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Development of a lesson in literature

Reflection of the era in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Teacher

Boronina Irina Armenovna

The purpose of the lesson: to trace how the era is reflected in the novel, to reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the novel, to develop skills in working with text.

During the classes:

Teacher's word:

When we start working on some work, we try to comprehend the era that is contemporary to the author or his creation.

How important do you think such a historical and cultural commentary is?

In the second half of the 19th century, rapid changes took place in the structure of society, new layers appeared (the proletariat, raznochintsy), the Russian public was divided into several opposing camps, waging a continuous struggle with each other, constantly changing both the composition and the program of action. The concepts of conservatives, liberals and radicals, Slavophiles and Westerners appear. The ideas of socialism and nihilism excite the best minds, are hotly contested.

Literature becomes a "tribune" for preaching the social and political ideas of the authors. And among this “fermentation of minds”, the voice of J.S. Turgenev.

Revolutionary-democratic criticism considered Turgenev's "Living Attitude to Modernity" to be a very valuable quality. Dobrolyubov emphasized that the modernity and relevance of Turgenev's novels are striking. If he has already touched on any issue, then this is a sure sign that it will soon become important for everyone.

Pisarev in the article “Bazarov” noted: “Through the fabric of the story, the author’s personal, deeply felt attitude to the derived phenomena of life shines through. And these phenomena are very close to us, so close that our entire young generation with their aspirations and ideas can recognize themselves in actors this novel."

Turgenev social pre-reform commoner

The ability to catch the movement of life, to show the new, developing. This quality of Turgenev, the artist, also comes through in the novel "Fathers and Sons", written in 1861.

How does the novel relate to the era?

Before answering the question of our today's lesson, let's turn to those political and social problems that took place in the contemporary writer's society?

Individual task of the student.

Question to the class:

What else do you know about this era?

Sample response material:

The duration of the novel is 1855-1861. - a difficult period for Russia. In 1855, the war with Turkey, lost by Russia, ended, this defeat was shameful for our country. happened and major event in domestic politics: change of reign.

Nicholas I died, his death ended the era of repression, the era of the suppression of public liberal thought.

During the reign of Alexander II in Russia, the education of various segments of the population flourished. Raznochintsy are becoming a real social force, while the aristocracy is losing its leading role. Of course, the education that the raznochintsy received was fundamentally different from that of the nobility. Aristocratic youth studied "for themselves", that is, it was education in the name of education itself.

Raznochintsy, on the other hand, had neither the means nor the time for such a luxury as broadening their horizons. They needed to get a profession that would feed them and bring real benefits to people.

This attitude determined the range of specialties that were mainly chosen by the raznochintsy. Basically these were natural Sciences, the spiritual world they completely denied.

At this time, capitalist relations also began to develop in Russia, their development was hampered by the rotten feudal system. The question of the peasant revolution was on the agenda. On this issue, a split occurred between the liberals, who stood for the reformist path, and the revolutionary democrats, who considered it ineffective.

At the beginning of March 1861, the tsar's manifesto of February 19 was published on the liberation of the peasants. Centuries of slavery was over. The peasants finally received their long-awaited freedom. However, as the revolutionary democrats expected, the reform was by no means carried out in the interests of the people. The land still remained in the hands of the landlords, and for those small allotments that the peasants received, they were required to either pay quitrent or work off corvée. A wave of peasant unrest and riots swept across the country, which were suppressed by the government with incredible cruelty.

A revolutionary situation has developed in Russia. The revolutionary democrats began to prepare an uprising: a secret society "Land and Freedom" arose, ideological inspirer whom Chernyshevsky was, proclamations were circulated calling for a decisive battle with the autocracy.

At first, Turgenev enthusiastically welcomed the liberation of the peasants. But by the end of 1861, his enthusiasm had noticeably cooled down, he could not help but see that the reform had not solved the peasant question. True, he still hoped that "things would go well," but more and more often notes of disappointment begin to sound in his letters of this period. “We live in a dark and difficult time,” he wrote in December 1861 to his friend N.P. Borisov, “we still won’t get out of it.”

Thus, the novel "Fathers and Sons" was written during the years of the revolutionary situation, when the feudal system was cracking at the seams.

What are the main problems of the era you identified for yourself?

The stratification of society into opposing factions.

The problem of serfdom.

The problem of changing priorities in education and the views of the new generation.

Today we will try to determine how these problems are reflected in the novel, i.e. how the novel by I.S. Turgenev connected with the era? To do this, we will work on the material of chapters 1-4 of the novel. The work will take place in groups.

Task for groups:

1 group.

Why I.S. Turgenev gives a clear dating of the events?

What time of year coincides with the beginning of the novel?

How is this reflected in the theme sounding in chapter 1 of the novel?

Sample answer:

In the novel, Turgenev uses exact dating, wanting to give the reader a concrete idea of the historical situation. The action in "Fathers and Sons" begins on May 20, 1859, and ends in the winter of 1860.

These were the years when the crisis of the feudal system was revealed, when the struggle between the camps of revolutionary democrats and liberals intensified.

In this era, a new type of progressive figure is being formed - a raznochint-democrat, a man of deeds, not phrases.

It is no coincidence, in our opinion, that the season is spring. Nature is waiting for renewal, change, rebirth, and this theme is continued in the further development of events - the father is waiting for his son.

Record conclusions.

Group 2

Highlight key words, phrases.

What means artistic expressiveness help the writer create an image of a pre-reform village?

Sample answer:

Through the eyes of Bazarov’s friend Arkady Kirsanov, who returned from St. Petersburg to his father’s estate, we see a picture that makes our hearts involuntarily shrink: “The places they passed through could not be called picturesque ...”

Let's see how the landscape is depicted in chapter 2 of the novel.

We see "villages with low huts under dark, often up to half swept roofs" ("villages", "huts" - the very form of these words speaks of a meager, beggarly life). It can be assumed that hungry cattle have to be fed with straw from the roofs. This comparison speaks volumes: “like beggars in rags, roadside willows with peeled bark and broken branches stood. And here are the peasants themselves - "worn in bad nags." The economy of the peasants is poor, beggarly: "crooked threshing sheds", "empty threshing floors" ...

Turgenev will no longer depict the poverty of the people, but the picture of the pre-reform village, presented in the exhibition, makes such a strong impression that there is nothing to add to it.

Record conclusions.

Group 3.

What external changes in the relationship between the lords and the peasants speak of the internal contradictions of the era?

Sample answer:

Few sparing details convey the changes that have taken place in relation to the peasants and their masters.

Yards do not meet the old and young gentlemen (remember the scenes of farewell to the departing Pyotr Grinev, Alexander Oduev, Andrei Ivanovich Stolz - everywhere there is a crowd of courtyards, serfs)

The servant, to whom everything: the turquoise earring in his ear, and the pomaded multi-colored hair, and the courteous gestures, in a word, everything revealed a man of the newest, improved generation, looked condescendingly along the road and answered: “No way, sir, I can’t see it.”

It is important to talk about the forest brought by Nikolai Petrovich, he needed money, but the land, alas, must still go to the peasants.

It is no coincidence that the mention that some clerk from the townspeople has to pay 250 rubles a year, the valet Peter is also free. Former faithful servants (Savelich, Zakharov) are now few.

The peasants hope for reform, they expect a lot from it. In the meantime, even on the estate of the good Nikolai Petrovich, the lordly crops are being poisoned by horses, and the barnyard is “inadvertently” set on fire.

Conclusions to write down:

And immediately the central question of the era arises: “No ... this poor region, it does not impress either with contentment or hard work; it’s impossible, it’s impossible for him to stay like this, transformations are necessary ... but how to fulfill them, how to proceed? ... "

Group 4

What is the significance of Arkady’s reflections on the life of the Russian village he saw (“No ... this poor region, it does not strike with contentment or hard work; it’s impossible, it’s impossible for him to stay like that, transformations are necessary ... but how to fulfill them, how to start …”) to develop the main conflict of the novel?

How are the characters of the main characters already outlined in the exposition? What details allow you to see it?

What kind of relationships develop along the way between the characters?

Sample answer:

The attitude to this issue, to the fundamental problems of Russian life in the 60s, determines the ideological differences between Bazarov and the rest of the characters in the novel. And the disagreement between them shows through on the very first pages, in the exposition.

We have already said that the raznochintsy were not satisfied with the reformist solution of the issue. They wanted revolutionary changes, they wanted to bring real benefits to people.

Subtly noticed details allow the writer to reveal the most important thing both in public views and in the mental warehouse of his characters.

Nikolai Petrovich is waiting for his son, ready to sit for 5 hours, loving, attentive, but despite the letter from Arkady, he forgot that he was coming with a friend (there is no place in the stroller for Bazarov), so the verbs in the episode “departure of the stroller” convey both the social status of the characters, and their condition. Father with son "fit" in a wheelchair, Bazarov "jumped" in a tarantass "buried" head….

Arkady is clearly under the influence of Bazarov. He is cheeky, familiar, condescending in conversation with his father, feels a secret superiority and enjoys the "consciousness of his own development and freedom."

Bazarov interrupts Nikolai Petrovich's reading of Pushkin. He destroys the lyrical mood of the father, and makes the son remember how to behave according to new concepts. He is deaf to the beautiful, introduces alienation into the relationship between father and son.

Nikolai Petrovich “had a pang in his heart”, pinched: how will relations with his son develop?

In the first chapters, the main conflict of the novel is already outlined, which will be further developed.

Record conclusions.

Lesson summary:

Discuss in groups, written conclusions (compare with what you wrote down yourself)

Teacher:

As you know, it is impossible to understand and evaluate the images of heroes without understanding and appreciating the situation in the country in which the views of the characters were formed and shaped. And therefore Turgenev draws before the reader a wide panorama of contemporary Russia, conveying in detail the way of life, customs and descriptions of nature. In the exposition of the novel, the initial landscape, depicting poverty, poverty, predetermines the theme of the entire work, leads to the idea of the need to change the order that gave rise to such desolation.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" is a sharply polemical work. In it, the writer reflected not only the eternal problem of "fathers and children" and the most important issues of human existence related to it, but also the clash of "the current century and the past century", i.e. social conflict, the struggle not only of two generations, but also of representatives of two camps: liberals and revolutionary democrats.

Why does the writer so consistently acquaints us with the three biographies of his heroes? Why is personal accuracy in a work of art?

What impression did Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov at each other?

Compare the portraits of the heroes.

Individually:

A brief retelling of the main points of the biographies of the heroes

Compose a biography of Bazarov based on the text.

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Development of a lesson in literature

Teacher: Boronina Irina Armenovna

Lesson number 2.

Lesson topic.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Reflection of the era in the novel.

The purpose of the lesson:

To trace how the era is reflected in the novel, to reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the novel, to develop skills in working with text.

During the classes:

Teacher's word:

When we start working on some work, we try to comprehend the era that is contemporary to the author or his creation.

^ How important do you think such a historical and cultural commentary is?

Literature becomes a "tribune" for preaching the social and political ideas of the authors. And among this “fermentation of minds”, the voice of I.S. Turgenev is especially clearly heard.

Pisarev in the article “Bazarov” noted: “Through the fabric of the story, the author’s personal, deeply felt attitude to the derived phenomena of life shines through. And these phenomena are very close to us, so close that our entire young generation, with their aspirations and ideas, can recognize themselves in the protagonists of this novel.

The ability to catch the movement of life, to show the new, developing. This quality of Turgenev, the artist, also comes through in the novel "Fathers and Sons", written in 1861.

^ How is the novel related to the era?

Before answering the question of our today's lesson, let's turn to the political and social problems that took place in the modern writer's society?

- Individual task of the student.

^ Question to the class:

What else do you know about this era?

Sample response material:

– The duration of the novel is 1855-1861. - a difficult period for Russia. In 1855, the war with Turkey, lost by Russia, ended, this defeat was shameful for our country. The most important event in domestic politics also took place: the change of reign.

Nicholas I died, his death ended the era of repression, the era of the suppression of public liberal thought.

This attitude determined the range of specialties that were mainly chosen by the raznochintsy. Basically, these were natural sciences, they completely denied the spiritual world.

- At the beginning of March 1861, the tsar's manifesto of February 19 on the liberation of the peasants was published. Centuries of slavery was over. The peasants finally received the long-awaited freedom. However, as the revolutionary democrats expected, the reform was by no means carried out in the interests of the people. The land still remained in the hands of the landlords, and for those small allotments that the peasants received, they were required to either pay quitrent or work off corvée. A wave of peasant unrest and riots swept across the country, which were suppressed by the government with incredible cruelty.

A revolutionary situation has developed in Russia. The revolutionary democrats began to prepare an uprising: a secret society called "Land and Freedom" arose, the ideological inspirer of which was Chernyshevsky, proclamations were distributed calling for a decisive battle with the autocracy.

Thus, the novel "Fathers and Sons" was written during the years of the revolutionary situation, when the feudal system was cracking at the seams.

What are the main problems of the era you identified for yourself?

The stratification of society into opposing factions.

The problem of serfdom.

The problem of changing priorities in education and the views of the new generation.

Today we will try to determine how these problems are reflected in the novel, i.e. how is the novel by I.S. Turgenev connected with the era? To do this, we will work on the material of chapters 1-4 of the novel. The work will take place in groups.

Task for groups:

Why does I.S. Turgenev give a clear dating of the events taking place?

What time of year coincides with the beginning of the novel?

How is this reflected in the theme sounding in chapter 1 of the novel?

Sample answer:

These were the years when the crisis of the feudal system was revealed, when the struggle between the camps of revolutionary democrats and liberals intensified.

In this era, a new type of progressive figure is being formed - a raznochint-democrat, a man of deeds, not phrases.

Record conclusions.

Group 2

Highlight key words, phrases.

What means of artistic expression help the writer to create the image of a pre-reform village?

^ Sample answer:

Let's see how the landscape is depicted in chapter 2 of the novel.

We see "villages with low huts under dark, often up to half swept roofs" ("villages", "huts" - the very form of these words speaks of a meager, beggarly life). It can be assumed that hungry cattle have to be fed with straw from the roofs. This comparison speaks volumes: “like beggars in rags, roadside willows with peeled bark and broken branches stood. And here are the peasants themselves - "worn on bad nags." The economy of the peasants is poor, beggarly: "crooked threshing sheds", "empty threshing floors" ...

Turgenev will no longer depict the poverty of the people, but the picture of the pre-reform village, presented in the exhibition, makes such a strong impression that there is nothing to add to it.

Record conclusions.

Group 3.

What external changes in the relationship between the lords and the peasants speak of the internal contradictions of the era?

Sample answer:

Few sparing details convey the changes that have taken place in relation to the peasants and their masters.

The servant, to whom everything: the turquoise earring in his ear, and the pomaded multi-colored hair, and the courteous gestures, in a word, everything exposed a man of the newest, improved generation, looked condescendingly along the road and answered: “No way, you can’t see it.”

It is important to talk about the forest brought by Nikolai Petrovich, he needed money, but the land, alas, must still go to the peasants.

It is no coincidence that the mention that some clerk from the townspeople has to pay 250 rubles a year, the valet Peter is also free. Former faithful servants (Savelich, Zakharov) are now few.

Conclusions to write down:

Group 4

How are the characters of the main characters already outlined in the exposition? What details allow you to see it?

What kind of relationships develop along the way between the characters?

^ Sample answer:

The attitude to this issue, to the fundamental problems of Russian life in the 60s, determines the ideological differences between Bazarov and the rest of the heroes of the novel. And the disagreement between them shows through on the very first pages, in the exposition.

We have already said that the raznochintsy were not satisfied with the reformist solution of the issue. They wanted revolutionary changes, they wanted to bring real benefits to people.

Subtly noticed details allow the writer to reveal the most important thing both in public views and in the spiritual warehouse of his characters.

Nikolai Petrovich is waiting for his son, ready to sit for 5 hours, loving, attentive, but despite the letter from Arkady, he forgot that he was coming with a friend (there is no place in the stroller for Bazarov), so the verbs in the episode “departure of the stroller” convey both the social status of the characters, and their condition. The father and son “fitted” in the stroller, while Bazarov “jumped” into the tarantass, “buried” his head ....

Nikolai Petrovich “had a pang in his heart”, pinched: how will relations with his son develop?

In the first chapters, the main conflict of the novel is already outlined, which will be further developed.

Record conclusions.

Lesson summary:

Discuss in groups, written conclusions (compare with what you wrote down yourself)

Why does the writer so consistently acquaints us with the three biographies of his heroes? Why is personal accuracy in a work of art?

What impression did Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov at each other?

Compare the portraits of the heroes.

Individually:

A brief retelling of the main points of the biographies of the heroes

Compose a biography of Bazarov based on the text.

The novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" is a multi-themed work. It's already in the title main topic The novel is a problem of generations, an eternal problem of classical literature. In addition to this problem, other issues are raised in the work - the conflict of two socio-political forces operating in Russia in the 60s, liberals and democrats.
The novel depicts nobles and commoners of two generations - "fathers" and "children". Turgenev wants to show us how a democrat-raznochinets will behave in an environment alien to him. In Maryino, where Bazarov arrived with Arkady, Yevgeny is a guest who differs in his democratic appearance from the landlords. And he disagrees with his friend Arkady in the main thing - in the idea of \u200b\u200blife. Throughout the novel, we observe the subordination of a weak nature to a stronger one: Arkady - Bazarov. But still, Arkady is gradually gaining his opinion. He no longer blindly repeats after Bazarov his nihilist judgments: in the dispute, Kirsanov Jr. expresses his own point of view. One day, their argument almost escalated into a fight.
The difference between the characters can already be seen from their behavior in Kirsanov's house. Eugene is engaged in the study of nature, and Arkady does practically nothing. By the red color of Bazarov's hand, you can guess that he is a man of action. And indeed, wherever he is, Eugene tries to do business. His vocation is the natural sciences. He studies nature and tests theoretical discoveries in practice.
Note that interest in the sciences is a typical feature cultural life Russia in the 60s, which means that Bazarov keeps up with the times. Arkady is the exact opposite of Bazarov. He doesn't do anything and he doesn't care about anything. The main thing for Arkady is comfort and peace, and for Bazarov - to work, not to sit idly by.
Different opinions among friends and in relation to literature. For example, Bazarov denies the poetry of Pushkin, and it is completely unreasonable. Arkady, on the contrary, admires the poet. Arkady is always well dressed, he has aristocratic manners. Bazarov does not follow the rules good manners he just doesn't think it's necessary. This can be seen in all his actions, habits, manners, speeches, appearance. He does not like, for example, the "beautiful" phrase. "Oh, my friend, Arkady Nikolaevich," he says to his young admirer, "I ask you one thing, don't speak so beautifully!"
Bazarov is shown as a simple man, alien to any brokenness and, at the same time, strong, powerful in soul and body. He is distinguished by firmness and directness of judgments.
Arkady is naive in the consciousness of his mental superiority over the concepts of father and uncle. He good-naturedly regrets their backwardness. How quickly he resolves all issues, how easily he copes with everything, how it costs him nothing to break and destroy anything out of pure nihilism. Arcadia is not the person he wants to be. The opinions that he flaunts do not penetrate deep inside him, they can disappear like morning mist. All his impulses are explained by the desire to be like Bazarov, to be the same hard and tough person.
But gradually Arkady understands the whole pointlessness of his aspirations. The "student" is out of the control of the "teacher". The resistance of Arkady Bazarov is already evident from the conversation about the role of nature in human life.
Arkady has no enemies, while Bazarov hates many. “You, gentle soul, are a weakling,” says Bazarov, realizing that Arkady can no longer be his associate. A "disciple" cannot live without principles. In this he is very close to his liberal father and Pavel Kirsanov. But Bazarov appears before us as a man of a new generation, who replaced the "fathers" who were unable to solve the problems of the era. Arkady belongs to the old generation, the generation of "fathers".
Arkady wants to be the son of his age and "puts on" Bazarov's ideas, which definitely cannot grow together with him. He belongs to the category of people who are always taken care of and who always do not notice guardianship. Bazarov treated him patronizingly and almost always mockingly, he understood that their paths would part.
In addition to male, basic, images, the novel also presents female images relating to the generation of "children".
So, Anna Sergeevna and Katerina Sergeevna in the novel are opposites. Anna is coquettish, talkative, and Katerina is timid, silent, "constantly blushes and quickly takes a breath." She loves to read, to think about life, about books, about people, than to dance at balls.
Odintsova had endured enough in life (“grated kalach”) and now, as if, she only wanted to take a break from her past. More than once, in a conversation with Bazarov, she called herself old. At Anna Sergeevna a strong character so she suppressed her little sister a little. Katya is a nice girl, and although at first she is perceived as pale shadow Odintsova, she still has a character too. The individuality of this heroine is gradually revealed, and it becomes clear that in alliance with Arkady Kirsanov she will be the main one.
Thus, in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" a whole gallery of images of "children" is presented. Each of the heroes is diverse and individual, however, they are also divided into those who accept "eternal" values and are guided by them, and those who, in denial, come to self-destruction.