A person lives in society, comes into contact with other people and faces influence every day. He himself influences others and becomes an object of influence. This is part of the interaction. Psychology of influence - influence on thoughts, feelings, actions.
Problem psychological influence very subtle and involves ethical aspects. Where is the line that a person has no right to cross in relation to another person? How to refrain from undue influence. How to protect yourself from the influence of others. Protect yourself from external factor will not work, and the person is incessantly in the process of finding balance.
Basic goals
The purpose of psychological influence is reduced to the desire to subordinate a person to existing attitudes, requirements, laws. Using the example of a team leader, we can say that he influences his subordinates so that their actions bring a positive result. Parents, raising a child, influence him in order to raise a worthy person.
The psychology of influence is interested in active people who have a need to influence the environment. Another category is of little interest in the topic of transformation. They are puzzled by the question of how to protect themselves from the influence of others.
Psychological influence can be unintended and intentional. Intentional influence is due to the purpose, unintended influence arises unintentionally. The experiment of N. Triplet, in which children participated, is indicative. He studied the data of the bicycle race in competition and in private. Competitive scores are higher. It follows that the presence of other people changes the effectiveness of the individual. The person reacts to being near individuals, and his behavior changes.
Basic tricks
Infection
This method is the most studied, since it has been known for centuries. The individual is able to convey his emotional condition to another. An upset individual appears next to a person in a good mood. He can be hysterical, angry, irritated, there are many options. There is no trace of a good mood.
People tend to be imbued with the opponent's emotions, such a reaction is given by the sphere of the unconscious of the human psyche. Typical example infection - panic. It is worth being scared alone with a large crowd of people in a dangerous situation, and this entails a chain reaction, panic covers everyone in a matter of minutes.
Positive emotions are also transmitted to others. You can get infected not only with the negative, but also with the positive. Optimists are able to inspire, their mood affects others. An example motivates and gives the necessary confidence and support.
Suggestion
It differs from infection in that everything happens at the verbal level. The individual is told what to do and how to do it. To achieve a result, it is necessary to inspire respect from the opponent, so you need to be able to impress. The person who uses the technique needs positive evaluation surrounding.
The ability to choose the right words and speak well, look appropriate, radiate confidence and strength are factors that play a decisive role.
It is especially important in what voice the suggestion is made.. The absence of doubt and a confident tone are the initial keys to success. It should be noted that it is easier to exert a psychological influence on a suggestible person. This category includes teenagers and insecure people. The suggestion may be made to a person who is:
- in the standard state of active wakefulness;
- in a state of relaxation;
- under hypnosis.
Every day, an individual is faced with a flow of information, where generalizations appear, points of view of authoritative persons, such as: "in the opinion of the majority ...", "scientists, according to the studies, claim that ...". Facts always have emotional coloring- positive or negative - depending on what reaction the information should cause.
When a person is at rest, he can inspire himself with certain thoughts and states. Such actions belong to the method of auto-training. It is self-regulation of the body and mind. Auto-training consists of a whole range of exercises with which you can learn to control the body, emotions, control thoughts and imagination, thereby influencing the physical and mental state.
When the muscles are relaxed, the effectiveness of the spoken wording and the pictures that the imagination draws for us increases. Concepts related to auto-training are meditation and affirmation. By practicing meditation and affirmations on a daily basis, a person can bring positive influence for your life.
Suggestion with the help of hypnosis is carried out from the outside. In that special condition you can become completely controlled by another individual. Hypnotic suggestion affects memory and thinking, can cause changes in the psyche.
Science still does not know why the brain of a person under hypnosis ceases to control his behavior. There is a theory that the unconscious is responsible for the behavior of the individual, and the cerebral cortex is an organ of consciousness and is not involved when such a property is suggested.
NLP, a tool of practical psychology, can also be attributed to the psychology of influence. NLP can help change attitudes towards life circumstances, can affect the general internal state person. There are many NLP techniques that are designed for different life situations. The tool is widely used in politics, business, and advertising.
Belief
The method is the most comfortable for perception, there is no psychological pressure and coercion. This method is built on a chain of logical reasoning. Wanting to convince someone, you need to realistically assess the intellectual capabilities. It will not be possible to convince a person who, in his cognitive abilities, is lower than the persuasive one.
As experience shows, it is easier to convince a person who is intellectually developed, kind, and in a good mood. But an individual who has opposite personal characteristics, it is more difficult to convince, but it is easier to suggest.
Effective communication is facilitated by an atmosphere of comfort and tranquility. No wonder negotiations, whether business or politics, are held in an informal setting. It is important to tell the truth, because the interlocutor quickly recognizes the lie, after which trust, attention and respect for the persuasive side are lost.
A person who influences an opponent by persuasion must correspond to what he is talking about. The simplest example, to an alcoholic who calls for a healthy lifestyle, others will never listen. An individual who uses the method of persuasion may consider his case completed when the interlocutor himself is able to argue the decision made, to give arguments confirming his new point of view.
Persuasion, as a psychology of influence, is widespread in areas where educational work is carried out with people, namely: science, education, culture, pedagogy, and management. The level of development of society is determined by the place the method of persuasion occupies in relation to other methods of influence, such as infection, suggestion, imitation, coercion.
Imitation
It is conscious and unconscious. A charismatic personality always has fans. A vivid image evokes an emotional response. People adopt a lot, from the manner of behavior to the thoughts and qualities of the object of imitation. Another thing is that not only positive experience is adopted, but also negative. Conscious imitation is based on interest, admiration.
A person seeks to fill in himself the missing qualities or experience possessed by the "ideal". Unconscious imitation may appear due to the impression of a person or envy. Imitation plays important role in personality development in children. This is how the child develops and socializes.
Request
It combines a soft and effective psychological influence, if it is expressed properly - politely and taking into account the interlocutor's right to refuse. Often in the system of relations "senior - junior" people perceive positively when, instead of an order, they are addressed with a request. This gives a sense of self-importance. The person does not resist, but tries to help, takes effective actions.
Belongs to the category of psychology of influence. To advise means to offer your vision, a solution to the problems that life offers. People who have different temperaments respond to advice differently. The perception of advice depends on how authoritative and sympathetic the person giving the advice is. There are many nuances, each case is individual.
Praise, consolation, support
Every individual needs praise. Praise is an example of a positive psychological impact. It gives positive motivation, incentive, desire to move forward. But it should be remembered that in some cases praise can be a way of manipulation.
At certain moments in life, a person needs comfort and support. Supporting or comforting the individual, the interlocutor eases his emotional burden, gives the feeling that he is not alone and everything can work out.
Order
The psychology of influence is the influence of an imperative (mandatory) character. Such influence includes the following methods: demand, order, prohibition. They are used when one person depends on another. These impacts are often perceived negatively, because there is psychological pressure. To minimize the negative effect, you should act reasonably and balancedly.
Coercion, punishment, criticism
Sometimes, to cope with the situation, the only sure way is coercion. It is used in certain cases when other methods of psychology of influence do not work on the opponent and conflict situation needs to be stopped quickly. Coercion occurs against the background of active disagreement and protest on the part of the object of influence.
More often, people communicate in the context of disciplinary methods of influence. Ways: warning, reprimand, punishment, threat. I would like to dwell on such a method of psychological influence as intimidation. The threatened individual is in a state of fear. And when a person is afraid, it is easy to manipulate him, the criticality of thinking decreases, and he becomes controllable. Skillful manipulators play on this feature of the human psyche. People can be conditionally divided into those who influence and those who succumb to it.
Even in ancient times, priests frightened people with heavenly punishments if they did not perform certain actions and live according to the given rules. The same pattern is in place today. Frightening news is broadcast from TV screens, the lion's share of the news has a negative connotation. Nothing has changed, the same struggle for power over the minds is going on.
In everyday life, people use psychological influence in the form of blackmail. It can be expressed in small things: hints of awareness of other people's secrets, secrets, "skeletons in the closet." Spreading rumors is nothing but the psychology of influencing people. This is done in order to generate distrust, doubt, influence an individual or public opinion to change the current situation.
Criticism can also be considered the psychology of influence on personality. It causes a lot of unpleasant feelings in a person: guilt, inferiority. In an attempt to rehabilitate herself, a person is likely to make concessions and submit to someone else's will.
There is also influence through self-praise, when a person resorts to self-promotion to strengthen his authority. Here, appropriateness and measure are important. Sometimes this kind of method of exposure causes irritation and leads to the opposite result. There is also the concept of self-edification.
The person presents himself and his experience as the ultimate truth, evoking in the interlocutor a feeling of insignificance and guilt. Managing someone who feels guilty is not difficult. These methods of psychological influence are very ambiguous.
Advertising as an example of influence
AT modern world advertising is an important part of life. This is information presented in a special way in order to interest a person and persuade him to make the right choice. This is the purchase of goods, the selection of a candidate, the announcement of a new movie. But it was not always so.
Previously, advertising was informative in nature and existed in the form of signs, posters, leaflets with neutral information. Now they do not tell, but makes people want this or that product, entertainment, service, participates in the formation of values, motivates people to act in one way or another.
There are several basic methods in the psychology of advertising: information, persuasion, suggestion, motivation.
Informing is a harmless method with minimal psychological impact. Neutral information is offered for consideration, which does not affect the individual personally.
Unlike informing, persuasion is the main method of advertising influence on human psyche. This method generates demand. It should be noted that the method brings results when a person is interested in the product.
When using the method of suggestion, the emphasis is on the verbal component. Phrases with a clear meaning, voice timbre, intonation, pauses, speech tempo are involved.
The ultimate goal of advertising is to stimulate consumption. Celebrities are brought in to encourage people to buy something. This is where the imitation mechanism comes into play. The individual automatically begins to feel himself on the same level with the star. We should not forget about special motivating phrases that talk about bonuses when buying, limited terms of shares, money back guarantee, which greatly affects the human psyche.
Protection methods
Psychological influence is often used not for good. International terrorism testifies to this. People are zombified and they do monstrous things. People who are insecure, with low self-esteem, stereotypically thinking are more susceptible to someone else's influence.
In order not to depend on other people's influence, it is necessary to develop critical thinking, broaden your horizons, learn, be aware of your desires and aspirations. It is necessary to strive not to cause harm when influenced and to do it effectively.
It is important to consider that each person sees circumstances in his own way. Respect for the partner's opinion, his vision of the situation, rejection of pressure is the right strategy for fruitful interaction in the context of the psychology of influence.
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In the process of business communication, the most various tricks helping to convince a partner of something, to achieve his consent, to induce certain actions. All the variety of these tactics is based on fundamental psychological principles underlying human behavior. Let us briefly characterize these principles.
1. The principle of contrast. Its essence lies in the fact that if the second object is clearly different from the first, we will be inclined to exaggerate their difference. This principle is practically applicable to all types of perception.
In psychology laboratories, the following demonstration of perceptual contrast is sometimes performed. Each student takes turns sitting in front of three buckets of water - one cold, another room temperature water, and a third hot. After the student has dipped his hand into cold water and the other into hot water, he is asked to simultaneously place both hands in water at room temperature. The look of astonished confusion speaks for itself: although both hands are in the same bucket, the hand that was previously in cold water feels as if it is now in hot water, while the hand that was in hot water, feels like being in cold water now. The point is that the same thing this case room temperature water - may appear different depending on the previous situation.
A significant advantage of this principle is that its application is practically undetectable. Therefore, sellers of various goods are quite willing to use it (they offer the buyer first very expensive goods, and then those that really plan to sell; first, large items, for example, a suit, coat, and then accessories for them), real estate agents (showing potential purchases begins from a couple of unsuitable houses with a clearly overpriced price), car dealers (they first agree on the price of a new car, and only after that they offer a choice additional items) and etc.
2. The principle of mutual exchange. People usually try to repay what the other person has given them. If they do not, they may cause public disapproval, incur social sanctions(for example, labels of a negative nature - ungrateful, greedy, stingy, etc.) Therefore, many try to avoid a situation in which they could be considered ungrateful. This is what the “compliance professionals” use, whose tactic is to give a person something before asking him for a favor in return.
This rule is universal, its influence often exceeds the influence of other factors that usually determine compliance (for example, a feeling of sympathy).
People we don't like - unattractive or intrusive salesmen, people with a difficult temper, representatives of strange or unpopular organizations - can force us to do what they want, just by doing us a little favor before they make their requests, claims. .
The rule of reciprocity finds wide application in various spheres of society, including in the trade area. An example is the provision of free product samples. Experienced presenters offer potential buyers to try the product, try on the product, use it for a while, give it to them as a gift trial options etc. As a result, many people feel obligated to buy something.
The reciprocity rule also applies when an unsolicited favor is rendered to us. This is the basis of the method of collecting donations of many charitable organizations. A greeting card is sent, a small souvenir is presented, and then a request is made to make an appropriate contribution for one purpose or another.
The reciprocity rule can also provoke an unequal exchange. In order not to feel obliged to anyone, a person goes to a more serious service than the one that was rendered to him.
“In order to best defend against the pressure of the reciprocity rule, one should not systematically refuse proposals made by other people,” wrote Robert Cialdini. - It is necessary to accept the favors or concessions of others with sincere gratitude, but at the same time be ready to regard them as clever tricks if they appear so later. As soon as concessions or services are determined in this way, we will no longer consider ourselves obliged to respond to them with our own service or concession.
3. The principle of social proof. According to this principle, people, determining for themselves how to act in a given situation, are guided by the behavior of other people in similar circumstances. Therefore, in order to obtain the consent of a person, to induce him to fulfill the requirements, they apply the principle of social proof - they inform him that many famous people(specific names are given) have already agreed with the demand put forward, will take part in something, etc. During the election campaign, influential people who support the nominated candidate are necessarily named. During charitable events, people who have already made large contributions are certainly listed. At presentations, they try to emphasize who constantly uses the services of this company, the products on display, etc.
The principle of social proof works best when two factors are present. One of them is insecurity. When people doubt something, when the situation seems incomprehensible and uncertain to them, they tend to pay attention to the behavior of other people and consider it correct. It is interesting to explain the causes of apathy among outside observers of the accident. According to the researchers, observers do not help more because they are not sure about the need for assistance, and not because they are callous by nature. People do not help because they do not know if their help is really needed and if they need to do something. When people feel responsible for what is happening, they become very responsive.
The second factor, in the presence of which the principle of social proof has the greatest influence, is similarity. People tend to follow the example of individuals similar to them.
Robert Cialdini describes a case from his life: “My driver and I had a serious accident. We both received serious injuries: the driver lost consciousness, and I, covered in blood, managed to get out of the car. It happened at a crossroads, at a traffic light, in full view of several people. Cars drove by, drivers stared at me, but no one stopped.
I remember thinking, “Oh yes, everything is just like in the studies. They're all passing by!" Fortunately, as a social psychologist, I knew what to do. Stretching out so that I could be seen better, I pointed to the driver of one of the cars and instructed him: “Call the police!”. To the second and third drivers, also pointing directly at them, I said: "Drive to the edge of the road, we need your help." The reaction of these people was instantaneous. They immediately called the police and ambulance, they wiped the blood from my face with their handkerchiefs, they put my jacket under my head, they volunteered to give a statement to the police, and one of them even offered to go with me to the hospital.
Help was provided to me quickly and thoughtfully. Plus, she was infectious. After the drivers driving in the other direction saw the cars stopped because of me, they also stopped and began to take care of another victim. Now the principle of social proof worked for us. Once the reaction started, I relaxed and let the genuinely concerned bystanders and the natural momentum of social proof do the rest.”
4. The principle of benevolence. People are more willing to comply with the demands of those they know and like. Numerous studies have made it possible to identify the main factors influencing the attitude of others towards the individual. It is primarily physical attractiveness. Experiments have shown that we automatically attribute to individuals who have good appearance such positive traits like talent, kindness, honesty, mind. Outwardly attractive people seem more convincing. They need to spend less effort in order to change the opinions of other people and get the desired result. Therefore, they try to hire attractive young people to work in fashion stores, cafes, restaurants, sales agents are taught to dress well and behave properly, presentations are often offered to people with an attractive appearance, etc.
In order to achieve location, this or that concession, they also use such a factor as similarity (similarity of origin, lifestyles, opinions, views, beliefs, personal qualities etc.) Sophisticated communicators always hint at some similarity with the interlocutor (studied at the same school, are fond of the same sport, visited the same countries, etc.)
Scientists note that our benevolence is quite often caused by people who lavish praise on us. We love compliments and are influenced by them. This is also used by those who wish to achieve something from us. The disposition of people towards each other can also be influenced by associations with something good or bad. Often we begin to experience unkind feelings towards the person who told us unpleasant information. And vice versa: positive associations help win people over and encourage them to make concessions.
We turn to the principle of association mainly when our social image is damaged, we experience an increased desire to restore our authority by demonstrating our connections with successful members of society. At the same time, we tend to hide our ties to people who have failed.
Another aspect of interest is related to the association rule. In the 1930s The well-known psychologist Gregory Razran developed the so-called lunch method. He found that while eating, the subjects had an improved attitude to the interlocutors and to what they said. Therefore, during various events at which important decisions must be made, the organizers necessarily provide for a meal, lunch in nature, dinner or a buffet table, etc. Cafes, restaurants, country cottages are often the place for business meetings. Using a good mood while eating, business partners can come to an agreement sooner.
5. The principle of authority. Many people have a deeply rooted awareness of the need to obey authority. This behavior is traditionally considered correct and often presented to people as a rational way to solve problems. Indeed, following the instructions of authoritative persons, we get real practical advantages - we allow ourselves to be automatically obedient and mechanically, without hesitation, to fulfill the requirements of authority (boss, boss, manager, parents, senior comrade, recognized expert, scientist, etc.).
In many situations, it does not make sense to resist the opinion of an authority figure, especially if he is actually an expert in some field. The danger of such behavior lies in the fact that in most cases people are not able to critically evaluate the orders of recognized authorities, do not question obviously erroneous orders, and begin to blindly carry out what is required of them. Often they react not to authority as such, but to its symbols, which are considered to be titles, clothing, personal items, car brand, etc. As a rule, people around them treat persons with some kind of symbol of authority with great respect, although without any benefits.
An experiment was conducted in five classes at an Australian college. A certain person was introduced as a guest from England working at the University of Cambridge. But his status in each class was presented differently. In one class, he was named a student, in another class, a laboratory assistant, in the third class, a lecturer, in the fourth class, a senior lecturer, and, finally, in the fifth class, a professor. After the person left the classroom, the students were asked to rate their height. It was found that with each promotion, the "English Guest" grew in the eyes of students by an average of half an inch, so that as a "professor" he looked two and a half inches taller than as a "student".
Researchers advise in difficult situations to ask yourself two questions: “Is this authority really an expert in this field?” and “How true, in our opinion, will this authority be in this particular case?” It is clear that even the most authoritative and respected person cannot be an expert in all fields of knowledge and understand the intricacies of any business.
1 -1
Can the process of personality formation take place outside of communication? Even the question itself sounds strange. Our personality is formed and developed under the constant intervention of the environment, in which communication plays an important role. The very word "personality" comes from "face", that is, it is the image that we create for others.AT modern psychology, especially domestic, the concept of personality is much broader, it includes many aspects mental activity(according to different authors):
It is customary to include in the personality structure those qualities that directly affect interaction with other people. So, for example, people communicate with a good-natured person (character) differently than with an evil and suspicious person. A person who is fond of football (interests) has more fan friends than a person who is indifferent to sports.
All of these personality substructures change throughout life. Even temperament, more than others tied to genetic characteristics, is also undergoing a change. In particular, this is due to the state of health.
These changes occur in different ways, under the influence of many factors. Among these factors, communication is, of course, far from the least important. Further, we will consider the influence of communication on individual substructures of the personality.
The influence of communication on character
Character is the attitude of a person to certain aspects of life. What does it mean? There are people, for example, who have a bad attitude towards work. When they find themselves in a situation where they need to work, or even when they imagine such situations, they have negative emotions. These emotions push the person away from the situation. One way or another, he will try to ensure that these situations happen as rarely as possible. For example, a person may quit their job and move on to easier activities both physically and mentally.Thus character is greatly influenced by emotional sphere person, but not only. There are several factors in character. These are both, and emotional-instinctive habits (emotional sphere), and life strategies.
People occupy a large place in the picture of the world. If the image of a typical person is drawn mainly in black, this is one thing. If it's white, it's different. And here, how typical people will be depicted in the picture is very strongly influenced by the child's parents and, in general, the close environment.
It is in communication that one child learns, for example, that their teacher teaches children only because she needs to earn money somehow. Another child learns from his parents that their teacher teaches because she likes this kind of work, she loves children. The third child learns that "it's all God's will."
If in communication with parents, say, the words “cunning” and “prudent” often appear, the child in the future, of course, will not consider everyone cunning and prudent, but will pay increased attention to this. In his picture of the world, this will be important human quality: he will look for them from other people, one way or another to respond to them. If someone is too cunning, he will envy him. If, on the contrary, it turns out to be ingenuous, despise it.
Therefore, parents, of course, should try to form a more or less scientific, holistic picture of the world in a child. This means that the picture of the world must be very complex so that the child understands as early as possible that there are many circumstances behind the behavior of other people, and not just one thing.
We should also not forget that the picture of the world in a child often develops spontaneously, that is, without visible external influence. This is connected, for example, with such a common problem: parents tell children one thing that they need to behave this way, but they themselves behave differently. As a result, over time, the educational power of persuasion loses weight. Or another situation: parents tell children that in order to be successful, they need to study well at school, never lie, respect elders, etc. The parents themselves behaved and behave in this way, but in life they have achieved little. As a result, the picture of the world of the child receives approximately the following “record”: “For success in life, one does not need to study well, one must lie, cunning, dodge.”
Therefore, it is necessary not only to form an adequate picture of the world, but also to constantly monitor what is going on in the child’s head.
With each year of a child's life, he trusts his peers more and less - his parents. For many children and adolescents, the formation of a picture of the world occurs solely under the influence of peers: contact with parents and teachers has long been lost.
From the picture of the world of the child, his life strategies also follow. A life strategy is how a person decides for himself what he needs to achieve, how to behave in society, what to avoid, etc. From communication with others, primarily peers, a young man can simply copy certain patterns: “If you want to achieve something, you have to spin”, “For a loved one, you can do anything”, “Accounting is only for women”, “You must definitely marry an oligarch”, “All your dreams must be realized”, etc.
Many young people, like adults, often experience moral torment. They feel that morality and morality fetters their freedom, it seems to them that people "without complexes" achieve much more in life than they do. Such doubts, reinforced in communication with asocial elements, often lead a person astray for a long time.
Parents and teachers, if possible, should explain to children that morality and morality is not a bare dogma, an idea for the sake of an idea. These are important elements of a person's life strategy. If a child is told that lying is bad, this does not mean that lying is bad in itself. Honesty is needed to build productive relationships with people around you: no one wants to deal with a deceitful deceiver.
Many adult, conscious people are the creator of their own character. They analyze their behavior, their thoughts and feelings. If you don't like something about yourself, then they educate themselves. People capable of self-education usually achieve much more success in life than their more passive "antagonists".
A huge influence on the formation and development of character in all periods of life has an external information background:
- judgments of other people about life,
- the actions of the people around
– fiction(judgments and actions of fictional characters),
– cinema and other media images,
- the dominant ideology in society.
Communication and abilities
Communication has the most direct impact on the verbal abilities of the individual. Both the total amount of communication and the nature of communication in childhood determine the life style and potential of a person for a long time.Through communication and, accordingly, language develops the most important ability of a person - his consciousness. The language and consciousness of animals never achieve in their function the act of positing some abstract meaning as an object of communication. The content of animal communication is always present in this moment situation. Human speech, on the other hand, was torn away from its situational visualization, and this was certainly a revolution that gave rise to human consciousness and made the content of speech ideal, indirectly reproducing objective reality.
In communication, a person comprehends the subtleties conceptual thinking. Communication enriches a child and an adult with many concepts, including such abstract ones as: size, weight, color, study, work, etc. In a conversation, people learn to use words correctly, learn to express their most complex thoughts.
Connecting with other people enriches inner world person, develops his inner speech. With this inner speech a person learns to control himself, his behavior, his life in general.
Through communication, the child interacts with his teachers. We can say that such communication is the basis for the development of all human abilities in general.
Through communication, the self-concept of a person develops. He, for example, can find out that the people around him consider him smart or, say, weak. This understanding can push a person to self-development in one direction or another.
In communication, a person comprehends the laws of logic. Much in terms of intellectual development depends on how the surrounding people argue (correctly or too freely). Intelligent children often grow up in intelligent families. This is connected not only and not so much with heredity. After all, in principle, any healthy child with due diligence can master school curriculum in full. This is more connected with the culture of communication: with what words, in what sequence, with what meaning parents speak.
Communication and temperament
Of course, temperament throughout life does not change very significantly. But, nevertheless, it changes. In addition to physiological reasons, communication plays a certain (rather small) role here. So, for example, in a healthy, cheerful children's team, more mobile, active, extroverted children grow up.The influence of communication on volitional qualities
Communication and will are also closely related. Everyone knows, for example, that the outcome of a football or hockey match may depend on the words of a coach. This is due to the fact that players acquire:- faith in one's own strengths,
- moral approval for all actions leading to victory,
- "feeling of the elbow",
- willingness to step over their own discomfort.
But this is for a short period of time. The coach "pumps up" the athletes, they gain the will to win. And in a long-term, strategic perspective?
Here it is important to understand quite precisely what the will is. Many, of course, pay attention to the fact that the will as mental process is a homonym for will as freedom (“to go free”). This is no coincidence. The will is inner freedom of a person, and not only and not so much the ability to step over unpleasant sensations (for example, dive into an ice hole).
Will in many ways is the ability to rise above one’s emotions, animal instincts: “I’m scared, but I’m not afraid”, “I want to drink, but I will refrain”, “let them offend me, but I won’t be offended”, “I was hit on one cheek , but I will substitute the right one ”, etc. And it is communication that gives impetus to the fact that a person begins to think about the nature of will. One person explains to another how important it is to learn to manage their emotions and their behavior in general.
If a parent wants to grow a strong-willed person out of his child, he must both set an example and generally explain that one should not indulge all one's “wants”. This is not the path to happiness, if only because human instincts are contradictory and blind: indulging one desire, you can frustrate another. If, of course, a parent is going to grow a weak-willed rag out of his child, he must teach how to translate all his desires into reality. Even many psychologists profess this erroneous principle: “Don't hold back. If you want something, get it."
The influence of communication on the emotional and motivational sphere
In itself, communication is neither good nor bad for the development of the emotional sphere.Here you can see the following regularities. If parents are accustomed to reasoning calmly, balancedly, then their children grow up calm, reasonable. If parents cannot speak calmly at all, and hysterical notes are constantly noticeable in their speech, then the child will most likely grow up unbalanced. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the child's instincts are overexcited: in every small detail of the situation, he can recognize something emotionally important for himself. Such a trait is sometimes called exaltation, in another version - emotional lability. It may be good for creative people, but it is harmful to an ordinary person, because it leads to wear and tear of the nervous system.
In communication, the emotional orientation of the individual is also formed. If parents talk too much with a child about love and romance in general, then it is very likely that this child will grow into a womanizer (romantic orientation). If parents (and in general the inner circle) often dream of acquiring certain things in communication, then the child may develop a so-called acquisitive orientation. Such a connection, of course, is not direct, but there is certainly a correlation.
The impact of communication on focus
A widespread misconception is that people are naturally very different: one person is a "born chess player", another person is a "born racer", the third is a "born manager". It would be foolish to deny genetic differences. However, the natural differentiation of people is much cruder. There is no, for example, a "born artist", but a person with a well-developed visual analyzer. He could become not an artist, but a photographer, designer, draftsman, fashion designer, merchandiser, etc. Of all the inclinations, a "born racer" can only have a high reaction rate. And with this feature, you can go to many places: football or hockey goalkeepers, fencers, operators, etc.Orientation includes interests and inclinations. Interests usually come first here. The child may show interest in a particular area. It often happens that just falling into the hands of a child is bright, interesting book or, say, an atlas is capable of long years arouse genuine interest. But more often it happens that real interest in a subject comes through communication - with parents, teachers, peers. It is through the joint study of that other subject that comes real love to a profession or hobby. A child or an adult, communicating with partners, not only enrich each other with knowledge, but also influence on an emotional level - showing how to enjoy the study of the subject.
Literature
Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. - L: Ed. Leningrad State University, 1983.Bodalev A.A. Personality and communication. - M.: Enlightenment, 1978.
Leontiev A.A. Psychology of communication. - Tartu, 1973.
Maklakov A. G. General psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.
Nemov R.S. General psychology: Textbook. - M.: Vlados, 2003.
Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M.G. Psychology: Textbook, 2001.
Psychology: Textbook / Ed. Ed. A. A. KRYLOV - M.: Prospekt, 2005.
Communication and features of human behavior. In addition to the fact that communication determines the nature of a person, his formation, historical development and living conditions, it still has a huge impact on the characteristics of everyday human behavior. Being among people (in a large mass or small group), a person feels, perceives, experiences and behaves somewhat differently than when alone with himself, therefore, such aspects of neuropsychic activity are manifested that are not found in individual life. And here we come to another feature, or side, of communication.
Situation in communication and behavior of people. The range of deviations characterizing the behavior of an individual in a group is quite large. It fluctuates depending on the specific features of group relations and the situation in which the person is (at a lecture, rally, concert, theater, stadium). At the lecture - restrained, correct reaction. In the theater, the audience is more active (emotional reaction). Sports fans have the effect of psychological infection (increased nervous reactivity).
But regardless of the differences in the characteristics of behavior, there are patterns behavior in the environment collective activity: among like-minded people or friends, a person feels more confident, experiences an upsurge.
Inconsistency of behavioral effects under the influence of group communication. joint group activity has a tonic effect on the mental properties and abilities of the individual: the processes of thinking and will are activated, sensations and perception are aggravated (positive influence). If the value orientations of the individual and the group do not coincide, then the collective often suppresses or paralyzes the initiative and will of the individual. But even in the case of a coincidence of value orientations, such mechanisms of socio-psychological interaction can affect, which, in essence, are directed against the individuality and independence of the individual. This is a false sense of collective responsibility, an atmosphere of mutual inflation (the company of teenagers), that is, conformist behavior.
By its nature, the mechanism of conformist behavior is associated with the effect of group pressure, including through the sanctions of a negative emotional attitude. This effect is extremely effective, since a person is inclined to experience in one way or another a dislike or a negative attitude towards himself from other people. The effect of conformity was established and described in the experiments of the American social psychologist S. Asch.
Conformism should be distinguished as a strategic (as opposed to tactical) line of behavior, which is the dominant in the structure of the value orientations of the individual and is rigidly programmed in behavior. In this case, conformism acts as a type of social orientation of the individual and most often has an uncritical character. But conformism can also be of a less global nature and manifest itself in separate moments that are not so significant for the individual, for the sake of which it is not worth going to aggravate relations with the reference group.
In such cases, conforming behavior is accompanied by a critical attitude of the individual to the situation where this behavior takes place.