1. The process of historical knowledge should be based on science, on well-defined events, facts and evidence, and not on assumptions and arguments. There are many methods<...>, but they all boil down to being based on scientific posture. the principle of historicism. This is when you consider any event in the context of time. Phases of ethnogenesis: 1. Phase of rise. 2. Akmatic phase 3. Broken phase. 4. Phase of inertia. Since ancient times, people have tried to understand and explain the origins of their history. The answers were different, because history is multifaceted: it can be the history of socio-economic formations, or military history, the history of science and culture, and so on. Gumilyov considers history as the history of peoples. It is within the framework of peoples (ethnic groups) that are in contact with each other that history is created, for each historical fact is the property of the life of a particular people. "Ethnic groups that exist in space and time are the actors in the theater of history" (2). What is an ethnos and what are the laws of its emergence, development and decline - the author is trying to answer this question.

2. Eastern Slavs. Formation of the Old Russian state. Norman theory.

Territory of the Eastern Slavs (VI-IXcenturies). The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Don in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. The Slavs, who developed the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. Tribal unions are a stage on the way to the formation of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs. These unions included 120-150 separate tribes, whose names have already been lost. Each individual tribe, in turn, consisted of a large number of clans and occupied a significant territory (40-60 km across). The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks". The great waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks" was a kind of "pillar road" that connected Northern and Southern Europe. It arose at the end of the ninth century. From the Baltic (Varangian) Sea along the Neva River, merchant caravans got to Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River - to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the Smolensk region and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by "drag routes". The western coast of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Tsargrad). Community. By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the tribal community was replaced by a territorial, or neighboring, community. There were two forms of ownership in the community - personal and public. Formation of the Old Russian state. The tribal reigns of the Slavs had signs of the emerging statehood. Tribal principalities often united into large superunions, which revealed features of early statehood. One of these associations was the union of tribes headed by Kiy (known since the end of the 5th century). The famous historian B. A. Rybakov claims that at the beginning of the 9th century. on the basis of the Polyansky Union of Tribes, a large political association "Rus" was formed, which also included part of the northerners. Norman theory. A chronicle story about the calling as princes of three Varangians - the brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor. In 862, the Varangian Rurik was called to end local strife. His successor Oleg took Kyiv in 882 and began to control the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." 882 is considered the date of formation of the Old Russian state. According to the "Norman theory", the Varangians played a decisive role in this, but, apparently, they only accelerated its creation, due to the previous development. The formation of the "State of Russia" is the natural completion of a long process of decomposition of the primitive communal system among a dozen and a half Slavic tribal unions that lived on the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks" (early feudal monarchy).

3. Vladimir I Saint. Baptism of Russia and its meaning.

Under Vladimir I (980-1015), the lands of the Eastern Slavs united as part of Kievan Rus. The Vyatichi, lands on both sides of the Carpathians, Chervlensky cities were finally annexed. There was a further strengthening of the state apparatus. The princely sons and senior warriors received the largest centers in control. One of the most important tasks of that time was solved: ensuring the protection of Russian lands from the raids of numerous Pecheneg tribes. Acceptance of Christianity. In 988, under Vladimir I, Christianity was adopted as the state religion. Reasons: -with the help of a monopoly religion, Vladimir wanted to strengthen the country and territorial unity; - the adoption of Kh-va brought Russia on the same level with the European peoples. Meaning: - X-in helped to create the spiritual basis of the state; - the formation of equality before God, tolerance for one's neighbor; - shifts in the development of culture

The first evidence of the Slavs. The Slavs, according to most historians, separated from the Indo-European community in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. The ancestral home of the early Slavs (pra-sl-

Vyan), according to archaeological data, was Gerriyuri east of the Germans - oi the Oder River in the west to the Carpathian Mountains in the east. A number of researchers believe that the Proto-Slavic language began to

later, in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The first written evidence of the Slavs dates back to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD). Slavs are reported by Greek, Roman, Arabic

In the era of the Great Migration of Nations (III-VI centuries AD), which coincided with the crisis of the slave-owning civilization, the Slavs mastered the territory of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. They are

lived in the forest and forest-steppe zones, where, as a result of the spread of iron tools, it became possible to conduct a settled agricultural economy. Having settled in the Balkans, the Slavs played a significant

role in the destruction of the Danube border of Byzantium. The first information about the political history of the Slavs dates back to the 4th century AD. e. From the Baltic coast, the Germanic tribes of the Goths made their way

in the Northern Black Sea region.

The largest political formations of the VII-VIII centuries. in the southern Russian steppes there was the Bulgarian kingdom and the Khazar Khaganate, and in the Altai region - the Turkic Khaganate.

Eastern Slavs in VI-9th century In the VI century. Slavs repeatedly made military campaigns against the largest state of that time - Byzantium.

The territory of the Eastern Slavs (VI-IX centuries). The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Don in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. The Slavs, who developed the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. There was a process of assimilation (mixing) of peoples. In the VI-IX centuries. the Slavs united in communities that no longer had only a tribal, but also a territorial-political character. Tribal unions are a stage on the way to the formation of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs.

In the chronicle story about the settlement of Slavic tribes, a dozen and a half associations of Eastern Slavs are named. The term "tribes" in relation to these associations has been proposed by historians. It would be more correct to call these associations tribal unions. These unions included 120-150 separate tribes, whose names have already been lost. Each individual tribe, in turn, consisted of a large number of clans and occupied a significant territory (40-60 km across).

The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks". Great waterway "from the Varangians to Greek

ki" was a kind of "pillar road" that connected Northern and Southern Europe. It arose at the end of the ninth century. From the Baltic (Varangian) Sea along the Neva River, merchant caravans got to Ladoga

lake (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River - to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper.

The most developed lands of the Slavic world - Novgorod and Kyiv - controlled the northern and southern sections of the Great Trade Route. V. O. Klyuchevsky argued that the trade in fur, wax "and honey was the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs, since the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" was "the main core of the economic, political, and then cultural life of the Eastern Slavs."

Economy of the Slavs. The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs was agriculture. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations that have found seeds of cereals (rye, wheat, barley, millet) and garden crops (turnips, cabbage, beets, carrots, radishes, garlic, etc.). A person in those days identified life with arable land and bread, hence the name of grain crops "zhito", which has survived to this day.

The main agricultural systems of the Eastern Slavs are closely connected with natural and climatic conditions. In the north, in the region of taiga forests (the remnant of which is Belovezhskaya Pushcha), master-

The current system of agriculture was slash-and-burn. Trees were cut down the first year. In the second year, dried trees were burned and, using the ashes as fertilizer, they sowed grain. Two to three years plot

gave a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted

and had to move to a new area. The main tools of labor were an ax, as well as a hoe, a plow, harvested with sickles. They threshed with chains. The grain was ground with stone grinders and hand millstones.

By the time the state was formed among the East Slavs, the tribal community was replaced by a neighboring (territorial) one. Cities built on hills, at the intersection of two rivers, or on trade routes.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former tribal elite. The most important issues were resolved at public meetings - veche gatherings.

Formation of the Old Russian state. The tribal reigns of the Slavs had signs of the emerging statehood. Tribal principalities often united into large superunions, which revealed features of early statehood.

One of these associations was the union of tribes headed by Kiy (known since the end of the 5th century). At the end of the VI-VII century. existed, according to Byzantine and Arabic sources, the “Power of the Volhynians”, which was

being an ally of Byzantium.

Eastern sources suggest the existence on the eve of the formation of the Old Russian state of three large associations of Slavic tribes: Kuyaba, Slavia and Artania. B. A. Rybakov claims that at the beginning of the 9th century. on the basis of the Polyansky Union of Tribes, a large political association "Rus" was formed, which also included part of the northerners. Thus, the widespread use of agriculture using iron tools, the collapse of the tribal community and its transformation into a neighboring one, the growth in the number of cities, the emergence of a squad are evidence of the emerging statehood . The Slavs mastered the East European Plain, interacting with the local Baltic and Finno-Ugric populations. The military

moves of the Antes, Slavs, Russ to more developed countries, primarily to Byzantium, brought significant military booty to warriors and princes. All this contributed to the stratification of the Eastern Slavic society. Thus, as a result of economic and socio-political development, statehood began to take shape among the East Slavic tribes.

5. The State of Russia (9th - early 12th century)

OLD RUSSIAN STATE (Kievan Rus), a state of the 9th - early 12th centuries. in Eastern Europe, which arose in the last quarter of the 9th century. as a result of the unification under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - Novgorod and Kyiv, as well as lands (settlements in the area of ​​​​Staraya Ladoga, Gnezdov) located along the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." During its heyday, the Old Russian state covered the territory from the Taman Peninsula in the south, the Dniester and the upper reaches of the Vistula in the west, to the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina in the north. The formation of the state was preceded by a long period (from the 6th century) of the maturation of its prerequisites in the depths of military democracy. During the existence of the Old Russian state, the East Slavic tribes formed into the Old Russian people.

Socio-political system. Power in Russia belonged to the prince of Kyiv, who was surrounded by a retinue that depended on him and fed mainly through his campaigns. Veche also played a certain role. The administration of the state was carried out with the help of thousands and sots, that is, on the basis of a military organization. The prince's income came from various sources. In the 10th - early 11th centuries. this is basically "polyudye", "lessons" (tribute), received annually from the field.

In the 11th - early 12th centuries. in connection with the emergence of large landownership with various types of rent, the functions of the prince expanded. Owning his own large domain, the prince was forced to manage a complex economy, appoint posadniks, volostels, tiuns, and manage a numerous administration. He was a military leader, now he had to organize not so much a squad as a militia, led by vassals, to hire foreign troops. Measures to strengthen and protect external borders have become more complicated. The power of the prince was unlimited, but he had to reckon with the opinion of the boyars. The role of the veche declined. The princely court became the administrative center, where all the threads of government converged. Palace officials arose who were in charge of individual branches of government. The city patriciate was at the head of the cities. The largest part of the urban population were artisans, both free and dependent. A special place was occupied by the clergy, divided into black (monastic) and white (secular). The head of the Russian Church was usually appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Metropolitan, to whom the bishops were subordinate. The rural population consisted of free communal peasants (their number was decreasing), and already enslaved peasants. The growth of large landownership, the enslavement of free community members and the growth of their exploitation led to an intensification of the class struggle in the 11th-12th centuries. (uprisings in Suzdal in 1024; in Kyiv in 1068-1069; on Beloozero about 1071; in Kyiv in 1113). The uprisings in most cases were disunited, they were attended by pagan sorcerers, who used disgruntled peasants to fight the new religion - Christianity. A particularly strong wave of popular uprisings swept through Russia in the 1060s-1070s. in connection with the famine and the invasion of the Polovtsians. During these years, a collection of laws "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs" was created, a number of articles of which provided for punishment for the murder of employees of the patrimony. Public relations were regulated by the Russian Truth and other legal acts.

Economy. In the era of the formation of the Old Russian state, arable farming with draft tillage tools gradually replaced hoe tillage everywhere (in the north somewhat later). A three-field system of agriculture appeared; wheat, oats, millet, rye, barley were grown. The population was also engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing and beekeeping. The village craft was of secondary importance. Iron-making production, based on local swamp ore, stood out the earliest.

The main trend in the development of the social system of Ancient Russia was the formation of feudal ownership of land, with the gradual enslavement of free community members. The result of the enslavement of the village was its inclusion in the system of feudal economy based on labor and food rent. Along with this, there were elements of slavery (servility).

The development of crafts and trade led to the emergence of cities. The most ancient of them are Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Smolensk, Rostov, Ladoga, Pskov, Polotsk. The center of the city was a trade where handicraft products were sold. Various types of crafts developed in the city: blacksmithing, weapons, jewelry (forging and embossing, embossing and stamping of silver and gold, filigree, granulation), pottery, leather, tailoring. In the second half of the 10th c. master marks appeared. Under Byzantine influence at the end of the 10th century. enamel production began. The trade route from Russia to the eastern countries passed through Voya and the Caspian Sea. The path to Byzantium and Scandinavia (the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks"), in addition to the main direction (Dnepr - Lovat), had a branch to the Western Dvina. Two routes led to the west: from Kyiv to Central Europe (Moravia, Czech Republic, Poland, Southern Germany) and from Novgorod and Polotsk across the Baltic Sea to Scandinavia and the Southern Baltic. In the 9th - mid-11th centuries. in Russia, the influence of Arab merchants was great, trade ties with Byzantium and Khazaria were strengthened. Ancient Russia exported furs, wax, linen, linen, silverware to Western Europe. Expensive fabrics (Byzantine curtains, brocade, oriental silks), silver and copper in dirhems, tin, lead, copper, spices, incense, medicinal plants, dyes, Byzantine church utensils were imported.

Culture. The center of culture was the city. Literacy in the Old Russian state was relatively widespread among the people, as evidenced by birch bark letters and inscriptions on household items (whirlwinds, barrels, vessels). There is information about the existence of schools in Russia at that time (even for women). The types of ordinary settlements and dwellings, the technique of erecting wooden buildings from horizontally laid logs for a long time remained the same as that of the ancient Slavs. But already in the 9th - early 10th centuries. extensive yards of estates appeared, and in princely possessions - wooden castles (Lyubech).

The best-preserved mosaics and frescoes in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (mid-11th century) were executed mainly by Byzantine masters. The murals in the towers are secular scenes of dances, hunts, and stadiums full of dynamics. In the images of saints, members of the grand-ducal family, the movement is sometimes only indicated, the poses are frontal, the faces are strict. In the 11th century receives development and icon painting. In the second half of the 11th c. the princely construction of temples is being replaced by monastic construction.

In 988 under Vladimir 1 (reigned after Svyatoslav) - ACCEPTANCE OF CHRISTIANITY. His 12 sons ruled the largest volosts of Russia. After the death of Vladimir, the prince passed the throne to Svyatopolk, Yaroslav the Wise opposed him, Who expelled Svyatopolk. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus reached the highest power and wide international recognition.

Ethnos - people, nation, people of the same nationality. There is a claim that for the first time the existence of the Slavs was recorded in the first century AD. Some sources mention the Wends, but this information is doubtful - it was not known for certain that the Wends were Slavs. The first reliable information about the existence of the Slavs dates back to the 6th century AD. Jordan (from Germany) and Procopius from Caesarea wrote about the Slavs. The name Slavs - before that it was written Slovene - people who speak speech, words. When did the Slavs appear? When did they separate from the Indo-European peoples and where? The answer is in archeology (a science that studies the past from the monuments of material culture). Each ethnic group had its own material culture. A sharp change of cultures meant a sharp change of ethnic groups. Usually the culture changes smoothly.

Before the Slavs, the Balts (close to Latvians and Lithuanians) and Finno-Ugric peoples (relatives of the Morians, Udmurts, Mordovians (Volga region), Finns and Estonians) lived on the territory of the Russian Federation and Belarus.

The Balts were driven back, assimilated or exterminated. And after the Mongol invasion, they almost completely disappeared.

13 unions of tribes of the Eastern Slavs by the 9th century: Ilmen Slovenes, Vyatichi, Krivlichi, northerners (the territory of modern Russia), Polotsk, Radimichi, Dregovichi (the territory of modern Belarus), Drevlyans, Polyana, Volynians, streets, Tivertsy, White Croats, part northerners (the territory of modern Ukraine).

Are these ethnic groups or parts of a single ethnic group? Man belonged to the ethnos only by his self-consciousness. According to the tale of bygone years, each union had its own customs and character. Therefore, it is possible to consider the unions of tribes as independent ethnic groups. In addition, all tribes have different temporal jewelry rings.

The Byzantines singled out 2 features from the Slavs: love of freedom and endurance (they considered the Franks brave and freedom-loving, but not hardy).

For a Western European, nature was a mother, and for a Slav, a stepmother. Agriculture was the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs. Relevant religion. Gods: Makosh - the patroness of the harvest, Dazhdbog - the god of the sun, as a source of blessings, life-giving heat, Beregini - lived in the water, took care of the person in the water, Veles (Volos) - the patron of cattle and wealth, Yarilo - the personification of the masculine principle of fertility (according to Rybakov) , Perun - the god of thunder and lightning stood apart. Perun was revered by warriors.

Formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

The second occupation after agriculture is war, campaigns for prey. The only Slavic myth: about the victory of Perun over Veles. He won and took all the wealth.

The leader led the warriors only on a campaign, and in peacetime in the 6th century, everything was decided by a general meeting of able-bodied men. But there was no professional management - the main feature of the state. By the 7th century, a squad appears - professional warriors. They are grouped around the prince. They become real power. Initially, the tribe brought voluntary gifts to the squad. Then it became a mandatory tribute. It turns out that the squad leads the rest and become professional managers - a state arises.

The first states were tribal reigns. Most historians do not consider tribal principalities to be states (illogical!).

Signs of the state: 1) Society is divided into managers and managed. 2) The manager is based on force - the apparatus of coercion.

Tribal principalities fit this definition. For example, Vyatichi: the center is near the city of Tula (according to the stories of Ibn-Ruste). The Vyatichi have a head, the light-king (light-malik). Every time he collects tribute, going around people. Light-malik has many well-armed warriors on horseback. All the signs of a state are present.

In the 8th century, the states already existed, and by the 9th century, the unions of the principalities arise. By the middle of the 9th century - 2 federations: Kyiv - in the south, in the Dnieper region, the meadow dominated. (Kuyava), Novgorod (near Novgorod, Novgorod itself did not yet exist) - Slovenes and Krivlichi dominated. Conventionally, they are called the Kyiv and Novgorod states.

In the middle of the 9th century, the Varangians=Scandinavians=Vikings came to power in both states. The 9th century is the century of Scandinavian expansion in Europe. They were the best warriors (including berserkers). Konunki - Scandinavian princes.

In the middle of the 9th century, Askold came to power in Kyiv, and then Dir. (How this happened is unknown). In Novgorod, they came to power peacefully - by agreement. And the family stood up against the family and there was strife and they sent to the Varangians - come to reign (the tale of bygone years).

Three brothers came: Rurik, Sineus and Truvor. The Norman theory of the emergence of the Russian state is based on this story (now there are no adherents). 862g. - the calling of Rurik.

The state was before Rurik among the Eastern Slavs. Those who invited Rurik were called "to reign and rule" i.e. they knew what a state was and that there were special people called to restore order. There is no order, not in general, but at the moment. Why call foreigners - in order to overcome the split of society - to find an impartial person, a fair one. The Novgorodians concluded an agreement with Rurik.

Prophetic Oleg - Rurik's successor (real name Helgu - "saint") deserves more attention.

882- Oleg united the Novgorod and Kiev states by military means.

882g. - (conditionally) the emergence of the ancient Russian state (then it was called Rus, Russian land).

RUSS - the origin of the name:

1st version:

1950 (M.N. Tikhomirov, B.A. Rybakov) the term southern comes from the name of the Ros river, which flows into the Dnieper. From it came the name of the tribes of the Ros union, which later organized itself into the Kievan state, and the name passed from it. But there is no evidence of the existence of the Ros union.

2nd version:

(E.A. Melnikova, V.E. Petrukhin)

(last 15 years)

The term Russia of northern and Scandinavian origin from the ancient Nevedic "rotser" - a rower. This was the name of the members of the Scandinavian squads who came to the lands of the Eastern Slavs along the rivers.

In the beginning, they encountered Finns and Estonians (they still call Sweden - Rotse). And the Slavs began to call them Ros. They came with Rurik and united with the local Slavic squads, so the whole squad began to be called Ros: both Slavs and Varangians.

The Russian land, Gede is ruled by Rus - the prince's combatants, and the name of the ethnic group - Russians - came from the name of the state.

This version is confirmed by the tale of bygone years.

Eastern Slavs before the formation of the Old Russian state.

There are several versions of the origin (ethnogenesis) of the Slavs. Let us recall some of them.

"Danubian version" was widely used in pre-revolutionary historical literature, in the works of famous Russian historians. Let's say IN. Klyuchevsky believed that the Slavs left the Danube for the Carpathians and lived there from the second to the seventh century AD. And only after "parking in the Carpathians" they came to the Dnieper. (Compare the chronicle version and the "Danubian version" of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs. What do they have in common and how do they differ from each other?)

“So, before the Eastern Slavs from the Danube got to the Dnieper, they remained for a long time on the Carpathian slopes; here was their intermediate stop.

(Klyuchevsky V.O. Course of Russian history. Part 1 // Klyuchevsky V.O. Works: In 9 vols. T.1. M., 1987. P. 122)

Soviet historical science claimed that the ancestors of the Slavs lived on a large territory of Central and Eastern Europe stretching from north to south 400 km, from west to east - about 1.5 thousand km. Then the Slavs settled in more local territories.

The issue of the formation and development of the East Slavic society on the eve of the formation of the Old Russian state also requires consideration of relations with neighboring tribes and peoples.

The most numerous neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were the Finno-Ugric tribes. There were no serious collisions with them. As a rule, under the pressure of the Slavs, they went to live in more remote territories. Most of these tribes were eventually assimilated by the Slavs, glorified.

Lithuanian tribes became other neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. Unlike the Finno-Ugric ones, they were more warlike. And their clashes with the Eastern Slavs were common. In addition, the lands of the Slavs in the north were subjected to constant raids by immigrants from the Scandinavian tribes - the Vikings (in Russia they were called the Varangians), who began active penetration into the region in the 8th - 9th centuries and gradually moved southward along the river trade routes.

In the south, warlike tribes of nomads brought a lot of trouble. At different times, the danger was represented by various nomadic tribes - the Magyars, Pechenegs, Torks, Polovtsy. Clashes with nomads became a characteristic component of the life of the Eastern Slavs, and the protection of the southern borders of the Eastern Slavic state from their raids turned into a constant concern of the princely power during the period of the existence of Kievan Rus.

In addition to the tribes that were at the pre-state level of development, the neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were also peoples who already had a developed statehood. The most famous in this regard, located near the place of residence of the Eastern Slavs, and then - from Kievan Rus, the Byzantine Empire. She had a huge impact on the development of East Slavic society, although the relationship of Russia with Byzantium was ambiguous.

Another state, located in the neighborhood of the East Slavic lands, was the Volga Bulgaria (Bulgaria), located in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama. Relations with her were mostly peaceful. Historical sources testify to the existence of developed trade relations between the Volga Bulgaria and Russia, starting even before the formation of the Old Russian state.

Another neighbor of the Eastern Slavs was the Khazar Khaganate. It was located between the Volga and Don rivers. The Khazars were a warlike people, they sought to conquer and put their neighbors in tributary relations. Volga Bulgaria was dependent on Khazaria. They were forced to pay tribute to the Khazar Khaganate and some East Slavic tribal unions (what kind?). On the other hand, the Khazar state, according to a number of researchers, for quite a long time covered the Slavs from the southeast from the wilder and more aggressive nomadic peoples.

So, being in various relations with their neighbors, the Eastern Slavs settled in their territory. Gradually, they formed the prerequisites for the formation of the state.