Michael Illarionovich Kutuzov
Mikhail Kutuzov was born in 1745 in St. Petersburg in a famous noble family. From childhood, the boy was strongly built, distinguished by enterprise and a kind heart.
Studying in Engineering cadet corps, attended the lectures of M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time.
Getting serious home education, Mikhail Kutuzov graduated from the Artillery and Engineering gentry (noble) cadet corps.
By the age of 14, he helped teachers in teaching students geometry and arithmetic. He was fluent in French, English, German, Swedish, Turkish.
Kutuzov's star has risen in Patriotic War of 1812, after the emperor was forced to appoint him commander-in-chief of all the forces of the Russian army.
The battle of Borodino and the abandonment of Moscow to the enemy were difficult, but, as subsequent events showed, an absolutely right decision.
M.I.Kutuzov kept the army.
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The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva. The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, established in the literature until recent years, was considered 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formulary lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters, indicate the possibility of referring this date to 1747. 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies. From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Veymarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates. In 1767, he was recruited to work on the "Commission for the drafting of a new Code", an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century, which consolidated the foundations of an "enlightened monarchy". In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.
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Great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader, he had combat experience accumulated during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the period Russian-Turkish war 1768-74 Kutuzov, as a combatant and staff officer, took part in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. For distinction in battles he was promoted to Prime Major. In the position of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander, and for success in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had big influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, the 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in gait, pronunciation and gimmicks, allowed himself to mimic the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. According to another version, the reason for the transfer of Kutuzov to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about the Most Serene Prince Potemkin, that the prince was brave not with his mind, but with his heart. In conversation with father
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Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of the Most Serene Prince, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not in vain that a person was given two ears and one mouth so that he listened more and spoke less. In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded a battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which forever stopped seeing. The Empress awarded him the military order of St. George 4th class and sent him abroad for treatment, taking on all the expenses of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to replenish his military education.
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In 1804 Russia entered into a coalition to fight against Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50,000-strong Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to connect with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with the enemy, who had a significant superiority in strength. Saving the troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat march 425 km long from Braunau to Olmutz and, having defeated I. Murat near Amstetten and E. Mortier near Dürenstein, withdrew his troops from the impending threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a remarkable example of a strategic maneuver. From Olmutz, Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border, so that, after the approach of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, to go on the counteroffensive. Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of the emperors Alexander I and the Austrian Franz I, inspired by a small numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive.
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On November 20, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was slightly wounded by a bullet in the face, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tizenhausen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, publicly did not blame Kutuzov and awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir 1st degree in February 1806, but he never forgave him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov deliberately framed the king. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander. In September 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian army, however, due to disagreements that arose over the further conduct of the war with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky, in June 1809 Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian military governor.
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At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. On the initial stage During the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he would act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him." On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received the army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province. During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it lost almost half personnel regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), he left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved to be worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal on August 30. After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Once to the south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his path of movement to the southern regions of the country.
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Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, on October 7 (19) Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were food and fodder supplies, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops. Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov in the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times was criticized for his unwillingness to act more decisively and offensively, for his preference to have a sure victory at the expense of resounding glory. Knight of St. George. Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not embarrassed in expressions. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov's command in Patriotic War, preferring to lay the blame for the complete destruction of his army on the "harsh Russian winter." Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations.
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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Outstanding Russian commander. Life and activity. Kurnosov Yu. B. - teacher of history.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich - one of the most eminent commanders during the Patriotic War of 1812. His father served as a lieutenant general. Until the age of seven, the boy studied at home, then went to the Noble Engineering School. After graduation, Mikhail received the rank of ensign engineer. For the success of his studies, the graduate received an offer to remain a teacher of mathematics.
Mikhail Kutuzov showed an extraordinary mind and organizer abilities. Soon he commands a company under the command of Colonel A. Suvorov. During the battles of the Russian-Turkish war, he gains invaluable experience and showed the best professional features of an officer. In battle, Kutuzov was wounded in the face and sent to Austria for aftercare. Then he commands the Mariupol regiment. Having suppressed the Crimean uprising, he created a corps of rangers and worked out the latest techniques in the art of war with him.
After the end of the war with Turkey, Kutuzov was appointed Russian ambassador to Turkey, where he ensured Russian influence and protected the interests of Russia. Despite his military talent, victories, Kutuzov was excommunicated from the troops when there were no wars, and called up again when Russia was in danger, when the Russian army needed true commanders.
Before the war of 1812, Kutuzov managed to make war with Napoleon in Europe, including at Austerlitz. At the beginning of World War II, the general became the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. But due to failures at the front, Alexander I was forced to appoint Kutuzov as Commander-in-Chief Russian army. This decision caused a patriotic upsurge.
Russian artillerymen in battle
The Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon took Smolensk, a serious danger loomed over Russia, Alexander I was forced to appoint Kutuzov as Commander-in-Chief. Huge responsibility fell on the shoulders of Kutuzov, he was entrusted with the fate of Russia, and he justified this trust. Borodino field lies on the way to Moscow. Here the victorious path of the conqueror - Napoleon was stopped. These were battles never seen before. The French and Russians fought to the death. Russian artilleryman
Questions: 1. Social origin of MI Kutuzov. 2. Who was his father? 3. What kind of upbringing and education did Koutuzov M.I. receive? 4. What was Kutuzov's first military rank? 5. What qualities allowed Kutuzov to make a successful career as an officer? 6. What positions did M. Kutuzov hold? 7. In what military units did he serve? 8. Who are the huntsmen? 9. In what country did Kutuzov M.I. serve as an ambassador? 10. What tasks does the ambassador solve? 11. What kind of relations did Russia have with Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 18th century?
12. What events took place in Russian history in 1805-07 and 1812-14? 13. What positions did M. I. K utuzov hold at the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812? 14. Why did Alexander the First appoint Kutuzov Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army? 15. Tell the Battle of Borodino.
In front of the village of Shevardino, a redoubt was built, a pentagonal fortification surrounded by a moat and an earthen rampart. It had 12 cannons. On August 24 (September 5), the battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt began. The French had difficulty mastering it. Their losses amounted to about 6 thousand people.
The battle of Borodino broke out on August 26 (September 7). The French captured the village (in the center of the Borodino field). Barclay de Tolly walked away. But Napoleon captured the village of Borodino in order to divert the attention of the Russian command from the left flank. Main blow Napoleon struck on the left flank (the village of Semenovskoye) - at the Semenov flushes. Here, against the troops of Bagration, the best French troops moved for artillery shelling.
Eight times Semyonov's flushes passed either to the Russians or to the French. So that the French would not go around from the left flank, near the village of Utitsy, there was a detachment of General Tuchkov, who did not allow the enemy to fulfill the plan.
The center was protected by the Raevsky battery, placed southeast of the village of Borodino. The French called this battery "the redoubt of death." Sudden attacks by Cossacks and cavalry under the leadership of Uvarov and Platov instilled fear in the enemy. At the burned Russian village of Semenovskoye, Napoleon realized that “of all the battles I have given, the most terrible is the one I gave near Moscow. The French in it showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible. Medal for the Patriotic War of 1812
Kutuzov was a brave commander and a wise politician. What courage one had to have in order to issue an order for the surrender of Moscow in the name of saving the army. These were the most bitter days of his life. Leaving Moscow did not mean that Napoleon won, won the war. The battles in Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, the retreat of the French along the hungry Smolensk road, the battle of Vyazma led to the defeat of the Napoleonic army and the shameful withdrawal from Russia. Cannon of the Napoleonic Wars
In 1813, in Silesia, on the way to Bunzlau, the field marshal fell ill. Colds, heavy military campaigns, wounds - all this affected his health. On April 16 (18), 1813, the brilliant Russian commander died. The body of the late field marshal was sent to St. Petersburg for burial in the Kazan Cathedral. Thousands of people met and saw off the ashes of the savior of Russia. Cannon, early 19th century
Questions: 16. What happened in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino? 17. How did the surrender of Moscow to the French troops affect the outcome of the war? 18. What contributed to the expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia? 19. What was the state of the Napoleonic army during the retreat from Russia? 20. How did you complete your life path M. I. Kutuzov? 21. Explain the following terms: foreign policy, war, army, commander, general, officer, recruit, soldier, feat, patriotism, partisan, militia, Cossack, cuirassier, hussar, artilleryman, redoubt, order, medal.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich - the great Russian commander.
- Teacher MKOU "Sitzevskaya secondary school"
- Svetlakova Salia Akramovna.
- Battles and victories
- Great Russian commander. Count, Most Serene Prince of Smolensk. Field Marshal General. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812.
- His life was spent in battles. Personal courage brought him not only many awards, but also two wounds to the head - both were considered fatal. The fact that he survived both times and returned to duty seemed like a sign: Golenishchev-Kutuzov was destined for something great. The answer to the expectations of contemporaries was the victory over Napoleon, the glorification of which by the descendants elevated the figure of the commander to epic proportions.
- Monument to Field Marshal Kutuzov Smolensky in St. Petersburg Sculptor B.I. Orlovsky
- Assault on Ochakov December 6, 1788. Artist Ya. Sukhodolsky. 1853
- After a secondary wound to the head, Kutuzov's right eye was damaged, he began to see even worse, which gave contemporaries a reason to call Mikhail Illarionovich "one-eyed." It was from here that the legend began that Kutuzov wore a bandage over his wounded eye. Meanwhile, in all lifetime and first posthumous images, Kutuzov is drawn with both eyes, although all portraits are made in the left profile - after being wounded, Kutuzov tried not to turn his right side to his interlocutors and artists. For distinction during the siege of Ochakov, Kutuzov was awarded the order St. Anna of the 1st degree, and then the Order of St. Vladimir of the 2nd degree.
- Suvorov and Kutuzov before the assault on Izmail in 1790. From a painting by the artist O.G. Vereisky. 1950 Kutuzov takes possession of the bastion, tears off the gates of the fortress and scatters the enemy with bayonet attacks. “I won’t see such a battle for a century,” the general wrote to his wife after the assault, “the hair stands on end. Whom in the camp I will not ask, either died or is dying. My heart bled and burst into tears."
- When, after the victory, having assumed the position of commandant Izmail, Kutuzov asked Suvorov what his order for the post meant long before the capture of the fortress. "Nothing! - was the answer famous commander. - Golenishchev-Kutuzov knows Suvorov, and Suvorov knows Golenishchev-Kutuzov. If Izmail had not been taken, Suvorov would have died under its walls, and Golenishchev-Kutuzov too! According to Suvorov, Kutuzov was awarded the insignia of the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree for his distinction under Izmail.
- The assault on the fortress of Izmail by the troops of A.V. Suvorov in 1790. Artists E.I. Danilevsky and V.M. Siberian. 1972-1974 Part 1
- When in 1798-1799. Turkey will open a passage through the straits for the ships of the Russian squadron of Admiral F.F. Ushakov and join the second anti-French coalition, this will be the undoubted merit of M.I. Kutuzov. This time, the general's reward for the success of his diplomatic mission will be the award of nine estates and over 2,000 serfs in the lands of former Poland.
- M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Prince of Smolensk. Artist I.I. Oleshkevich
- R.M. Volkov. Portrait of Prince M.I. Kutuzov-Smolensky. First half of the 19th century
- Monument to Kutuzov in Moscow Sculptor N.V. Tomsk
- Message from M.I. Kutuzov to the troops on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Artist Y. Atlanov. 1982
- Battle for Maly Yaroslavets. Artist N.S. Samokish
- On October 12, 1812, near the city of Maloyaroslavets, the Russian army blocked the path of the enemy. During the battle, the city changed hands 4 times, but all French attacks were repulsed. For the first time in this war, Napoleon was forced to leave the battlefield and begin a retreat towards the Old Smolensk Road, the area around which was devastated during the summer offensive. From this moment begins the final stage of the Patriotic War. Here Kutuzov p
- Death of M.I. Kutuzov
- Contribution of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the art of war is now evaluated differently. However, the most objective is the opinion expressed by the famous historian E.V. Tarle: “The agony of the Napoleonic world monarchy lasted an unusually long time. But the Russian people inflicted a mortal wound on the world conqueror in 1812. An important remark should be added to this: under the leadership of M.I. Kutuzov.
M.I. KUTUZOV
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov came from an ancient noble family. His father I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov rose to the rank of lieutenant general and the rank of senator. Having received an excellent home education, 12-year-old Mikhail, after passing the exam in 1759, was enrolled as a corporal in the United Artillery and Engineering Noble School.
battle of Borodino
On August 26, 1812, the Battle of Borodino took place. “... You will not see such battles! Banners were worn like shadows, Fire shone in the smoke, Damask steel sounded, buckshot screeched, The hand of the fighters was tired of stabbing, And the mountain of bloody bodies prevented the cannonballs from flying. M.Yu.Lermontov
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he would act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him. » On August 29, Kutuzov received the army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province. During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it lost almost half of the personnel of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), he left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved to be worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal on August 30. After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Once to the south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his path of movement to the southern regions of the country.
Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, on October 19 Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were food and fodder supplies, but on October 24, in the battle for Maloyaroslavets, he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. The Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops. Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov in the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times was criticized for his unwillingness to act more decisively and offensively, for his preference to have a sure victory at the expense of resounding glory. St. George Cavalier. Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not embarrassed in expressions. Characteristically, he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov's command in the Patriotic War, preferring to lay the blame for the complete destruction of his army on the "harsh Russian winter." Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations.
Monuments. They stand all over the Borodino field, like sentries. They were placed on the day of the centenary of the Battle of Borodino in 1912 by soldiers of the Russian army.