prevention of military conflicts, man-made and environmental disasters and reduce damage from them;
10) development and modernization of weapons, military and special equipment, assistance in the development of the military-industrial complex;
11) improvement technical means, forms and methods of combating terrorism, including international.
II. The most important directions of state policy in the field of development of science and technology, ways of their implementation
9. The most important directions of the state policy in the field of science and technology development are:
Development of fundamental science, the most important applied research and development
10. Fundamental science is one of the strategic components of the development of society. The results of fundamental research, the most important applied research and development serve as the basis for the economic growth of the state, its sustainable development, and are a factor determining Russia's place in modern world.
11. Priority areas for the development of fundamental research are determined by the scientific community based on the national interests of Russia and taking into account global trends in the development of science, technology and technology.
12. The most important applied research and development are carried out in priority areas of development of science, technology and technology; they should be aimed at solving complex scientific, technical and technological problems and focused on the final result that can become an innovative product.
13. The main objectives of the development of fundamental science and the most important applied research and development are:
1) development of measures of priority state support for fundamental research that can provide technological breakthroughs and the formation of subsequent technological paradigms;
2) conducting predictive studies to determine promising areas of scientific, technical and technological development, assessing the consequences of managerial decisions;
3) increasing the role of social and humanitarian research;
4) preservation and support of scientific and scientific-technical schools, ensuring the continuity of scientific knowledge;
5) assistance in the development of scientific research and experimental development of a military-applied orientation to identify and prevent military threats, create qualitatively new types of weapons, military and special equipment, improve the forms and methods of conducting armed struggle;
6) development of research, design, experimental base of scientific instrumentation;
7) creation and resource provision of unique scientific installations, a network of centers for the collective use of unique scientific and experimental equipment, including on the basis of leasing;
8) improvement of information and information and telecommunications infrastructure in the field of science, education and technology, development of a unified system of codification of scientific knowledge and technologies, a system of scientific, technical and military-technical information.
Improvement of state regulation in the field of science and technology development
14. State policy in the field of science and technology development is based on the need to form and implement:
1) the most important innovative projects of national importance, on the execution of which resources are concentrated and which are provided with state support (hereinafter referred to as the most important innovative projects of national importance);
2) priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology both at the federal level and at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
3) lists critical technologies federal, regional and branch significance.
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The restructuring of the economic mechanism, the widespread dissemination of the principles of cost accounting in enterprises and organizations in the second half of the 1980s. significantly influenced the position of scientific organizations. An attempt was made to introduce economic methods into the management of science: research and development began to be considered as a commodity, the rights of scientific organizations were expanded in choosing topics and areas of research, using their own financial resources, and setting contractual prices for scientific and technical products and services.
In general, expenditures on the scientific sphere in 1989 increased by 1.5 times compared to 1986, but the effectiveness, innovation activity, and technical level of new technology samples continued to decline: the number of inventions used for the first time decreased by 21%, and the number of created samples new technology - by 34%, the share of developments corresponding to the level of the best foreign analogues decreased from 33.9% to 24.4%.
Could not demonstrate their advantages and created in the second half of the 1980s. intersectoral scientific and technical complexes (ISTC), conceived as a new progressive form of integration of science and production, focused on reducing the cycle of "development - creation - distribution" of new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
According to departmental subordination, MNTKs were subdivided into academic (12% of the total), sectoral (61%), and complex dual subordination (17%). At MNTK
"Eye Microsurgery", for example, there were about 50 organizations of 15 ministries and departments (Ministry of Health, Minpribor, Minkhimprom, Academy of Sciences, etc.). More than 70 enterprises supplied raw materials and parts for the pilot plant for the production of optical instruments and instruments. Scientific and technical priorities were developed by the parent organization - the Research Institute of Eye Microsurgery. Expert assessment of the level of developments of the IRTC "Eye Microsurgery" testifies to the huge potential of this team: 75% of the developments corresponded to the world level, 20% - exceeded it.
ISTCs were aimed at obtaining concrete practical results. Thus, MNTK Antikor developed technologies using non-toxic electrolytes in galvanic production; MNTK "Robot" intended to create a prototype robot for work in automated factories, MNTK "Geos" introduced computerized technologies for geological exploration into production.
MNTK and other scientific organizations that emerged in the late 1980s. (engineering centers, implementation organizations, scientific and technical cooperatives, technology parks) had great potential, but there were a number of restrictive factors that nullified the efforts of initiative organizers. So, inflation 1989-1990. led to a significant reduction in the demand of enterprises for scientific and technical products. Bad influence on the processes taking place in science, had a violation of the planned system of distribution of material and technical resources. For the supplier enterprises, it turned out to be more profitable to produce consumer goods, rather than unique and labor-intensive laboratory equipment. Due to the reduction in imports, scientific organizations were in dire need of chemical reagents and unique devices that formed the basis of new technologies.
The situation became even more complicated after the adoption in 1991 of the Law of the RSFSR on the enterprise and entrepreneurial activity. As a result, experimental bases began to emerge from research and production associations, thereby violating the unified scientific and production cycle. The lack of legal protection of intellectual property has stimulated free, unregulated privatization of the results of intellectual developments performed in public institutions.
The destructive processes in science were exacerbated by the Law on Corporate Income Taxes (1991), which deprived scientific and technical organizations of the opportunity to update the material and technical base and conduct research at their own expense.
With the collapse of the USSR, the established ties and contacts were disrupted, and an integral scientific space was destroyed. Many advanced institutions that conducted research in the field of fundamental science, unique scientific installations (the Baikonur cosmodrome, the Crimean and Armenian observatories) ended up outside the territory of Russia.
In the context of the formation of a new Russian statehood, scientists still have the opportunity to realize their creativity. And the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1993, laid legal basis rights and freedoms of citizens, property relations, entrepreneurial activity.
The centralized order for research and development gradually began to be replaced by a market system for generating demand, and the influence of industrial associations, enterprises, and local authorities increased.
In the 1990s Russian science got real chances to enter the international technology market. Scientists from Russia began to take part in international projects, many of them worked under contract abroad. Scientific and technical enterprises with the participation of foreign capital were created in the country.
In accordance with the classification adopted in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), four main sectors can be distinguished in the structure of the scientific potential of the Russian Federation: state, business, higher education and private non-profit. The public sector (57.8%) includes more than 1,000 scientific organizations, including the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences remain traditionally the leading centers of fundamental research of global importance.
The business sector (29.4%) consists of more than 2,300 market-oriented scientific organizations specializing in applied research and development. The formation of the business sector is associated with the processes of privatization, the withdrawal of many branch scientific organizations from direct subordination to ministries and departments, joining industrial associations, concerns, and technology parks. Almost a quarter of the country's scientific personnel is employed in this sector.
Only 54% of Russian universities conducted research and development in 1996, so the higher education sector in the overall structure of the country's scientific sphere is just over 12%.
New for Russia is the private non-profit sector of science (0.2%). The number of scientific organizations included in it is still insignificant. In 1991-1995 more than 60 new public academies of sciences have emerged, many of which have regional branches and are united in the Union of Scientific Societies.
The main source of funding for science remains budgetary funds, most of which is spent on the so-called basic funding. Budget allocations for these purposes in 1995 amounted to 462 trillion rubles (about 80% of their total volume). The desire to compensate for the inflationary rise in the cost of living required savings in material costs. The continuing rise in prices for equipment and materials, tariffs for heat and electricity, communication services, rent and security of premises has led to the fact that scientific organizations have practically stopped purchasing instruments, reagents, and scientific and technical information.
Approximately one third of the total civilian science budget falls on academic institutes and universities, of which almost 25% are received by the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, second only to scientific organizations of the defense complex. The distribution is carried out in 18 areas, including: research in the field of physics and astronomy, general and technical chemistry, information technology, socio-political and environmental work, etc.
The scientific and technical sphere has become less dependent on the state and administration. Russian scientists have received guarantees of copyright protection for the intellectual products they create: they can receive autonomous funding from non-state sources to conduct research on their chosen topics.
The competitive distribution of budgetary funds is becoming more common, which is carried out by the science support funds created in recent years ( Russian fund Fundamental Research, Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere). The funds are distributed in the form of grants to finance scientific projects carried out by small teams or individual scientists, as well as to develop the material and technical base and information systems, publishing activities, organize scientific conferences and expeditions, and create centers for the collective use of unique instruments and equipment.
Since 1995, a program of emergency support for leading scientists began to operate in the Russian Federation, since 1996 - competitions to support leading scientists and scientific schools. In 1995, about 20% of all appropriations allocated by the federal budget for science were directed to the implementation of promising scientific and technical problems of great importance for the economy and the social sphere.
Support for fundamentally important areas in the development of science and technology contributes to the gradual concentration of limited budgetary resources on key issues. And distribution in priority areas through a system of grants introduces an element of competition and contributes to the formation of new market mechanisms.
It is indisputable that the personnel in scientific field play a decisive role. Over the years of reforms, the number of people employed in research and development has more than halved. The process of reducing the number of scientific personnel of various categories was uneven. At the first stage, in 1989-1991, the release affected laboratory assistants and support staff to a greater extent. This was due to attempts to save teams of researchers and reduce overhead costs. The reduction affected the efficiency of the work of scientists who were forced to combine research work performing technical functions.
The reduction of scientific and research personnel is directly related to the peculiarities of demand in the labor market, the presence of wide opportunities for scientists in the field of entrepreneurship. Highly qualified scientists could find high-paying, promising jobs relatively easily. In conditions when wage arrears, transfers to part-time work, forced vacations at the initiative of the administration have become a mass phenomenon, many scientists have actually become engaged in other activities. According to available estimates, the proportion of RAS scientists permanently working in private firms increased in 1992-1993. from 35 to 45%, and taking into account part-time employees in commercial structures, it approached 80%.
One of the reasons for the reduction of scientific personnel is the low level of wages. Already since the early 1990s. a situation has arisen where the level of wages in science does not exceed 75% of the national average. Moreover, the wage system does not stimulate the employment of young scientists, so the proportion of researchers under the age of 40 at RAS institutes decreased over 1992-1994. from 42 to 37%. Approximately 44% of doctors of sciences in the Russian Academy of Sciences are people of retirement age.
The dynamics of the personnel potential of science is also significantly influenced by the international migration of scientists: emigration or going abroad to work on a contract basis. The number of emigrant scientists does not exceed 0.5% of the total outflow of personnel from the field of research and development, however, this phenomenon, as a rule, affects highly qualified and promising specialists.
Russia's participation in international scientific and technical cooperation opened up the possibility for scientists to go to work on contracts. If in 1991-1992 More than 1,700 RAS researchers (2.8% of the total number) were on long business trips, but already in 1993 - more than 2.5 thousand (3.1%). The bulk of the employees working abroad are specialists in the field of general and nuclear physics, astronomy, general and technical chemistry, and biology. This testifies to the high competitiveness of Russian scientists, but at the same time it also causes some concern.
In the 1990s there was a further decline in the performance of scientific organizations. If in 1991 52.2 thousand copyright certificates for inventions were issued, then in 1995 - only 25.8 thousand patents. The export of technologies from Russia is many times inferior in volume to the leading industrial countries. Its distinctive feature is the predominance of unprotectable types of intellectual property, which are much less valuable from a commercial point of view.
Under these conditions, the importance of state regulation in the field of science is of paramount importance, it has a direct impact on macroeconomic indicators and the structure of social production, social stability, the state of environment, competitiveness of the economy, national security, etc. In today's world, society's ability to progress depends on everything. more on its ability to renew itself.
The doctrine of the development of Russian science approved in 1996 and the Law on Science and Science and Technology Policy adopted in the same year became the basis for the implementation of the state scientific policy. The most important principles of the state scientific policy are: the priority of the domestic scientific potential; freedom of scientific creativity, consistent democratization of the scientific sphere, openness and publicity in the formation and implementation of scientific policy; stimulation of the development of fundamental research; preservation and development of leading domestic scientific schools; creating conditions for healthy competition and entrepreneurship in the field of science and technology, stimulating and supporting innovation; creation of conditions for the organization of scientific research and development in order to ensure the necessary defense capability and national security of the country; integration of science and education, development of an integral system for training qualified scientific personnel at all levels; protection of intellectual property rights; increasing the prestige of scientific work, creating decent living conditions for scientists; protection of the rights and interests of Russian scientists abroad, etc.
During the period of transition from an administrative-command economy to market relations, the role of state regulation in the field of science has increased significantly. A number of measures were taken to support the scientific and technical potential of the country. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 1995 “On State Support for the Development of Science and Scientific and Technical Developments” provided for measures to improve the financial condition of scientific organizations, established a 3% amount of federal budget expenditures for civilian scientific research, and developed a program of innovative activities in the regions.
The next step to mitigate the crisis in the field of science was the development of the "Interdepartmental Program of Measures to Regulate the Migration of Scientific and Scientific and Technical Personnel", the establishment of state scholarships for outstanding scientists and talented young scientists, the establishment of 100 annual presidential grants to support the study, deferment from active military service of young specialists of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
For the legal regulation of the sphere of science, a whole package of legislative acts and federal laws has been developed: “On the status of a scientific worker”, “On a scientific organization”, “On the status of a science city”, etc. The RF Law “On Copyright”, the Patent Law and a number of other documents are devoted to the issues of intellectual property and the patent-licensing system. The objects of legal protection are scientific publications, inventions, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks. Created in the country Federal Institute certification and evaluation of intellectual property.
The state also stimulates scientific activity with the help of tax incentives, preferential loans, financial leasing, that is, intermediary operations to allocate funds for the purchase of equipment from the manufacturer with subsequent transfer to legal entities and individuals for temporary use for a fixed fee. An effective measure is the state insurance of risky (venture) entrepreneurship in exchange for a part of the shares that guarantee the state's participation in the profits if the project is successful. A number of incentives for innovation activities are contained in the interuniversity scientific and technical program "Support for small business and new economic structures in science and scientific service of higher education."
The main task of state policy is the transition from a mobilization to an innovative type of society, that is, a society with attitudes towards change, development, expansion of the possibilities of human influence on social and economic processes. A certain role in this is played by new public organizations - the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the Union of Scientists, the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies.
In 1995, the Advisory Council on Science and Technology Policy was established under the President of the Russian Federation, the main tasks of which are: informing the President about the situation in the science and technology field in the country and abroad; development of proposals for a strategy in this area and the formation of priority areas; analysis and examination of draft legislative acts on scientific and technical issues, which are bought for the conclusion of the president, etc. The main body coordinating the activities of ministries and departments in the scientific and technical field is
Government Commission for Science and Technology Policy. Regional issues are coordinated by the Interdepartmental Council for Regional Science and Technology Policy, which reviews projects proposed by local administrations for federal funding.
Due to the limited resources that society can allocate to the development of science, it remains actual problem determining government priorities. The choice is dictated by both world practice and the specifics of the country's development. The list approved by the Government Commission in July 1996 includes, in addition to fundamental research, seven areas: information technology and electrical engineering; production technologies; new materials and chemical products; technology of biological and living systems; transport; fuel and energy; ecology and rational nature management.
Particular attention is paid to fundamental scientific research. The RAS has developed 19 programs providing for the development of the natural, technical, social and human sciences. Attention is drawn, in particular, to the development of a transition to a market economy, solving the problems of social, political and spiritual renewal of society.
State support for the most important scientific areas, teams and individual scientists has yielded certain positive results. There are scientific organizations in Russia, the results of which have received international recognition. In the Obninsk branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry. L.Ya. Karpov created and mastered the production of effective radiopharmaceuticals. The State Research Center "Applied Chemistry" has developed an appropriate technology and based on it, the production of ozone-friendly freons necessary to prevent the destruction of the ozone layer has begun. The Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the joint-stock company Biopreparat, is actively working on the creation of genetically engineered human insulin, which is not inferior to imported analogues. The Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences has created an optical-television measuring complex that makes it possible to predict the failure of loaded structures before the appearance of microcracks.
lncheskie properties of specific activity. This makes them interchangeable in nuclear technology, geology, medicine, etc.
The current state of Russian science makes it possible to judge the presence of potential reserves and to hope for future discoveries and achievements.
State science and technology policy
State scientific and technical policy - component socio-economic policy, which expresses the attitude of the state to scientific and scientific-technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of state authorities in the field of science, technology and the implementation of the achievements of science and technology.
Scientific and technical policy has become an important element of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. In the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes most of the developed capitalist countries, surveys of R&D organization practices are conducted in order to develop a scientific and technological strategy.
The objectives of scientific and technical policy are: state support for national science; stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance; providing conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the field of production.
The ultimate goal of scientific and technological policy is to ensure economic growth and competitiveness of the country in the world market, the solution social problems, ensuring economic security.
The degree and forms of state intervention in the development of science, its applied use depend on many factors: the stage of economic development; socio-economic internal and external conditions of the economic policy pursued by the government as a whole.
Separate manifestations of state regulation of scientific and technological development were observed as early as the 19th century, when the governments of developed countries protected their science by law, assisted universities in conducting scientific research, and took care of the growth of scientific personnel. In modern conditions, when the international division of labor is deepening, economic life is internationalized and, at the same time, competition between countries is intensifying, the problem of developing national scientific and technical potential comes to the fore. And state support in the field of R&D is becoming one of the decisive factors in its development.
According to American experts, without appropriate state support for the scientific sphere in the 21st century, the country's economic security may be seriously tested in such areas as Computer Engineering especially high power, biotechnology and genetic engineering, new types of weapons.
Within the framework of integration unions, an interstate scientific and technical policy is being developed. Typical is the EU policy in the field of fundamental research, applied development, in particular technical standardization, technology, information, etc.
The state scientific and technical policy can act as:
Active, moderate or passive;
Restrained, giving scope to market processes;
Protectionist in relation to the domestic scientific complex or extremely open to foreign science and technology;
Based on their own scientific potential or on borrowing foreign ideas and technologies;
Highly selective or frontal, all-encompassing;
With a pronounced priority of fundamental and strategic applied research or with a priority of applied R&D and implementation work.
The real state scientific and technical policy combines the above alternative forms depending on the current situation, the actual state of the economy and the activity of the scientific community.
An example of a highly effective science and technology policy is the measures taken by the Japanese government to restore the economy after the Second World War.
The development of science and technology on its own required colossal costs and, most importantly, many years, which threatened with a serious economic lag. For 30 years, since 1949, Japan has acquired a total of 34 thousand licenses and patents from Western colleagues, which were creatively refined by the Japanese and, most importantly, quickly introduced into production.
As a result, the creation of scientific and technical potential cost Japan only 78 billion dollars, and the scientists met it in the shortest possible time. The effectiveness of such a strategy is estimated from 400% - in general, to 1800% - in individual industries.
Today, Japanese science occupies a leading position in the field of new technologies. Taking into account the experience of the past, the country uses most of its developments to improve the quality of life of people and protect the environment. New, environmentally friendly car engines, robots and effective medicines are being created and improved to make life easier for disabled citizens, energy carriers and valuable metals are being saved and reused.
The need for state regulation of science is associated with the peculiarities of scientific "production" and its products. Among them - the unpredictability of the economic results of scientific research, the difficulty of making a profit even from commercially viable projects with existing systems of copyright protection. The main thing is that the market is not able to provide an adequate investment of resources in science - the so-called "market failure". The main task of the state in such a situation is the development and implementation of measures to compensate for the “market failure”, reduce the risk associated with scientific research and other facts of the innovation process.
In practice, three main schemes are implemented to overcome the noted "weakness" of the market mechanism:
Direct participation of the state in the production of knowledge through the organization of large laboratories financed by the budget and providing the results free of charge to a wide range of potential users. Typically, such laboratories are engaged in solving problems of defense, energy, healthcare, and agriculture. A variation of this form of participation can be considered state funding of research in laboratories or research centers of the private sector in the event that they fulfill a state order (usually for the production of weapons systems or space technology).
Provision of gratuitous subsidies for fundamental scientific research to scientists outside state laboratories (mainly at universities). The condition for receiving subsidies is full reporting on the progress of research, open publication of the results, i.e. waiver of special rights to acquired knowledge.
Providing tax incentives or subsidies to private businesses that invest in research and development.
In the first two cases, the volume and structure of spending on science are a direct result of state policy, in the third case, the economic responsibility for the development of science, their scale and priorities lies entirely with private sector companies and the state does not directly claim these results.
The use of state budget funds is the main financial instrument of the scientific and technological policy of developed countries. The state budget almost completely finances fundamental science at universities, research of a defense nature and under contracts in the private sector, as well as the creation of the most complex and expensive experimental facilities"big science" (accelerators, telescopes, space stations etc.).
The share of spending on science in the total amount of budget spending over the past 20 years has been fairly stable: 6-7% in the USA, 4-5% in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% in Japan.
The main recipients of budget funds can be not only public laboratories or universities, which is typical for Japan, Germany, Canada, but also private sector companies, as is the case in the United States.
The interaction of the private and public sectors, the transfer of funds from the budget to corporations are provided by a number of organizational mechanisms, the development and implementation of which involves the legislative and executive branches of government, the offices of ministries, agencies and special departments. The main instrument for placing state orders for research projects, which are usually an integral part of federal programs, are contracts and projects. Both of these instruments in the US, for example, are part of the federal contract system.
The federal contract system performs the function of the main instrument for organizing and managing the state market for goods and services, regulating the economic activities of more than 22 thousand various state bodies or its representatives that are customers of these goods and services. It is through this economic, extremely competitive mechanism that the American state has a decisive influence on regulating the economy, accelerating the pace of scientific and technical progress and updating the fixed assets of corporations - state contractors, on state support for R&D and training of personnel, the formation of a uniform "geography" of industrial, military-technical and scientific and technical potential and implementation of a unified patent and licensing policy of the state.
Improving the efficiency of the use of budgetary funds goes in different directions. One of them, popular in many developed countries, is the redistribution of the scientific budget in favor of small innovative companies. The historically established concentration of budgetary funds in a limited number of large corporations is seen as a factor in slowing down scientific and technological progress.
Tax incentives as a form of state support for science have been used relatively recently. An increase in the share of benefits that provide a favorable innovation climate is a general trend. The main advantage of tax support is that incentives are provided not in advance, but as an incentive for real innovation.
The main principle of the Western system is that tax incentives are not granted to scientific organizations, but to enterprises and investors. Benefits plus competition ensure high demand for research and innovation. Regular review of benefits allows the state to purposefully stimulate innovative activity in priority sectors, influence not only the structure and number of scientific and innovative organizations, but most importantly, the structure of production.
Of great importance for the development and implementation of an effective state scientific and technological policy is the theory of cyclical economic development, including the theory of cyclical technological revolutions, developed by many domestic and foreign experts. AT contemporary setting among the integral set of factors, economic science singles out innovative factors (new equipment, new materials, new technologies, new organization production and labor, new motivation). Their most complete and effective use allows economic system achieve the maximum overall result.
These factors show the greatest transformative potential when they are used in the economic system of any level in a certain ratio and their action is supported by other factors (investment, intellectual, entrepreneurial and human resources, innovative management, regulatory framework, etc.). An analysis of the various states of the results of scientific and technical activities shows that all of them can be subdivided into the main phases of the scientific and reproduction cycle.
Recently, in the leading industrialized countries, a new scientific and technical (or technological) policy has been actively formed, including a coordinated set of actions on the part of the state, private business and the education system to improve the mechanism and accelerate the development and dissemination of critical technologies as the basis of economic and national security. .
The most salient features of this policy are:
Strengthening state regulation of R&D in the field of critical technologies and the creation in this regard of single ministries coordinating the development of science, industry and foreign trade in order to more closely link scientific, technical and industrial development;
Development of general technological principles of critical technologies as a key stage of the innovation process in modern conditions;
Stable or increasing public funding of fundamental research as the basis for long-term technological and economic development. Priority funding for areas that determine the development of critical technologies;
Moving towards an increasingly even distribution of research institutions throughout the country in order to promote regional economic development and the widespread dissemination of critical technologies. The use of such organizational forms as technopolises, science parks, etc.;
Orientation of the military R&D system towards the development of "dual use" technologies. Replacing military standards with "dual use" standards used in the creation of both military and civilian products;
Improving the training system in order to meet the needs of the industry in qualified engineering and technical personnel.
An important area of science and technology policy is measures aimed at stimulating research and development (R&D) .
Thus, we can conclude that the scientific and technical policy is an integral part of the state policy, necessary for the implementation of projects to regulate and develop the scientific activities of the state. There are three main mechanisms of state influence on science: direct participation in the creation of scientific knowledge, financing of scientific activities, and tax incentives.
An analysis of the mechanisms of scientific and technological policy in Western countries does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions about which practice is the most effective. Each state, using a set of tools, solves its own, often unique tasks, the range of which is very wide - from strengthening the country's defense might to increasing the competitiveness of individual industries. What is common is the search for a rational combination of budget subsidies and tax incentives.
Summarizing the above in the first chapter, one can determine the essence of science and scientific activity in the state. Science is an important component of the development of society and the economy of the state, its development directly affects the development of production, contributing to economic growth in the country. Being the productive force of society, science forms technological structures that make up a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development. The change in technological patterns occurs cyclically, with a change in the level of technology development, this factor determines the cyclicality of the economy in the long term.
The totality of the means of production and use of new knowledge forms the national scientific potential. The effectiveness of the functioning of the scientific potential determines the quality of scientific activity in the state. The state itself influences science in the country through scientific and technical policy. This policy state is extremely important for the development of the national economy.
The state has a set of various measures to regulate the scientific potential, but the main ones are the budgetary and tax policy in the field of science.