What is the purpose of water quality regulation? Regulation of the quality of natural waters. Why does water get polluted

Hygienic characteristics of water supply sources.

The sources of water for a centralized system of domestic and drinking water supply can be both fresh surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, etc.) and groundwater (interstratal - pressure and non-pressure). In conditions of decentralized (local) water supply, underground (ground) waters, as well as springs, are more often used.

To provide high level The quality of drinking water requires the fulfillment of a number of mandatory conditions, such as:

1) appropriate water quality of the centralized water supply source;

2) creation of a favorable sanitary situation around the sources and the water supply system (pipeline).

Underground and surface sources of water supply can be used as sources of water supply.

Underground springs have a number of advantages:

1) they are protected to a certain extent from anthropogenic pollution;

2) they are highly stable bacterial and chemical composition.

The following factors influence the formation of water quality in groundwater and interstratal waters:

1) climate;

2) geomorphological structures;

3) nature of vegetation (lithological structures).

Underground water sources, depending on the depth of occurrence and relationship to rocks, are divided into:

1) soil;

2) ground;

3) interstratal.

Soil water sources lie shallow (2-3 m), actually lie near the surface. They are abundant in spring, dry up in summer, and freeze in winter. As sources of water supply, these waters are of no interest.

2. Groundwater - located in the 1st aquifer from the surface (from 10-15 m to several tens of meters). Ground waters have a more or less stable chemical composition, they can contain a significant amount of ferrous iron, which, when the water rises to the top, turns into trivalent (brown flakes). Groundwater can be used for decentralized, local water supply, since their capacity is small.

Interstratal waters lie deep in the aquifer, lying (up to 100 m) between two impermeable layers. Therefore, they are reliably isolated from precipitation and groundwater. This predetermines the properties of water, in particular its bacterial composition. These are the so-called pressure, or artesian, waters.

Hygienic standardization of drinking water quality

Water should not contain pathogens of intestinal infections, toxic chemical substances and radionuclides in concentrations exceeding special standards When examining water from decentralized sources Special attention should pay attention to oxidizability, the presence of ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, which may indicate water pollution by physiological excretions of humans and animals. The presence of ammonia raises the suspicion of fresh faecal water contamination and possible microbial contamination. Nitrite is present in rainwater and can be formed as a result of nitrate reduction and ammonia nitrification. Nitrates are found in swampy waters and can also form from ammonia and nitrite contaminants. The content of only nitrates in water can indicate long-term pollution, and the content of nitrates, ammonia and nitrites at the same time can indicate permanent and long-term water pollution. Chlorides may indicate water pollution by domestic wastewater. Oxidability characterizes the amount of readily oxidizable substances present in water. organic matter. The organoleptic properties of water are precisely those of its features that are perceived by the human senses. Olfactory, gustatory and visual, sensory organs are involved in determining such properties. Turbid, colored in any color or having an unpleasant smell and taste, water is inferior in sanitary and hygienic terms, even if it is harmless to the human body. Deterioration of water properties adversely affects the water-drinking regimen, reflexively affects many physiological functions , in particular on the secretory activity of the stomach. The main methods for improving the quality of drinking water are its clarification and discoloration, as well as disinfection. If necessary, the water is subjected special methods processing: iron removal, softening, defluorination or fluorination. Lightening and bleaching are the first stage of water treatment in the water treatment plant. They are carried out by settling water in tanks, followed by filtration through sand-carbon filters. Disinfection is the main process for improving water quality. Disinfection is carried out chemical and physical methods. Chemical disinfection methods include chlorination and ozonation. Chlorination - water treatment with chlorine or its compounds. The dose of chlorine taken for chlorination is considered optimal if the amount of residual chlorine determined in water after 30 minutes of contact with chlorine

11. Water pollution and its hygienic significance

Water is the element without which the emergence of life on Earth would not have been possible. The human body, like all living things, cannot exist without life-giving moisture, since not a single cell of the body will work without it. Therefore, assessing the quality of drinking water is an important task for any person who thinks about his health and longevity.

Why is water needed

Water for the body is the second most important component after air. It is present in all cells, organs and tissues of the body. It lubricates our joints, moisturizes the eyeballs and mucous membranes, participates in thermoregulation, helps to absorb useful substances and removes unnecessary ones, helps the heart and blood vessels, increases the body's defenses, helps fight stress and fatigue, controls metabolism.

The average person should drink two to three liters of pure water per day. This is the minimum on which our well-being and health depends.

Living and working under air conditioning, dry and poorly ventilated rooms, an abundance of people around, eating low-quality food, coffee, tea, alcohol, physical activity - all this leads to dehydration and requires additional water resources.

It is easy to guess that with such a value of water in life, it must have the appropriate properties. What drinking water quality standards exist in Russia today and what does our body really need? More on this later.

Clean water and human health

Of course, everyone knows that the water we use must be exceptionally pure. Polluted can cause such terrible diseases as:

Not so long ago, these diseases undermined the health and claimed the lives of entire villages. But today, the requirements for water quality make it possible to protect us from all pathogenic bacteria and viruses. But in addition to microorganisms, water can contain many elements of the periodic table, which, if regularly consumed in large quantities, can cause serious health problems.

Consider some chemical elements dangerous to humans

• Excess iron in the water causes allergic reactions and kidney disease.
• High content of manganese - mutations.
• With an increased content of chlorides and sulfates, disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are observed.
• The excess content of magnesium and calcium gives the so-called hardness to the water and causes arthritis and the formation of stones in a person (in the kidneys, urinary and gall bladders).
• The content of fluorine above the norm leads to serious problems with the teeth and oral cavity.
• Hydrogen sulfide, lead, arsenic - all these are poisonous compounds for all living things.
• Uranium in large doses is radioactive.
• Cadmium destroys zinc, which is important for the brain.
• Aluminum causes liver and kidney disease, anemia, problems with nervous system, colitis.

There is a serious danger of exceeding SanPiN norms. Drinking water, saturated with chemicals, with regular use (in the long term) can cause chronic intoxication, which will lead to the development of the above-mentioned diseases. Do not forget that a poorly purified liquid can be harmful not only when taken orally, but also absorbed through the skin during water procedures (showering, bathing, swimming in the pool).

Thus, we understand that minerals, macro- and microelements, which in small quantities only benefit us, in excess can cause serious, and sometimes completely irreparable disturbances in the functioning of the whole organism.

Main indicators (norms) of drinking water quality

• Organoleptic - color, taste, smell, color, transparency.
• Toxicological - the presence of harmful chemicals (phenols, arsenic, pesticides, aluminum, lead and others).
• Indicators that affect the properties of water - hardness, pH, the presence of petroleum products, iron, nitrates, manganese, potassium, sulfides, and so on.
• The amount of chemicals remaining after processing - chlorine, silver, chloroform.

Today, the requirements for water quality in Russia are very strict and are regulated by sanitary rules and regulations, abbreviated as SanPiN. Drinking water that flows from the tap, according to regulatory documents, should be so clean that you can use it without fear for your health. But unfortunately, it can be called really safe, crystal clear and even useful only at the stage of leaving the treatment plant. Further, passing through the old, often rusty and worn-out water supply networks, it is saturated with completely unhelpful microorganisms and even mineralized with dangerous chemicals (lead, mercury, iron, chromium, arsenic).

Where does industrial water come from?

• Reservoirs (lakes and rivers).
• Underground springs (artesian
• Rain and melt water.
• Desalinated salt water.
• Iceberg water.

Why does water get polluted

There are several sources of water pollution:

• Communal drains.
• Communal household waste.
• Drains of industrial enterprises.
• Plums of industrial waste.

Water: GOST (standards)

Requirements for tap water in Russia are regulated by SanPiN 2.1.1074-01 and GOST. Here are some of the main indicators.

Indicator	unit of measurement	Maximum allowable quantity
Chroma
Residual dry matter
General hardness
Permanganate oxidizability
Surfactants (surfactants)
Availability of petroleum products
Aluminum
Manganese
Molybdenum
Strontium
sulfates

State control of water quality

The drinking water quality control program includes regular sampling of tap water and a thorough check of all indicators. The number of inspections depends on the number of people served:

• Less than 10,000 people - twice a month.
• 10,000-20,000 people - ten times a month.
• 20,000-50,000 people - thirty times a month.
• 50,000-100,000 people - a hundred times a month.
• Then one additional check for every 5,000 people.

Well and well water

Very often people believe that springs are better than tap water and ideal for drinking. In fact, this is not at all the case. Sampling of water from such sources almost always shows that it is unsuitable for drinking even in boiled form due to the presence of harmful and contaminated suspensions, such as:

• Organic compounds - carbon, tetrachloride, acrylamide, vinyl chloride and other salts.
• Inorganic compounds - exceeding the norms of zinc, lead, nickel.
• Microbiological - Escherichia coli, bacteria.
• Heavy metals.
• Pesticides.

To avoid health problems, water from any wells and wells must be checked at least twice a year. Most likely, after sampling, comparing the results obtained and drinking water quality standards, it will be necessary to install stationary filter systems and update them regularly. Because natural water is constantly changing and renewing, and the content of impurities in it will also change over time.

How to test the water yourself

Today, there are a huge number of special devices for sale on sale. home check some indicators of water quality. But there are also the simplest and most affordable ways for everyone:

• Determination of the presence of salts and impurities. One drop of water should be applied to a clean glass and wait until it dries completely. If after that there are no streaks left on the glass, then the water can be considered perfectly clean.
• We determine the presence of bacteria / microorganisms / chemical compounds / organic substances. It is necessary to fill a three-liter jar with water, cover with a lid and leave in a dark place for 2-3 days. Green plaque on the walls will indicate the presence of microorganisms, sediment at the bottom of the jar - the presence of excess organic substances, a film on the surface - harmful chemical compounds.
• The suitability of water for drinking will help determine the usual test with about 100 ml of finished weak solution potassium permanganate should be poured into a glass of water. The water should become lighter in color. If the shade has changed to yellow, it is categorically not recommended to take such water inside.

Of course, such home checks cannot replace detailed analyzes and do not confirm that water complies with GOST. But if it is temporarily not possible to verify the quality of moisture in the laboratory, you need to resort to at least this option.

Where and how can I take water for analysis

Every person today can control the quality of drinking water independently. If you suspect that the tap water does not meet the requirements of regulatory documentation, you should take a water sample yourself. In addition, it is recommended to do this 2-3 times a year if a person uses water from a well, well or spring. Where to apply? This can be done at the district sanitary and epidemiological station (SES) or in a paid laboratory.

Water samples taken for analysis will be evaluated for toxicological, organoleptic, chemical and microbiological indicators in accordance with generally accepted standards. Based on the test results, a conventional laboratory issues a recommendation for the installation of additional filter systems.

Home filter systems

How to maintain the quality of drinking water according to the norms? What can be done to ensure that the life-giving moisture is always of the highest quality?

The only way out is to install stationary filter systems.

There are filters in the form of jugs, faucet nozzles and desktop boxes - all of these types are suitable only for initially good quality water from a faucet. More serious and powerful filters (under the sink, stationary, filling) are more often used to purify water in unfavorable areas, in country houses, in catering establishments.

The best filters today are those with a special reverse osmosis system. Such a unit first purifies water from all impurities, bacteria, viruses, and then re-mineralizes it with the most useful minerals. The use of such beautiful water can improve blood circulation and digestion, and it also allows you to significantly save on the purchase of bottled water.

What to do if there is no filter

We are all used to drinking from childhood. Of course, this allows you to get rid of dangerous microorganisms, but after boiling it can become even more harmful to health:

• Salts precipitate when boiled.
• The oxygen is gone.
• Chlorine forms toxic compounds when boiled.
• A day after boiling, the water becomes a favorable environment for the reproduction of all kinds of bacteria.

Since no one can guarantee the safety of tap water, and there is no filter yet, it is still necessary to get rid of microorganisms without fail. Let's remember some rules of "useful" boiling:

• Before boiling water, let it stand for 2-3 hours. During this time, most of the chlorine will evaporate.
• Switch off the kettle as soon as it boils. In this case, most of the trace elements will be preserved, and viruses and microbes will have time to die.
• Never keep boiled water longer than 24 hours.

The purpose of rationing the quality of drinking water is to preserve human health. When using poor-quality water, a person may develop diseases of infectious and non-infectious etiology. Requirements for the quality of drinking water are set out in the document SanPiN 2.1.4.1074 - 01 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control"

Rationing is carried out according to the following groups of indicators:

1.Organoleptic.

2. Chemical.

3. Bacteriological

4. Substances that got into the water as a result of improving its properties.

3.1. Organoleptic indicators

Transparency.

The degree of transparency of water depends on the presence of suspended particles of mineral or organic origin in it. Water is considered transparent if Snellen's type is readable through a layer of water 30 cm high.

Transparency value:

· With a decrease in transparency, water consumption is limited.

· It is an indicator of the effectiveness of the process of water clarification at treatment facilities.

Reducing transparency natural waters indicates contamination.

Turbidity

It also depends on the presence of suspended particles of mineral (clay, silt) or organic origin in the water. The particles that cause water turbidity range in size from colloidal sizes to about 0.1 mm in diameter. They can be divided into three general class: clays, organic particles resulting from the destruction of plant and animal remains, and fibrous particles.

The main part of suspended solids in most natural waters is soil particles carried away from the earth's surface as a result of erosion. The coarser fractions of sand and silt are completely or partially covered with organic matter.

Organic turbidity due to the accumulation of microorganisms can be observed in such large quantities that the water becomes unpleasant and cloudy. Examples of turbidity due to microorganisms are summer blooms of blue-green algae in surface water bodies, algae residues and detritus of iron bacteria in distribution systems.

There is a relationship between high turbidity of water and its taste and odor, and the presence of suspended particles in drinking water systems makes the water unattractive to the consumer.

Water turbidity is related to or affects many other indicators of water quality. Most of the color is formed by colloidal particles, and 50% of this color is due to the "colloidal fraction" of humic substances.

Turbidity can affect the microbiological quality of drinking water. Its presence can complicate the detection of bacteria and viruses in drinking water. The growth of microbes in water occurs most intensively on the surface of the particles and in free flakes found in natural conditions, as well as in flakes formed during the coagulation process. This growth is facilitated by the fact that nutrients are adsorbed to surfaces, so that bacteria that linger on them can grow more efficiently than bacteria that are free in suspension.

In the coagulation process of water purification, bacteria and viruses are captured by the resulting flakes and removed along with the turbidity. Water can only be considered safe to drink if it is coagulated and filtered before chlorination. Consumption of chlorinated water with high turbidity can be hazardous to health. The adsorption capacity of suspended particles can lead to the capture of undesirable compounds present in the water, and this can lead to an indirect relationship between turbidity and health aspects of water quality. For example, the strength of some metal-humic complexes included in the turbidity fraction can complicate the determination of metals in natural waters, leading to an underestimation of the metal content.

Turbidity value:

a) It is used as a measure of the efficiency of particle removal in the process of water treatment, so the low turbidity of the treated water is an indicator of the effectiveness of the processes of coagulation, sedimentation, filtration.

b) Detection of a higher turbidity of water at the point of intake than when entering the distribution network indicates contamination after treatment, corrosion or other disturbances in the distribution process

Turbidity of water at the level of 1.5 mg/l corresponds to a transparency of 30 cm.

Chromaticity.

Color is a natural property of water due to the presence of:

a) humic substances, which give it a yellowish to brown color. Humic substances are products of the destruction of organic substances in the soil, they are washed out of it and enter the waters of open reservoirs, therefore the color is inherent in the water of open reservoirs and increases sharply during the flood period.

b) metals such as iron and manganese. In groundwater, as well as in some surface waters, iron and manganese are often present, which give them color. Another important source of iron in drinking water is the dissolution of iron pipes that carry water. Iron and manganese, respectively, can cause red and black water. Copper leaching from copper pipes, in addition to a slightly blue coloration of water, can in especially pronounced cases cause a blue-green coloration of sanitary equipment.

c) highly colored industrial effluents, among which the most common are effluents from pulp and paper and textile enterprises.

Health impact. Providing consumers with visibly colored water may lead them to use an alternative source of colorless but possibly unsafe water. There is also a connection between color and the formation of some organochlorine compounds, the difficulty of water purification and an increase in chlorine consumption.

Most metals can form complexes upon contact with humic substances in water. The formation of complexes can dramatically increase the solubility of the metal. Some metals under certain circumstances form insoluble complexes with humic substances; this serves as the basis for the use of iron and aluminum salts in the production of drinking water.

It has not been established that dissolved humic substances impart flavor to drinking water. Colored organic matter in water is known to stimulate the growth of many aquatic microorganisms, some of which are responsible for water odour. Water containing very few soluble humic substances may be more corrosive to metal than water containing large amounts of them. Since humic acids and some of their metal complexes are poorly soluble at the pH of drinking water, they may be partly responsible for the turbidity of the water sample.

The difficulty in maintaining the concentration of free residual chlorine in distribution systems may be due to the presence of colored organic substances in the treated water. This is due to the reaction of chlorine with humic substances with the formation of trihalomethanes. Color can interfere chemical analysis many components of water.

The color of water should not be higher than 20 0 .

Color value:

· When the color is above 35 0 water consumption is limited;

· Changing the color of groundwater indicates their pollution;

It is an indicator of the effectiveness of water bleaching.

Smell and taste.

Evaluation of smells and tastes is carried out on the basis of taking into account their intensity and nature. Intensity is determined on a five-point scale. In the presence of odors and tastes in the water, their nature is clarified. Smells and tastes can be of natural and artificial origin. Natural odors are due to the presence of living in the water and dead organisms, the influence of the coast, bottom, surrounding soils, soils. The presence of plant residues in the water gives it an earthy, muddy or swampy smell. If the water blooms, and it contains the waste products of actinomycetes, then it acquires an aromatic smell. When organic matter rots in water or is contaminated with sewage, a putrefactive, hydrogen sulfide or fecal odor occurs. Odors can also occur in stagnant water conditions in areas of distribution systems characterized by low water flow rates, or in raw and treated water tanks. In the process of water treatment, substances with a low odor (for example, amines and phenols) can be converted into compounds with a very intense odor (chloramine and chlorophenol). Proliferation in distribution systems of iron and sulfur bacteria can also be a source of odor. The natural taste of water is defined as salty, bitter, sweet and sour. Other types of taste sensations are defined as smacks. Smells and tastes of artificial origin are determined by the names of those substances, the smell and taste of which they imitate: phenolic, chlorophenolic, metallic, gasoline and others.

Meaning of smells and tastes:

At their intensity above 2 points, water consumption is limited, as they have reflex influence on the water-drinking regime and the physiological functions of the body;

· Artificial odors and flavors can be indicators of water pollution from industrial wastewater;

Natural odors and tastes with an intensity of more than 2 points indicate the presence in the water of biologically active substances secreted by algae.

· In piped water systems, a change in taste can signal changes in source water quality, deficiencies in the treatment process, or chemical corrosion and biological growth in the distribution system.

The intensity of odors and tastes should not exceed 2 points

Temperature.

Cold drinking water preferably warm. The intensity of taste and smell is greatest in water at room temperature. Turbidity and color are related to temperature, since the coagulation efficiency strongly depends on it. The growth of microorganisms is activated in warm water.

Water, having a temperature of 8-15 0 C, has a pleasant refreshing effect, quenches thirst better, is absorbed faster, stimulates the secretory and motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract, over 25 0 C - quenches thirst poorly, 25-35 0 C - unpleasant, causes a gag reflex.

Meaning:

· An increase can serve as an indicator of pollution of groundwater, which has a constant temperature.

3.2. Chemical indicators

The chemical composition of water is the cause of non-infectious diseases.

Reasons for changing the chemical composition of water:

1) industrial and agricultural human activity - the inflow of industrial and domestic wastewater, atmospheric precipitation containing harmful substances.

2) purification of drinking water - the use of chemical methods of water treatment and the content of residual amounts of reagents in water.

Indicators:

1) dry residue

2) rigidity

3) chlorides

4) sulfates

5) nitrates and nitrites

6) pH value

7) trace elements

dry residue.

Solids content is the total content of dissolved solids in water, it gives an idea of ​​the degree of mineralization of water. The main ions that determine the dry residue are carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. This indicator influences other indicators of drinking water quality, such as taste, hardness, corrosivity and tendency to scale.

Water with a solids content of more than 1000 mg/l is called mineralized, up to 1000 mg/l - fresh. Water containing up to 50 - 100 mg / l is considered slightly mineralized (distilled), 100 - 300 mg / l is satisfactorily mineralized, 300 - 500 mg / l is optimal mineralization and 500 -1000 mg / l is highly mineralized. Mineralized water is sea, mineral, fresh - river, rain, glacier water.

Dry residue value:

1) Water with a high content of mineral salts is unsuitable for drinking, as it has a salty or bitter-salty taste, and its use, depending on the composition of salts, leads to adverse physiological changes in the body:

a) contributes to overheating in hot weather,

b) leads to a violation of thirst quenching,

c) changes the water-salt metabolism by increasing the hydrophilicity of tissues,

d) enhances the motor and secretory of the stomach and intestines.

2) Weakly mineralized water is unpleasant in taste, its prolonged use can lead to a violation of water-salt metabolism (decrease in the content of chlorides in tissues). Such water, as a rule, contains few trace elements.

Rigidity

The general hardness of water is mainly due to the presence of calcium and magnesium in water, which are in the form of bicarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates and other compounds; ions of strontium, iron, barium, manganese are also important.

Types of hardness:

1. Removable - the amount by which the total hardness of water decreases when it is boiled for 1 hour. Caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, which break down and precipitate as carbonates (scale).

2. Carbonate - this is hardness due to bicarbonates and slightly soluble carbonates. Removable hardness is approximately equal to carbonate hardness, but when there are a lot of sodium and calcium bicarbonates in water, carbonate hardness significantly exceeds removable hardness.

3. Constant - this is the hardness that remains after boiling and is due to chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.

Water with a total hardness of up to 3.5 mEq / l is called soft, 3.5-7 - medium hardness, 7-10 - hard, above -10 - very hard.

The main natural sources of water hardness are sedimentary rocks, filtration and runoff from the soil. Hard water is formed in areas with a dense arable layer and limestone formations. Groundwater is characterized by greater rigidity than surface water. Groundwater rich carboxylic acids and dissolved oxygen, have a high dissolving power in relation to soils and rocks containing minerals of calcite, gypsum and dolomite.

The main industrial sources of hardness are effluent from inorganic chemical plants and the mining industry. Calcium oxide is used in the construction industry, pulp and paper manufacturing, sugar refining, oil refining, tanning, and as a water and wastewater treatment agent. Magnesium alloys are used in foundry and stamping production, household products. Magnesium salts are used in the production of metallic magnesium, fertilizers, ceramics, explosives, medicines.

Hard water value:

organoleptic properties worsen - water has an unpleasant taste;

Absorption of fats in the intestine is disturbed as a result of the formation of calcium-magnesian insoluble soaps during saponification of fats;

in persons with sensitive skin contributes to the appearance of dermatitis due to the fact that calcium-magnesium soaps have an irritating effect

in the household aspect: the consumption of detergents increases, scale is formed during boiling, hair becomes stiff after washing, clothing fabrics lose their softness and flexibility, the boiling of meat and vegetables worsens with a loss of vitamins as a result of binding them into indigestible complexes,

There is evidence that drinking too hard water can lead to an increase in the incidence of urolithiasis; although there is evidence that stiffness may serve as a defense against disease;

· with a sharp transition from the use of hard water to soft and vice versa, people may experience dyspeptic phenomena;

spoils the appearance, taste and quality of tea, which is the most important drink among the population, stimulating gastric secretion and quenching thirst;

There is evidence that drinking soft water can cause cardiovascular disease.

Chlorides.

Chlorides can be of mineral and organic origin. The presence of chlorides in natural waters can be associated with the dissolution of salt deposits, pollution caused by the application of salt to roads to control snow and ice, the discharge of effluent from the chemical industry, the operation of oil wells, the discharge of sewage, irrigation drainage, pollution from the washout of solid waste and sea water intrusion into coastal areas. Each of these sources can cause pollution of surface and groundwater. The high solubility of chlorides explains their wide distribution in all natural waters.

Impact on health. Chlorides are the most common anions in the human body and play an important role in the osmotic activity of the extracellular fluid; 88% of the chlorides in the body are in the extracellular space. In healthy people, almost complete absorption of chlorides occurs.

The value of chlorides:

organoleptic properties worsen - water acquires a salty taste and, as a result, water consumption is limited;

influences water-salt metabolism; the level of chlorides in the blood rises, which leads to a decrease in diuresis and a redistribution of chlorides in organs and tissues;

Cause inhibition of gastric secretion, resulting in disruption of the process of digestion of food;

There is evidence that chlorides have a hypertensive effect and in people suffering from hypertension, drinking water with a high content of chlorides can cause an aggravation of the course of the disease;

They are an indicator of pollution of underground and surface water sources, since chlorides are contained in wastewater and human physiological excretions.

sulfates.

Sulphates enter the aquatic environment with wastewater from many industries. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) produced during the combustion of fuels and released during roasting processes in metallurgy can contribute to the sulfate content of surface waters. Sulfur trioxide (SO 3), formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, in combination with water vapor form sulfuric acid, which falls in the form of acid rain or snow. Most sulfates are water soluble.

With aluminum sulfate, which is used as a flocculant in water treatment, an additional 20-50 mg/l of sulfates can enter the purified water. Sulfates are not removed from water by conventional treatment methods. The concentration in most fresh waters is very low.

Sulfate value:

Sulfates are poorly absorbed from the human intestine. They slowly penetrate cell membranes and rapidly excreted through the kidneys. Magnesium sulfate acts as a laxative in concentrations above 100 mg/l, leading to a cleansing of the gastrointestinal tract. This effect occurs in people who first use water with a high content of sulfates (when moving to a new place of residence, where they use sulfate water). Over time, a person adapts to this concentration of sulfates in the water.

· water consumption is limited, since sulfates give the water a bitter-salty taste in concentrations above 500 mg/l.

adversely affect gastric secretion, leading to disruption of the processes of digestion and absorption of food.

· are an indicator of pollution of surface waters by industrial wastewaters and groundwaters by waters of overlying aquifers.

Nitrates, nitrites.

Ammonia is the initial decomposition product of organic nitrogen-containing substances. Therefore, the presence of ammonia in water can be regarded as an indicator of epidemically dangerous fresh water pollution by organic substances of animal origin. In some cases, the presence of ammonia does not indicate poor water quality. For example: in deep underground waters, ammonia is formed due to the reduction of nitrates in the absence of oxygen or an increased content of ammonia in swampy and peaty waters (ammonia of vegetable origin).

Salts of nitrous acid (nitrites) are products of incomplete oxidation of ammonia under the influence of microorganisms in the process of nitrification. The presence of nitrites indicates the possible pollution of water by organic substances, however, nitrites indicate the known age of pollution.

salt nitric acid(nitrates) are the end products of the mineralization of organic matter by bacteria present in the soil and in water with sufficient oxygen content. The presence of nitrates without ammonia and nitrites in the water indicates the completion of the mineralization process.

The simultaneous content of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates in the water indicates the incompleteness of this process and the ongoing, epidemically dangerous water pollution. However, the elevated nitrate content may be of mineral origin. Nitrates are used as fertilizers (saltpeter), in explosives, in chemical production and as preservatives. food products. Some nitrates are the result of atmospheric nitrogen fixation in the soil (bacterial synthesis). Nitrites are used as food preservatives. Some nitrates and nitrites are formed when nitrogen oxides are washed out by rain, which are the result of lightning strikes or come from anthropogenic sources.

Nitrates and nitrites are widely distributed in the environment, they are found in most foods, in the atmosphere and in many water sources. The entry of these ions into the water is facilitated by the use of fertilizers, decay of plant and animal material, domestic sewage, disposal of sewage sludge into the soil, industrial discharges, leaching from waste disposal sites and leaching from the atmosphere. In natural clean waters, nitrates, as a rule, are few. However, in groundwater within settlements, livestock farms and other places where the soil is permanently and massively

polluted, the nitrate content can be high.

Because none of the commonly used water treatment and disinfection methods significantly alter nitrate levels, and because nitrate concentrations do not change appreciably in the water distribution system, levels in tap water are often completely similar to those found in water sources. The content of nitrites in tap water is lower than in water sources, which is caused by their oxidation during water treatment, especially during chlorination.

Metabolism. Nitrates and nitrites are easily absorbed by the body. Nitrates are absorbed in the upper small intestine, concentrated mainly in saliva through salivary glands are excreted through the kidneys. Nitrate can easily be converted to nitrite by bacterial reduction. The reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurs throughout the body, including the stomach. This transformation

depends on the pH value. In infants, in which the acidity in the stomach is normally very low, a large amount of nitrite is formed. In adults, acidity in the stomach is characterized by a pH value of 1-5, and to a lesser extent, the conversion of nitrate to nitrite occurs. Nitrite can oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Under certain conditions, nitrites can react in the human body with secondary and tertiary amines and amides (food) to form nitrosamines, some of which are considered carcinogens.

The value of nitrates, nitrites:

cause the development of "water-nitrate methemoglobinemia" due to the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin by nitrites. Basically, this disease occurs in children. The sensitivity of infants to the action of nitrates was attributed to their high intake in the body relative to body weight, the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and easier oxidation of fetal hemoglobin. Besides, hypersensitivity observed in infants suffering from disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, in which the number of bacteria that can convert nitrates to nitrites increases. The use of artificial formulas for feeding children is also considered as a reason for the increase in morbidity, since the water used to prepare the formula may contain an increased amount of nitrates. In infants, a near-neutral pH in the stomach promotes bacterial growth in the stomach and upper intestines. In children, there is a deficiency in two specific enzymes that reverse the conversion of methemoglobin to hemoglobin. Boiling for a long time can exacerbate the problem due to the increase in the amount of nitrates when the water evaporates. More often, the cause of the disease was the use of private wells with microbiological contamination as a source of water (they do not contain algae that actively consume nitrates). The disease is characterized by the development of shortness of breath, cyanosis, tachycardia, seizures. In children older than 1 year and adults, the disease in the form of acute toxic cyanosis is not observed, but the content of methemoglobin in the blood increases, which impairs the transport of oxygen to the tissues - this is manifested by weakness, pallor of the skin, increased fatigue.

cause the formation of nitrosamines, some of which may be carcinogens. The formation of these substances occurs in the mouth or elsewhere in the body where the acidity is relatively low.

They are an indicator of water pollution by organic substances.

pH value (active reaction).

Acidic are swampy waters containing humic substances, alkaline - groundwater rich in bicarbonates.

Meaning:

determines the natural properties of water;

It is an indicator of pollution of open water bodies when acidic or alkaline industrial wastewater is discharged into them;

· The pH value is closely related to other indicators of drinking water quality. The growth of iron bacteria is highly dependent on pH. They form iron oxide hydrate as a metabolic end product, which gives the red color to the water. At high pH values, water acquires a bitter taste.

· The effectiveness of coagulation and disinfection processes depends on pH. The disinfecting effect of chlorine in water is lower at high pH values; this is due to a decrease in the concentration of hypochlorous acid.

Microelements.

Various trace elements are found in natural waters: bromine, boron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, lead, arsenic, beryllium, fluorine, iodine, etc.

Fluorine.

The main source of fluoride in the human body is drinking water. The source of fluorine in water is the soil and its underlying rocks, where soluble fluorine-containing mineral compounds are found. The water of open reservoirs can be contaminated with fluorine-containing compounds when industrial wastewater is released into them. The water of open reservoirs contains a reduced amount of fluorine. High concentrations of fluorine are more common in the waters of artesian wells.

Fluorine consumed with water is almost completely absorbed, retained in the skeleton and in a small amount in dental tissues. At a fluorine concentration above 1.5 mg / l, people who drink such water develop dental fluorosis, more than 5 mg / l, skeletal fluorosis is possible. Dental fluorosis is characterized by the appearance of porcelain-like or yellow-pigmented teeth on the enamel. Brown color stains or erosions, as well as increased abrasion of teeth. With a decrease in the concentration of fluorine below 1 mg / l in the population, the incidence of caries increases, since it reduces the solubility of enamel under conditions of increased acidity of the environment. In high doses, fluorine is acutely toxic to humans: hemorrhagic gastroenteritis develops, acute toxic nephritis, and damage to the liver and heart muscle.

Iron.

In surface waters, iron is present in the ferric state, although, under reducing conditions, ferrous iron may also be present in groundwater. The presence of iron in natural waters is associated with the dissolution of rocks and minerals, the drainage of acidic mine waters, filtration from landfills, wastewater discharges and effluents from the metallurgical industry.

Iron value:

ferrous salts are unstable and precipitate as insoluble iron hydroxide, which precipitates as a rust-colored deposit. Iron gives the water a cloudy, yellow-brown color. Such water is unpleasant in taste (has a bitter metallic taste), stains linen and plumbing fittings.

iron sediment reduces water flow and accelerates the growth of iron bacteria. They get energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, and during this process, sludge is deposited that covers the pipelines.

Copper.

Copper is often found in surface waters and imparts an unpleasant astringent taste and coloration to the water. The presence of copper in water does not pose a health risk, although it may interfere with the use of water for domestic purposes. Copper increases the corrosion of aluminum and zinc cookware and fittings.

Manganese.

Manganese present in surface waters occurs in both soluble and suspended form. Higher concentrations of manganese are usually associated with industrial pollution. Intoxication with manganese coming from drinking water, not described. Manganese imparts an undesirable taste to drinks and stains fixtures and linen in the wash. If the manganese compounds in solution undergo oxidation, the manganese precipitates out, causing scale problems.

Zinc.

Zinc carbonates, oxides and sulfides are poorly soluble in water, although highly soluble chloride and sulfate salts are prone to hydrolysis with the formation of zinc hydroxide and carbonate. As a result, the concentration of zinc in natural waters is usually low. The concentration of zinc in tap water is higher due to leaching from galvanized pipes, brass and zinc-containing fittings. Due to the low toxicity of zinc and effective homeostatic mechanisms of regulation, the danger to humans of chronic toxicity of zinc supplied with drinking water and diet is unlikely. Zinc imparts an undesirable astringent taste to water, and may also cause opalescence and an oily film when boiled.

Aluminum.

Aluminum enters the water as a result of industrial wastewater discharges, erosion, leaching of matter from minerals and soil, atmospheric dust pollution and precipitation. Aluminum salts are widely used in water purification to eliminate its color and turbidity. Aluminum salts that have entered inside do not cause any harmful effects in humans. Normally, they are not absorbed from food and water, but form complexes with phosphates and are excreted in faeces. Aluminum can worsen the organoleptic properties of water - an unpleasant, astringent taste appears.

Chromium.

Drinking water usually contains chromium in very low concentrations. Water pollution occurs as a result of the use of chromium in human activities and as a result of the discharge of effluents containing chromium compounds. The adverse human effects of chromium present in water are associated with hexavalent chromium. Chromium in the range of 10 mg/kg of body weight causes liver necrosis, nephritis and death in humans; lower doses lead to irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. There is evidence that chromium can cause the development of malignant neoplasms.

Lead.

The presence of lead in surface waters is due to the discharge of industrial effluents. Drinking water contains relatively low levels of lead, but when lead pipes are used, the concentration can increase significantly. There is information in the literature on the intestinal absorption of lead from aqueous solutions containing dissolved lead. Lead in high doses is a cumulative metabolic poison with a general effect.

Mercury.

Mercury can be present in the environment as a metal, as salts, and as organomercury compounds, the most important being methylmercury. Methylmercury can be produced from inorganic mercury by the action of microorganisms found in bottom sediments and in sewage sludge. The presence of elevated concentrations of mercury indicates water pollution. Fish and mammals absorb and retain mercury, and in areas where water is contaminated with mercury and where fish form a significant part of the diet, intakes of the element can be significant.

Mercury performs no physiological function in the body. Methylmercury is completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Mercury poisoning is manifested by neurological and renal disorders, gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects.

Nickel.

Many nickel salts are soluble in water, which can lead to water pollution, and industrial discharge of effluents containing nickel compounds into rivers can also occur. Some nickel is removed by traditional water treatment methods, so the nickel content in treated water is lower than in untreated water. Nickel is an essential element, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is low. Nickel is relatively non-toxic. The levels of nickel found in food and water are not considered to be a serious health hazard.

3.3 Bacteriological indicators.

Water pathogenic bacteria.

Fecal contamination of drinking water can cause the entry into water of various intestinal pathogenic organisms (bacterial, viral, etc.), and their presence is associated with microbial diseases and carriers present in this moment among the population of the study area. Intestinal pathogenic bacteria are widespread throughout the world. Among the known ones found in polluted water are strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Camhylobacter fetus. These organisms can cause diseases ranging in severity from mild gastroenteritis to severe and sometimes fatal forms of dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever.

Other organisms that are naturally present in the environment and are not considered pathogenic agents can sometimes cause opportunistic diseases (i.e., infections with opportunistic pathogens). Such microorganisms, when present in drinking water, can cause infectious diseases, mainly in persons with impaired local or general natural immune defense mechanisms, which is most likely in the case of the very elderly, children and hospitalized patients, for example, for burns or in need of immunosuppressive therapy. Drinking water used by such patients for drinking and washing, if it contains an excessive amount of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, can cause a wide variety of infections, including infectious lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the eye, ear and nasopharynx

The significance of the waterway for the spread of intestinal bacterial infections varies greatly depending on the disease and local conditions.

Rationale for the use of indicator microorganisms.

Despite the fact that at present it is possible to establish the presence of many pathogenic agents in water, the methods for their isolation and quantification are often quite complex and lengthy. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is not practical to monitor every possible pathogenic microbe resulting from pollution. A more logical approach is to identify microorganisms commonly found in the faeces of humans and other warm-blooded animals as indicators of faecal contamination, as well as indicators of the effectiveness of water purification and disinfection processes. The detection of such microorganisms indicates the presence of faeces and hence the possible presence of enteric pathogens. Thus, the search for such microorganisms - indicators of faecal contamination - makes it possible to obtain means of monitoring water quality.

Microorganisms are indicators of fecal contamination.

The use of typical enteric microorganisms as indicators of faecal contamination is well recognized. Ideally, the detection of such indicator bacteria should indicate the presence of all associated pathogenic agents. Indicator microorganisms are always present in faeces but absent from other sources. They are easily isolated, identified and quantified and do not multiply in water. They survive longer in the aquatic environment than pathogens and are more resistant to the action of disinfecting agents. In practice, no single microorganism can meet all of these criteria.

Microorganisms used as bacterial indicators of faecal contamination include the group of coliform organisms in general, E. coli and coliform organisms which have been described as "faecal coliforms", faecal streptococci, and sulfite-reducing clostridia.

A) Common coliform microorganisms.

Coliform organisms have long been considered useful indicators of drinking water quality, mainly because, these organisms are easily detectable and quantification in the aquatic environment. They are characterized by the ability to ferment lactose when cultivated at 35° or 37°C and include E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella species. They should not be present in the water supplied to the consumer, and their presence indicates insufficient treatment or secondary contamination after treatment. In this case, the test for total coliforms is an indicator of the effectiveness of water treatment.

B) Fecal (thermotolerant) coliforms

They are coliform organisms capable of fermenting lactose at 44.0 0 or 44.5 0 C and include the genus Escherichia and, to a lesser extent, individual strains of Enterobacter, Klebsiella. Of these microorganisms, only E. coli is specifically of fecal origin, and it is always present in large quantities in the excrement of humans, animals and birds and is rarely found in water and soil not subjected to fecal contamination.

B) Other indicators of faecal contamination

Other indicator organisms can be used to confirm faecal contamination in the absence of faecal coliforms and E. coli in the water. These secondary indicator organisms include faecal streptococci and sulfite-reducing clostridia, especially C. perfringens.

D) Fecal streptococci

The presence of fecal streptococci in water usually indicates faecal contamination. This applies to those streptococci commonly found in human and animal feces, including S. Faecalis, S. Fatcium, S. Durans, S. Avium, and strains in between. These organisms rarely thrive in contaminated water, and they may be somewhat more resistant to disinfection than coliform organisms.

D) Sulphite-reducing clostridia.

These anaerobic spore-forming organisms, the most characteristic of which is C. perfringes (C. Welcyii), are commonly found in faeces, although in much lower numbers than E. coli. Spores of sulfite-reducing organisms survive in the aquatic environment longer than organisms of the coliform group, they are resistant to disinfection.

E) the simplest.

Of all the intestinal protozoa that are pathogenic to humans, there are three. These protozoa can be waterborne: Entamoeba Hyistolytica, Giardia spp. and Balantidium coli. These organisms are the etiological agents of amebiasis (amoebic dysentery), giardiasis and balantidiasis, respectively, and are all associated with drinking-water outbreaks. Various, usually free-living, amoebas can play the role of water agents, often causing fatal diseases. However, waterborne infections caused by these organisms are almost always associated with recreational water contact rather than transmission through drinking water.

E.histolytica widespread throughout the world and exists in the stage of trophozoids and cysts. The infection occurs when the cysts are swallowed. The person acts as a reservoir of infection. Patients with dysentery secrete only trophozoids, which are sensitive to drying, fluctuations in temperature and salinity, and they die under the action of gastric juice. Therefore, a more important source of infection are chronically ill patients and carriers of the infection who secrete cysts.

Giardiaspp. is also widespread in the world and is in the stage of trophozoids and cysts. Found in many species of mammals and birds. The infection occurs when cysts are swallowed and is more common in children.

Balantidiumcoli are widely distributed micro-organisms. May be dangerous to humans.

Although most E. histolytica infections are asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, deaths are not excluded. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis with symptoms of mild diarrhea to transient dysentery.

Balantidiasis may present as acute dysentery with bloody diarrhea, or asymptomatic as carriers.

Chapter 2. Environmental regulation and activities in the field of environmental management

Chapter 3 Regulation of water quality

3.1 Water quality and uses

3.2Water uses

3.3 Formation of the chemical composition of natural waters

3.4 Classification of waters according to integral quality indicators

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION
The total amount of water on earth is estimated at 14,000 million km3. However, stationary reserves of fresh water suitable for use are only 0.3% of the volume of the hydrosphere (about 4 million km3).
Water on our planet is in a state of circulation. Under the action of solar energy, water evaporates from the surface of the world's oceans and land, and then falls out in the form of precipitation.
About 412 thousand km3 per year evaporate from the surface of the oceans, and the amount of atmospheric precipitation falling on the surface of the seas and oceans is about 310 thousand km3 per year. The difference is the river flow from land to the seas and oceans.
The one-time supply of water in all the rivers of the globe is approximately 1200 km3, and this volume is renewed approximately every 12 days.
River flow consists of underground and surface. The most valuable is the underground water source.
There is no water in nature that does not contain impurities. Even atmospheric precipitation contains up to 100 mg/l of various pollutants.
Centralized water supply to cities, towns and industrial enterprises is a complex set of technical, economic and organizational measures. Their rational solution determines the level of sanitary improvement of cities and towns, ensures normal living conditions for the population, and guarantees the uninterrupted operation of industry.
Stocks fresh water limited and distributed over the surface and in earth's crust unevenly.
A huge amount of fresh water is necessary for the functioning of industrial enterprises. An even greater amount of fresh water is used in agriculture, in fish farms. Raising the living standards of the population also requires large expenditures of fresh water for economic and domestic needs. On average, one person consumes about 250 liters of water per day. A disproportion is created between the natural supply of fresh water and its consumption. There is a threat of water shortage. In this regard, the question arises about the rational use of water resources.
Few people today doubt that the water that we drink and use in everyday life needs additional purification, no matter where it comes from - from a well, artesian well or water supply. According to the statistics of the Gosstroy of Russia, about 40% of the city's water supply network is now in disrepair, not to mention country cottages and
holiday villages, where the quality of natural water often goes beyond sanitary standards. In their reports at scientific conferences, scientists are increasingly stating that not only non-drinking, but even “domestic” water flows from our tap.
All water used for household and drinking purposes is preliminarily cleaned and disinfected at treatment facilities. It comes from surface sources. At the time of cleaning, reaching clean water tanks, it usually meets the highest SanPiN standards. However, when moving along many kilometers of corroded iron and steel pipes, its quality noticeably deteriorates, a smell appears, transparency decreases, and increases content of iron, copper, zinc and other heavy metals, toxic components and bacteria from structural and sealing materials get into the water.All this can lead to the development of allergies and blood diseases.
The presence of mechanical impurities and iron compounds in domestic water contributes to premature wear of plumbing. Hard water forms hard-to-remove plaque on plumbing and tiles, scale in water heaters. Therefore, water needs additional purification directly at the point of consumption, which is especially necessary for drinking water, the purity of which is important for human health.
Requirements for the quality of drinking water are set out in the current GOST 2874-82 "Drinking Water" and SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96. But the regulatory and methodological base of GOST no longer meets modern requirements. For decades, data on water quality in Moscow have not been published, and this situation persists to this day.

Chapter 1. Environmental regulation

Objectively, in the process of social development, a person cannot but influence the state of environment. Thus, it cannot but extract mineral resources, cannot but take water, and so far cannot, for economic and technical reasons, not emit pollutants into the natural environment. The problem is that, at the same time, scientifically substantiated limits of such impacts should be established based on long-term public interests in preserving the quantitative and qualitative properties and characteristics of nature. This goal is achieved through environmental regulation, which determines the place of environmental standards in the mechanism of environmental law. Environmental regulation is understood as the establishment of environmental standards by authorized state bodies in accordance with the requirements of the law. AT Russian Federation There are many normative legal acts regulating relations in the field of environmental regulation. Among the main ones should be called the Law on Environmental Protection, Ch. V of which - "Rationing in the field of environmental protection" defines a system of environmental standards, the criteria for their establishment. Some special requirements for environmental regulation in relation to the regulation of the protection and use of certain natural resources are established in acts of natural resource legislation: RF Labor Code (part 5, article 13), RF Civil Code (Article 109), RF LK (Article 62), Laws on the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (Article 30), on the protection of atmospheric air (Article 11, 12), on the animal world (Article 17), on production and consumption waste (Article 18). The Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population determines the requirements for sanitary and hygienic regulation in the field of environmental protection. An important role in environmental regulation is played by the Procedure for the development and approval of environmental standards for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, limits of use natural resources, waste disposal, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 3, 1992 (as amended and supplemented).

The system of environmental standards includes:

environmental quality standards;

standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on the environment;

norms of admissible withdrawal of natural resources.

Being approved by specially authorized state bodies in the field of nature management and environmental protection within their competence, environmental standards are mandatory. Compliance with these standards serves as a criterion for assessing the legitimacy of the behavior of subjects of environmental legal relations in the field of environmental impact assessment, environmental expertise, licensing, certification, control, etc. According to Art. 22 of the Law on Environmental Protection for exceeding the established standards of permissible impact on the environment, subjects of economic and other activities, depending on the damage caused to the environment, are liable in accordance with the law. Limits serve as regulators of nature management. Limitation is a system of environmental and economic restrictions on territories, terms and volumes of limit indicators for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal (Article 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" No. 2060-1 dated 12/19/91, as amended by the Laws of the Russian Federation dated 02/21/92 No. 2397-1, dated 06/02/93 No. 5076-1). Nature management is carried out by removing natural substances from nature and introducing pollutants into it. In accordance with this, the limitation is made by setting the maximum norms for the withdrawal of resources, as well as the norms for emissions and discharges into the environment and waste disposal. Limits are set on the size of land allotment for the construction of roads and railways, airports, pipelines, reclamation canals. Water consumption limits apply for irrigated agriculture, for industrial and agricultural facilities. The limits for the use of forest resources are the indicators of the allowable cutting area by territory, i.e. maximum annual cutting rate. There are quotas for fishing and hunting. The limits for emissions and discharges of pollutants are environmental quality standards (Articles 25-34 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" No. 2060-1 of 12/19/91, as amended by the Laws of the Russian Federation of 02.21.92. No. 2397-1 , dated 02.06.93. No. 5076-1). These standards are called MPE - maximum allowable emissions into the atmosphere; MPD - maximum allowable discharges into water sources; MPC - maximum allowable concentrations; MPD - maximum permissible levels of exposure to noise, vibration, magnetic fields; PDN - maximum permissible loads on the natural environment (number of visitors for an excursion in the reserve, livestock load per unit of pasture land). The standards are approved by the State Committee for Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation. Types, limits of economic activity, environmental requirements for the use of resources are recorded in licenses (permits) for integrated environmental management issued by management bodies, which indicate:

types, volumes and limits of economic activity on the use of natural resources;

environmental requirements under which the use of natural resources is allowed, the consequences of non-compliance with these requirements (Article 18, Part 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" No. No. 2397-1, dated 02.06.93. No. 5076-1).

Chapter 2. Environmental regulation and activities in the field of environmental management

The modern Russian concept of environmental regulation defines it as an activity aimed at establishing a system of state standards and standards for the maximum permissible impact on ecosystems necessary for the effective implementation of environmental management. It is assumed that the state standards should be based on those characteristics of ecosystems that most informatively respond to anthropogenic impacts that are significant for the state of the ecosystem as a whole. It is also understood that, in turn, the establishment of standards for maximum permissible impacts on ecosystems contributes to the regulation of environmental pollution, the withdrawal of natural resources, and the limitation of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. Thus, the development of environmental regulation is intended to ensure the creation of a system of real, reflecting fundamental natural processes and the capabilities of modern technologies, guidelines for minimizing anthropogenic impact. One of the internationally recognized tools for reducing environmental impact is environmental management - a process of internally motivated, initiative activity of economic entities aimed at consistent improvement in achieving their own environmental goals and objectives, implementation of projects and programs developed on the basis of independently adopted environmental policy. In a number of Russian documents (including translations of the GOST R ISO 14000 series of standards), the term "environmental management" is replaced by the phrase "environmental management", which makes it difficult to understand the essence of the described activity. Strictly speaking, the environment is not an object of management (management) for economic entities. Activity planning, monitoring and control directly in relation to environmental objects are practically not carried out by enterprises. The main object of management are various environmental aspects of the activities of enterprises (for example, sources of environmental impact, the use of hazardous substances and materials, the economic efficiency of environmental activities, etc.). In the international standards of the ISO 14000 series, the environmental aspect is defined as an element of the activity of an enterprise, its products or services that interacts or can interact with the environment. The international standard ISO 14001 contains recommendations for an environmental management system to enable any organization to formulate policies and objectives, taking into account the requirements of legislation, regulations and information on significant environmental aspects and impact on the environment. An environmental management system addresses those environmental aspects of an organization's activities that it can control and that can be expected to influence. The core of the environmental management system is the program - a comprehensive document describing the organization of the enterprise's activities in the field of environmental management, as well as specific measures and actions for its implementation, developed in accordance with the environmental policy, goals and objectives. When developing environmental management programs, enterprises are guided by the principle of consistent improvement, that is, achieving the best performance in all environmental aspects of the enterprise, where it is practically possible. At the same time, consistent improvement must be demonstrated and proven to stakeholders: government agencies, the public, partners, investors, competitors. Evaluation of the implementation of environmental management programs, demonstration of achievements are carried out using specific indicators that reflect the nature of the organization's activities as a whole. Among these indicators, there are groups of indicators that describe the effectiveness of the environmental management system, the features of the functioning of the main and auxiliary production processes, and the state of the environment. An indicator of the effectiveness of the environmental management system is a specific indicator, an indicator that reflects the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation, operation and development of the environmental management system, manifested in the nature of the organization's activities. Without going into details, we note that the relative change in the number of citizens' complaints about the violation of established standards by the enterprise or, on the contrary, the increase in the activity of employees involved in the development of proposals for improving the environmental performance of the organization are classified as indicators of the effectiveness of the environmental management system. The indicator of the functioning of the main and auxiliary production processes is a specific indicator, an indicator that reflects information about the real environmental parameters of production processes. Along with indicators widely used in the Russian Federation, such as the mass of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, their discharges into water bodies and the volume of waste disposal, enterprises use internal quantitative indicators for planning activities in the field of environmental management. Among them, it should be noted such as specific consumption of extremely hazardous and highly hazardous substances, specific volumes of recycled materials and reagents, specific emissions and discharges of pollutants, specific generation of waste and their accumulation on the territory of an industrial site, etc. Finally, whenever possible, organizations use indicators of the state of the environment in developing and evaluating the implementation of environmental management programs, reflecting information about local, regional or global features of the state of the environment. As you can see, almost all indicators used in environmental management systems are somehow related to the standards of maximum permissible impact and standards of the state of the environment. Indeed, even residents' complaints about violations committed by enterprises are based on people's perceptions of the extent to which the impact of economic agents can affect the state of the natural environment. When planning indicators that reflect the functioning of production processes, the completeness of the use of resources (associated with the limitation of their withdrawal), losses, typical procedures, for example, the handling of hazardous substances and materials, are taken into account. Evaluation of the implementation of programs, the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing the anthropogenic impact, implies the organization of systematic observations of changes in the selected indicators. The most desirable situations are those in which the indicators are measurable (in the broadest sense of the word), verifiable not only for the enterprise itself, but also for other stakeholders. Therefore, identification of environmental aspects, activity planning, selection of indicators, their discussion, coordination of positions of economic entities, government agencies, public organizations represent one of the fundamental stages in the development of the environmental management system. Further presentation is devoted to a discussion of the features of environmental regulation of the state of water bodies, a description of general, summary, particular indicators of the quality of natural and wastewater composition. When developing environmental management programs, when distributing responsibilities between enterprises, state bodies and public organizations in relation to industrial, state and public environmental monitoring, these indicators can be used as partial and marker parameters that reflect the state of water systems and the characteristics of anthropogenic impact on the catchment area.

Chapter 3. Regulation of water quality

3.1 Water quality and water uses.

Water quality as a whole is understood as a characteristic of its composition and properties, which determines its suitability for specific types of water use (GOST 17.1.1.01-77), while quality criteria are signs by which water quality is assessed. The maximum permissible concentration in the water of a reservoir for domestic and domestic water use (MPC c) is the concentration of a harmful substance in water, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout its life and on the health of subsequent generations, and not should worsen the hygienic conditions of water use. The maximum allowable concentration in the water of a reservoir used for fishery purposes (MPC wr) is the concentration of a harmful substance in water, which should not have a harmful effect on fish populations, primarily commercial ones. Rationing of water quality consists in establishing for the water of a water body a set of permissible values ​​of indicators of its composition and properties, within which the health of the population, favorable conditions for water use and the ecological well-being of the water body are reliably ensured. The rules for the protection of surface waters establish water quality standards for reservoirs and watercourses for the conditions of household, drinking, cultural, community and fisheries water use. A substance that causes a violation of water quality standards is called a pollutant.

3.2 Water uses

Types of water use at water bodies are determined by the bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and are subject to approval by local governments of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Household and drinking water use includes the use of water bodies or their sections as sources of household and drinking water supply, as well as for supplying food industry enterprises. In accordance with the Sanitary Rules and Norms SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96, drinking water must be safe in epidemic and radiation terms, harmless in chemical composition and must have favorable organoleptic properties. Cultural and domestic water use includes the use of water bodies for swimming, sports and recreation of the population. The requirements for water quality established for cultural and community water use apply to all sections of water bodies located within the boundaries of populated areas, regardless of the type of their use by objects for the habitat, reproduction and migration of fish and other aquatic organisms. Fishery water bodies can fall into one of three categories:

· the highest category includes the locations of spawning grounds, mass feeding and wintering pits of especially valuable species of fish and other commercial aquatic organisms, as well as protected zones of farms of any type for breeding and raising fish, other aquatic animals and plants;

The maximum allowable concentration of a substance in water is set:

For household and drinking and cultural and household water use (MPC c), taking into account three indicators of harmfulness:

organoleptic;

general sanitary;

Sanitary and toxicological.

For fishery water use (MPC wr), taking into account five indicators of harmfulness:

organoleptic;

· sanitary;

sanitary and toxicological;

toxicological;

fishery.

The organoleptic indicator of harmfulness characterizes the ability of a substance to change the organoleptic properties of water. General sanitary - determines the effect of a substance on the processes of natural self-purification of water due to biochemical and chemical reactions with the participation of natural microflora. The sanitary-toxicological indicator characterizes the harmful effect on the human body, and the toxicological indicator shows the toxicity of a substance to living organisms inhabiting a water body. The fishery indicator of harmfulness determines the deterioration of the qualities of commercial fish.

The lowest of the harmless concentrations according to three (five) hazard indicators is taken as MPC with indication of the limiting hazard indicator. Fishery MPCs must satisfy a number of conditions under which the following should not be observed:

death of fish and food organisms for fish;

• gradual disappearance of fish species and food organisms;

Deterioration of commercial qualities of fish living in the water body;

replacement of valuable fish species with low-value ones.

The quality of natural waters is influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors.

3. 3. Formation of the chemical composition of natural waters

The formation of the chemical composition of natural waters is determined mainly by two groups of factors:

direct factors that directly affect water (i.e., the action of substances that can enrich water with dissolved compounds or, conversely, release them from water): the composition of rocks, living organisms, human economic activity;

Indirect factors that determine the conditions under which the interaction of substances with water takes place: climate, relief, hydro
etc.................

Currently, there are two MPC systems in Russia - sanitary and hygienic, focused on human health, and fisheries, focused on safety for fish as the highest trophic level of a water body (i.e. it is implicitly assumed that if safety for fish is ensured, then automatically it is also safe for other aquatic organisms). Maximum allowable concentrations were developed (and are being developed) by health authorities (specifically, sanitary and hygienic) and express the threshold value of the concentration of chemicals and microorganisms in the water of a water body, the consumption of which (water) during life is safe for human health.

The maximum permissible concentrations for fisheries are developed by scientific organizations of the fisheries industry and also fix the level of concentration that is safe for fish (it is not indicated which species).

To household and drinking water use (MAC in ) includes the use of water bodies or their sections as sources of domestic and drinking water supply, as well as for supplying food industry enterprises. In accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01, drinking water must be safe in epidemic and radiation terms, harmless in chemical composition and must have favorable organoleptic properties.

To municipal water use (MPC in ) includes the use of water bodies for swimming, sports and recreation of the population. The requirements for water quality established for cultural and community water use apply to all sections of water bodies located within the boundaries of populated areas, regardless of the type of their use by objects for the habitat, reproduction and migration of fish and other aquatic organisms.

For fishery use (MAC px ) water body, the inhabitants of water bodies are used for the habitation, reproduction and migration of fish and other aquatic organisms, and therefore the requirements for the content of pollutants are higher. More stringent regulation of water quality in fishery water bodies is associated with the cumulative effect of pollutants in hydrobionts.

To date, the Russian Federation has established MPCs in natural waters for more than 800 chemicals. The requirements for water quality in reservoirs used for fishery purposes are specific and, in most cases, more stringent than for domestic water bodies. Thus, fishery MPCs for a number of detergents are three times lower than household and drinking standards, for oil products - six times, and for heavy metals (zinc) even a hundred times. This difference in standards is explained by the biological accumulation of harmful substances up to life-threatening quantities when they move along the food (trophic) chain.

For water bodies, at the same time as the MPC, another restrictive standard is used - limiting indicator of harmfulness (LPV) a substance that does not have a quantitative characteristic, but reflects the priority of water quality requirements. The essence of the DP is that water pollutants can have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health in terms of classified effects, each of which is characterized by its safe concentration. That of the impacts, the safe concentration of which is minimal compared to the other impacts, is set as the limiting indicator of the harmfulness of the substance.

Requirements for the protection of surface waters distinguish the following types of DPs:

organoleptic LPV , which changes the organoleptic properties of water (organoleptic properties of water - a set of indicators of water quality perceived by human receptors: smell, taste, color, transparency (turbidity), the presence of films or foam on the surface of the water, foreign inclusions, floating impurities, sediment);

general sanitary DP – determines the effect of a substance on the processes of natural self-purification of waters due to biochemical and chemical reactions with the participation of natural microflora;

sanitary and toxicological index characterizes the harmful effects on the human body;

toxicological LPV characterizing the toxic effect of a substance on the human body and animals living in the water.

fishery indicator harmfulness determines the deterioration of the qualities of commercial fish.

For pollutants contained in a water body, the following condition must be met:

C i ≤ MPC i

where With i – average annual concentration in water i-th substance; MPC i is the maximum allowable concentration of a pollutant.

If there are several substances belonging to the same group of the limiting indicator of harmfulness, the content of the pollutant must comply with the condition

where m- the total amount of substances of this group of LSs in the water of the object under study.

For a comprehensive assessment of the quality of surface and sea ​​waters the water pollution index (WPI) is applied, which is calculated as the sum of the actual values ​​of quality indicators reduced to MPC for 6 main water pollutants:

where 6 is a limited number of indicators used for calculation.

Reset Limit - this is the maximum amount of pollutants that per unit of time is allowed to be discharged by this particular enterprise into a reservoir without causing them to exceed the maximum permissible concentrations and adverse environmental consequences.

According to Art. 23 of the Federal Law (on environmental protection of 2002), if it is impossible to comply with VAT, which is practically observed everywhere, limits on pollutant discharges can be set. And they are established on the basis of permits that are valid only during the period of environmental protection measures, the introduction of NST and (or) the implementation of other environmental projects, taking into account the gradual achievement of the established VAT. Establishing limits on discharges is allowed only if there are plans to reduce discharges, agreed with the executive authorities exercising state management in the field of environmental protection.