"6. Center established planetary defense. By and large, the asteroid-comet hazard is the most formidable of all natural hazards, threatening humanity. Increasing attention is being paid to this problem in the scientific, public and government circles of the leading countries of the world, in a number of which work programs in the field of planetary protection have been adopted at the state level. Along with holding specialized scientific and technical conferences, some of which were held in our country, these issues were considered by state and international organizations, in particular, the UK House of Lords (2001), the US Congress (2002) and the UN Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2003). The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a special resolution No. 1080 "On the discovery of asteroids and comets potentially dangerous to mankind." AT last years in Russia, such work was carried out mainly on an initiative basis by individual enthusiasts. At present, in order to combine the intellectual, technical, financial and other resources available in the country, and then beyond its borders, a number of leading organizations in various sectors of Russia and Ukraine (NPO named after S.A. Lavochkin, NRC named after G.N. Babakina, OKB MPEI, NPO Molniya, IAC Vympel, State Design Bureau Yuzhnoye and a number of others) established the Non-Commercial Partnership Center for Planetary Protection. Anatoly Vasilievich Zaitsev, an employee of the NPO named after A.I. S.A. Lavochkina. Contact phone: (095) -575-5859; Email: [email protected]. As a program document of the Center prepared and approved by the members of the Coordinating Council of the Center "Proposal for the creation of the Planetary Defense System (SPS) "Citadel". Since the scale of the asteroid-comet hazard requires the concentration of resources at the interstate level, the most important step towards its solution should be creation of the Humanity Insurance Fund designed to provide funding for the SDR. Such a Fund can be formed, first of all, by all developed countries of the world, with the involvement of leading financial organizations, funds, and individuals. After its creation, based on the amount of collected financial resources, it is planned to launch work on the creation of the SDR. AVZ."
http://www.izmiran.rssi.ru/magnetism/ELNEWS/bullet35.htm
It seems that the sources are all adequate, the people are serious. But somehow the vocabulary evokes .... Especially the "Insurance Fund of Humanity." Taking into account our program for the construction of the Moon (when did we gather there to organize the industrial production of helium-3 ... Not in 2020? Or will there be only a station in the 20th?), somehow confusion gnaws. Since I am not a specialist in astronomy, tell me - what is this - a normal job, a bug-sucking station, or our clients?
INTRODUCTION
Every year the relevance of creating a space system for protection against asteroid and plasmoid danger increases. And this, first of all, is due to the fact that the technological complexity of human civilization is increasing: the enlargement of cities, an increase in the number of complex and dangerous facilities such as nuclear power plants, large hydroelectric power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, ammunition depots, etc. At the same time, there is an increase in the dependence of the world economy on the regional division of labor, information and financial flows. The failure of even one of the elements of this global economic structure will inevitably lead to a sharp drop in living standards and technological failure. And the destruction of any nuclear power plant, with the fall of even a small celestial body, will lead to an environmental disaster on a regional and planetary scale.
Therefore, now we are not talking only about large meteorites, for example, about such as 65 million years ago, when a space object with a diameter of about 10 km fell, which led to the death of almost all life on Earth, including the then owners of the planet - dinosaurs. You can read about this in detail in the journal "Earth and the Universe" (1999, No. 3; 2000, No. 5; 2001, No. 6). According to some researchers, this catastrophe changed the course of evolution on our planet and created the preconditions for the appearance of man on Earth.
And we are not even talking about a collision of the Earth with objects with a diameter of more than 1 km, which will lead to a global catastrophe and the death of almost the entire biosphere of our planet, or less than 1 km, which will cause a regional catastrophe. But as a result of the latter, entire states can be destroyed.
We are not talking about them, because the collision of the Earth with large asteroids (with a diameter of more than 1 km) is rare, on average once every hundreds of thousands or tens of millions of years.
But there are about 2 million asteroids 50-100 m in size crossing the Earth's orbit. And such objects collide with the Earth much more often. And, what is the saddest thing, it is extremely difficult to register them by today's means.
So on March 23, 1989, the previously unknown asteroid 1989 FC crossed the Earth's orbit at the point where it was only six hours ago. And this asteroid several hundred meters in size was discovered already in the process of moving away from the Earth. If it collided with the Earth, then as a result a crater with a diameter of about 16 km and a depth of 1.5 km would form, within a radius of 160 km from which everything would be catastrophically destroyed by the shock wave. If this asteroid fell into the ocean, it would cause a tsunami hundreds of meters high. If at a nuclear power plant ....
A little earlier, in 1972, an event occurred that could cause much more serious consequences than the known falls of celestial bodies (on Tunguska, in Brazil and on Sikhote-Alin). An asteroid with a diameter of about 80 m, which entered the Earth's atmosphere over the US state of Utah at a speed of 15 km/s, did not fall on the territory of the United States or Canada only because of the gentle trajectory of entry into the atmosphere. If it fell, then the power of the explosion would be no less than the power of the Tunguska explosion - according to various estimates, from 10 to 100 Mt. In this case, the area of destruction would be about 2000 km2.
Few people in everyday life think about the fact that collisions with asteroids ranging in size from several to tens of meters occur on average every 10 years. Russian and American spaceborne missile attack warning systems annually register about a dozen fairly large objects that explode at a height of several tens of kilometers above the Earth's surface. So for 1975-92. in the United States, 126 such explosions were registered, some with a power of up to 1 Mt. Recently, the number of potentially dangerous asteroids for the Earth has been increasing.
Currently, there are about 400 asteroids crossing the Earth's orbit, with a diameter of more than two kilometers, about 2100 of them - more than a kilometer in diameter, about 300,000 - more than 100 m, etc. And the collision with the Earth of each of these asteroids is a real danger to humanity.
For bodies up to 100 m in size, their complete fragmentation in the atmosphere is characteristic, with debris falling out over an area of tens of square kilometers. An explosion in the atmosphere is accompanied by a shock wave, thermal and light effects, while more than half of the kinetic energy is released at altitudes of 5-10 km. The radius of the affected area depends on the initial radius of the asteroid and its speed.
To understand what kind of destruction an asteroid of this size can bring, it is enough to recall the famous Arizona crater in the USA, with a diameter of 1200 m and a depth of 175 m (Fig. 1). It was formed during the collision of an iron asteroid about 60 m in size with the Earth 49 thousand years ago. And if such an asteroid falls on a nuclear power plant, a hydroelectric power station, Big City, What will happen? The question is rhetorical. This is the real asteroid danger.
Rice. 1 Arizona Crater (USA)
1200 m in diameter, 175 m deep and 49 thousand years old
But there are generally poorly registered and poorly studied objects, like plasmoids, which can also have a destructive effect on technogenic civilization.
The most worrying thing is that since only a tiny fraction of potentially dangerous objects have been found, collisions can be expected at any moment.
PLANETARY PROTECTION SYSTEM
In order to avoid possible cataclysms, it is necessary Planetary Protection System (SPS) from asteroids, comets and plasmoids.
Scientists constantly point out the danger to humanity of the asteroid threat, collect International conferences, appeal to governments various countries. But colossal financial investments are required, as well as effective coordination of the work of engineering, scientific and space services. different countries peace. A new qualitatively different unification of mankind is required in the face of this threat.
Despite the indecisiveness of politicians, experts have already determined that for effective protection Earth, and in the future also other celestial bodies, the SDS should include three main interconnected divisions: a ground-space observation and registration service; ground-space interception service; ground control complex.
In Russia, there is even a Citadel project by A.V. Zaitsev, director general of the scientific enterprise Center for Planetary Defense.
The essence of this project is in an integrated approach, when, after detecting a potentially dangerous celestial body, based on the information received, the Center for Planetary Protection assesses the degree of danger (place and time of the alleged fall) and develops a set of measures to prevent it. After agreeing on an action plan at the intergovernmental level, two reconnaissance spacecraft are launched using, for example, a Zenit or Dnepr launch vehicle and at least two interceptor spacecraft (Zenith or Proton launch vehicles). More details about this project can be found in.
It is assumed that the defense echelon of the SDS will include not only spacecraft observers with telescopes on board, but also spacecraft reconnaissance and spacecraft interceptors with nuclear, kinetic or other means of influence.
Rice. 2 Scheme of the Russian regional operational response echelon of the Citadel shipyard. Drawing by the author - A. V. Zaitsev.
In the "Citadel" project, the "Konus" project is considered as an observation and detection system, which provides for the placement of at least one spacecraft with a telescope in a heliocentric orbit coinciding with the Earth, 10-15 million km from the Earth. It is assumed that if the zone of its observation has an angular size of about 60°, then the area of the celestial sphere subject to control will decrease by almost an order of magnitude compared to ground-based observations. Such placement of the spacecraft observer will make it possible to register asteroids approaching from the direction of the Sun, which are generally impossible to observe from the Earth. At the same time, scanning of hazardous areas can be carried out at intervals of several hours, which is sufficient for prompt notification of danger. The "dead zones" of the telescope, arising from the illumination of the Earth and the Moon, will be monitored by ground-based means or a spacecraft with a telescope operating in near-Earth orbit.
Rice. 3. Space observation system for near-Earth space.
Drawing by A. V. Zaitsev.
As you can see, one of the central elements of the Planetary Protection System is the system of space surveillance and registration of potentially dangerous space objects by radar methods.
In order for the SDR project to be implemented, it is necessary not only to understand the asteroid danger, but also to be sure that humanity will be able to prevent it. At the same time, the requirements for the reliability of detecting asteroid and plasmoid hazards increase significantly.
However, the creation of space observation systems by radar methods within the framework of space control tasks (OSC) is associated with the problem of detecting and determining the motion parameters of asteroids and space plasmoids at large distances from the Earth (of the order of 100,000 km or more). Long-term accumulation of information in traditional methods of optimal filtering is impossible due to the short time of flight of space objects (SO) such as asteroids or plasmoids near the Earth, and detection at large distances is impossible due to the weakness of the signal, which becomes undetectable by traditional filtering methods. Even the Citadel project requires the simultaneous use of many distributed centers for obtaining information, working as a whole. Such coordination requires not only political will, but also huge financial and human resources, which is unlikely to be realized in today's conditions.
How, under these conditions, to solve the problem of constructing an SDR? We need new ideas and technologies. And we offer them.
RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF PLANETARY PROTECTION
The space radars (radio telescopes) and telescopes currently in use operate on the reflected signal. The reflected signal received by them depends on the reflective and absorbing properties of the surface of the observed space objects.
We propose to use the principle of bistatic radar (BRL), according to which the area cross section KO, as a coherent reradiating antenna, has the highest directivity factor (DRC) for forward-scattered radiation (transmission beam) in the form of a diffracted electromagnetic wave:
KND=4π ×S/λ 2 , where S is the area of the shadow contour of a space object, independent of the absorbing or reflecting properties of its surface, even for an absolutely "black body", and λ is the length of the irradiating electromagnetic wave. That is, translucent bistatic EPR (BEPR)
BEPR= SOI × S increases by many orders of magnitude (by a factor of SOI) as compared to conventional EPR ≈ S for a reflected electromagnetic wave. Therefore, weakly reflecting SOs or absorbing objects such as cosmic plasmoids of various origins become well observed in the transmission beam. To detect weak signals from SO, it is necessary to use optimal signal filtering.
The method of information processing proposed by us based on the method of complex optimal filtering of a weak signal of a space bistatic radar complex (BRLC) solves the indicated problems of detecting weak signals.
Optimal filtering methods have long been used in radar for the selection of moving targets by speed (MTS) against the background of interference. The speed V of the target creates a Doppler shift f D = 2× V/λ, where λ is the wavelength of the carrier frequency, in monostatic (single-position) radar and f D = V/λ in bistatic (two-position) radar.
It is known that in space radio links (broadcasting - satellites of the "Express" series, radio communications - "Lightning", "Meridian", etc., radio navigation - GLONASS, GPS, radar - "Dnepr-3U", "Daryal", "Volga" and etc., complexes of remote sensing of the ionosphere) there are strong frequency distortions caused by changes in the electron density of the ionosphere in space and time. These frequency distortions change the information signal generated by the transmitter or due to the scattering of an electromagnetic wave by a moving radar target. To compensate for these distortions, different kinds frequency correctors. This is the well-known digital system for calculating the time-linear addition to the Doppler frequency of a satellite transmitter based on the results of measuring the total change in the frequency of a satellite transmitter in GLONASS.
Another problem of effective detection of SO is related to the fact that the received signals reflected from space targets (in radar) or emitted from satellites (in radio communications and broadcasting) have a low power level on Earth (less than -160 dBW), which is 20 dB ¸ 60 dB below the receiver's input noise floor.
The reception of such weak signals is carried out by the optimal filtering method, in which the reference (model) ground signal in the optimal receiver is known and set for convolution in the optimal filter. However, simple methods of optimal (matched) filtering for a number of reasons do not provide a high degree of interference suppression, for example, for the above reason of signal distortion in the ionosphere, high level non-stationary and non-gaussian noise of the satellite transmitter, undefined movements of the satellite and the space target, and many other causes of natural and artificial origin. However, there are complex optimal filters consisting of a series-connected matched filter with coherent signal accumulation and a filter with incoherent accumulation, for example, the principle of filtering using a complex filter used in GLONASS or GPS is known.
Accurate knowledge of the frequency of the Doppler signal of a satellite transmitter in space radio communication systems is necessary to correct signal codes, which, however, are sensitive to phase and frequency distortions of the signal. In space radar systems, knowledge of the Doppler frequency of the target makes it possible to carry out stable tracking of the target in speed and, in addition, to transmit reliable information about the target's speed to the missile defense or early warning system. In space navigation systems, accurate knowledge of the Doppler frequency of a satellite transmitter implements a high-precision calculation of the location of the consumer of GLONASS or GPS information.
Since the signal in the form of an electromagnetic wave from a satellite or from a SO moves part of the time in the ionosphere, which is an ionized and magnetized plasma, which is not yet stable and is perturbed by solar radiation, the electromagnetic wave in this medium disperses and shifts in time. This changes the frequency and phase of the wave, which leads to distortion of information.
As a result of theoretical and experimental studies on remote sensing of the ionosphere from satellites and from the Earth with signals various shapes and, in particular, by the chirp signal of a satellite transmitter, a dispersive spreading of the probing chirp signal pulses multiple in time was detected, as well as a time delay of several microseconds at a microwave carrier frequency period of 0.1 ns - 1 ns.
Various methods have been developed to account for such signal distortion.
So, in order to isolate a weak signal against the background of noise, optimal convolutional filters are used. In the simplest case, the frequency response of the filter is the complex conjugate function of the detected signal (code). Such filters with a chirp signal base of about 30 dB theoretically provide interference suppression by 30-40 dB. More complex anti-interference coding is also used, for example, 7-element binary Barker codes with a code base of about 60 dB or multi-element Costas codes with a base of about 100 dB, which provide interference suppression up to 100 dB and more. However, the output signal of such a filter (optimal filter response) in the form of a correlation function of the received noisy code and the model code is sensitive to the obviously unknown Doppler frequency shift of the carrier signal, which is also distorted by the influence of the ionosphere. So, for example, the distortion of the parameters of the emitted signal in frequency (or the uncertainty of the model signal) by 1% reduces the degree of suppression by 10 dB, - by 2% reduces the degree of suppression by 20 dB, etc. etc., which is not acceptable in real systems of space radio communication and radar. Therefore, exact knowledge of the Doppler frequency shift and the distortion of this Doppler shift is required, which is used to correct the codes in the decoder-discriminator in the receiver on Earth.
There are also Doppler-shift-insensitive methods of noise-protecting coding, for example, complementary codes (dual-parallel), but they have their drawbacks, which we will not describe here.
Nonlinear optimal filters have been developed that are less sensitive to variations in filter parameters (or distortion of the model signal), but they have a significantly lower degree of noise suppression and are not universal, that is, their calculated parameters (according to the accepted optimality criterion) are valid only for specific signal-codes in the calculated narrow range of amplitudes, phases and frequencies, which is not always possible in practice.
In systems for optimal filtering of space radio links, complex optimal filters are widely used that use a coded signal, for example, a pseudo-random sequence (PRS) of binary pulses, as in the GLONASS system. First, this signal code is detected in the form of a correlation response in a convolution-type coherent accumulation matched correlation filter with 35 dB noise rejection. Then, many correlation responses from many packets of SRP pulses (512 binary pulses in a packet for GLONASS or 1028 for GPS) are filtered by incoherent accumulation in an additive adder of responses with additional suppression by another 10 dB, in total interference suppression is 45 dB or more.
Also known are nonlinear detectors with signal limiting, in which the noise is greater than the signal is attenuated, and a weak signal, on the contrary, is amplified. An important property of these detectors is a twofold increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR OUT) at the output of the detector relative to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR IN) at its input. In this case, the noise factor of the detector SF=(SSH IN) /(SSH OUT) decreases. That is, a large amplitude noise does not suppress a weak signal, as it happens in linear or quadratic detectors. We used this property of nonlinear detectors with a limitation when carrying out experimental work.
In conclusion of the description of various ways of taking into account signal distortion, it should be said about synchronous detectors, which are the cosine channel of quadrature detectors of a complex signal. These synchronous detectors are a multiplier of the signal channel voltage (the cosine component of the complex input signal) and the reference channel voltage. In fact, they are also nonlinear detectors with a limitation with their inherent property described above, so they were also used by us in our experimental work.
A NEW METHOD FOR DOPPLER SIGNAL DISTORTION COMPENSATION
This method of effective interference suppression, based on the above-described property of nonlinear detectors with a limitation to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, was theoretically predicted by us and implemented in practice.
Doppler signal distortion compensation is achieved by introducing a time-nonlinear compensating additive into the reference signal of a standard optimal filter
That is, we have developed a method of complex optimal filtering by sequential signal processing, first with a matched filter with coherent signal accumulation, and then with a filter with incoherent multiplicative signal accumulation in the form of a synchronous feedback detector.
In order to prove the feasibility of the principle of operation of the new space radar, a bistatic radar complex was created with antennas, transmitters, receivers and digital signal processing. The operation of the information processing system proved the feasibility of the developed method of complex optimal filtering of the transmission signal of a space object (OS) in the form of an asteroid flying through the bistatic detection area.
Numerous experiments were carried out to set up various optimal filters and study their operation to detect a transmission signal from a CO with a large shadow contour area of about 20 m 2, with an average shadow contour area of about 6 m 2 and a CO with a small shadow contour area of no more than 3 m 3 .
Brief conclusions on the analysis of the results of experiments:
1) It has been established that the transmissive chirp signal is distorted, spreading dispersively in duration by 1 sec in relation to the predicted value of 5 sec, equal to the duration of the chirp signal corresponding to the predicted time of flight of the SO through the detection zone.
2) It was found that when using a complex optimal filter, a correlation response to a transmissive distorted FM signal was obtained that was 32 dB higher than the noise, which corresponds to a theoretically achievable value. An effect was discovered: an unlimited increase in the signal-to-noise ratio with incoherent multiplicative signal accumulation
3) Established by selecting in the program (to achieve the maximum response of the correlation function) the frequency band and deviation, as well as the coefficient of the quadratic addition
4) It has been established that a change in the given parameters by only 10% in any direction results in the disappearance of the response in noise, which indicates an undesirable high parametric sensitivity of the synthesized complex optimal filter.
5) It has been established that side lobes of the transmissive signal are observed, exceeding the noise by 5 dB before the approach of the SO, up to the maximum response near the "antenna SC-antenna" axis. In this case, the shape of the side lobes corresponds to the motion and position of the SO relative to the transmission beam axis, which is important for determining a possible change in the asteroid trajectory under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field.
6) The fine structure of the transmissive signal has been established, which corresponds to the profile of the shadow contour of the CO, which is important for the identification of the CO.
7) The absence of false targets in the observation band over the entire observation interval, taking into account the side lobes and in the main lobe of the transmission beam during the flight, was established. Such appearance of decoys is impossible exactly in gates in time, in space (in angle), according to the parameters of the model FM signal selected with an accuracy of 10% (Doppler frequency, rate of change of this frequency, coefficient of quadratic addition, signal amplitude), and for all KO , recorded at different times for different points in space with their own selected parameters of the model FM signal.
To prove the feasibility of the method of complex filtering of very weak signals near the level of -200 dBW, an experiment was carried out with the detection of an object with the smallest area of the shadow contour, that is, an extremely small transmission signal. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the method.
ORGANIZATION OF THE DETECTION BARRIER OF ASTEROIDS OR PLASMOIDS
For experimental verification of the principle of space bistatic radar, the scheme in Fig. 1 was chosen. 4. In this scheme, a space object flies near the Earth at a distance of the order of R 1 ~1000 km, and the irradiating antenna is located at a distance of the order of R 2 ~40000 km.
Such a scheme is unacceptable for detecting asteroids, due to the smallness of the distance R 1 and the very large effective EPR of an asteroid or plasmoid with a diameter of about 1000 m or more, which determines a very narrow RP of the transmission beam of the SO (asteroid) and, consequently, a short time of flight over the detection zone . But in bistatic radar it is possible to reverse the distances R 1 and R 2 . In this case, the signal power in the receiver will not change according to the formula
P pr \u003d P lane × KND lane × S to 2 × KND pr / [(4p) 2 × R 1 2 × R 2 2 ],
that is, an asteroid or a plasmoid can be detected far from the Earth at R 1 ~ 40000 km, but near the irradiating SC at R 2 ~ 1000 km, while a narrow transmission beam at a large radial range R 1 will create a large detection zone along a radius r ~ 100 km perpendicular to bistatic line "KA-Earth" as shown in fig. 5.
Such a value of the detection zone by distance r becomes sufficient for the time of information accumulation in the optimal filter of the order of 100 s. The potential capabilities of the filter make it possible to increase all distances by an order of magnitude, for example, to R 1 ~ 400000 km, R 2 ~ 10000 km, that is, to place the irradiating spacecraft in the orbit of the Moon or further, while the receiving power will decrease by 10 4 times (decrease by 40 dB) , but the transmission signal will be detected by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, for which it is necessary to increase the number of multiplicative responses by a factor of only 100, which is possible, since the bistatic detection zone of an asteroid or plasmoid also increases due to an increase in the radius r.
A network of bistatic SO detection barriers around the Earth can be created by placing transmitting satellite modules and receiving satellite modules in different orbits around the Earth as shown in Fig. 6, creating a continuous space detection area.
1. It is important to note that the realization by humanity of the threat of space collisions coincided with the time when the level of development of science and technology makes it possible to solve the problem of protecting the Earth from asteroid and plasmoid danger. There is no hopelessness for earthly civilization. Creation planetary system protection is overdue and is possible only with the use of Russian scientific and engineering thought. Now everything depends not on scientists and engineers, but on politicians.
2. A new efficient and low-cost method for observing and registering asteroids and plasmoids has been developed, which is associated with information processing based on the method of complex optimal filtering of a weak signal from a space bistatic radar complex (BRLC). This method solves the difficult problem of detecting weak signals.
3. Based on the analysis of the results of recording the RO signals of a very small area of 1.3 m 2 of the shadow contour, it was proved that using a complex optimal filter, it was possible to detect a transmissive KO signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 20 dB and an error probability of 10 -10. At the same time, an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of more than 200 dB was achieved with the number of multiplicative responses of the order of 10,000.
4. The conducted experiment convincingly proves the possibility of observing small SOs at a long range and the feasibility of the method of complex optimal filtering of weak signals. Thanks to the discovered effect: an unlimited increase in the signal-to-noise ratio with incoherent multiplicative signal accumulation, it becomes possible to create bistatic barriers for detecting asteroids or plasmoids even beyond the orbit of the Moon. In this case, there will be enough time for the planetary organization of thermonuclear means of the military space forces of all countries to destroy them long (weeks and months) before approaching the Earth.
5. The proposed method can be used in ground and space systems for remote monitoring of space, radio communications, broadcasting, radar, radio navigation, radio direction finding, radio astronomy, as well as remote monitoring of the World Ocean, atmosphere, ionosphere and subsurface layer of the Earth.
List of sources used
1. Yu. D. Medvedev, M. L. Sveshnikov, A. G. Sokolsky, et al., Asteroid-Comet Hazard. - St. Petersburg: ITA-MIPAO Publishing House, 1996. - 244 p.
2. Yu.D. Medvedev and others. "Asteroid-comet danger", edited by A.G. Sokolsky, S.-Pb., ITA, MIPAO, 1996;
3. "Threat from the sky: fate or accident? The danger of the Earth colliding with asteroids, comets and meteoroids", under the general editorship of Academician A.A. Boyarchuk. M., "Cosmoinform", 1999
4. A. V. Zaitsev Protecting the Earth from asteroid-comet hazard, "Earth and the Universe" 2003 No. 2, p. 17-27
5. Handbook of radar. Editor M. Skolnik. M.: "Soviet radio". 1976.
6. Proceedings of the Institute of Applied Geophysics named after academician E.K. Fedorova,
release 87 Radio sounding of the ionosphere by satellite ground-based radiosondes
. Moscow: IPG im. academician E.K. Fedorov. 2008.
7. I.B. Vlasov. Global navigation satellite systems. M.: "Rudomino". 2010.
8. P.B. Petrenko, A.M. Bonch-Bruevich. Modeling and evaluation of ionospheric broadband radio signals in location and communication // Issues of information protection. 2007, No. 3, pp. 24-29
9. I.S. Gonorovsky. Radio engineering circuits and signals. M.: "Soviet radio". 1972.
M.V. Smelov, V.Yu. Tatur, Russian system of planetary protection // "Academy of Trinitarianism", M., El No. 77-6567, publ. 17333, 24.02.2012
NON-COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP "CENTER FOR PLANETARY PROTECTION"
Requisites NON-PROFIT PARTNERSHIP "CENTER FOR PLANETARY PROTECTION", Khimki
| OGRN | 1035009560409 |
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| Date of registration | March 18, 2003 |
| Organizational and legal form | Non-Profit Partnerships |
| Organization that registered NON-COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP "CENTER OF PLANETARY PROTECTION" | Office of the Federal Tax Service for the Moscow Region |
| Organization address | 125284, Moscow, Khoroshevskoe sh., 12A |
| Tax registration | July 10, 2002 |
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Management and Founders
The head of the legal entity - Gen. director Zaitsev Anatoly VasilyevichTIN FL: 504700981230
Founders of the company (individuals):
Zaitsev Anatoly Vasilievich
Founders of the company (legal entities):
FEDERAL STATE UNITARY ENTERPRISE "RESEARCH CENTER NAMED AFTER G.N. BABAKIN"
. FEDERAL STATE UNITARY ENTERPRISE "SPECIAL DESIGN BUREAU OF THE MOSCOW ENERGY INSTITUTE"
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The most popular marketing research, market analytics, ready-made business plans. Low prices.On the night of December 6-7, residents of the small Australian town of Tari woke up from a wild roar. The walls of their houses trembled, and for a few seconds the street became as bright as day.
The cause of the unusual incident, as scientists have established, was the explosion of a meteor at an altitude of about 30 km. Its size, according to experts, did not exceed the size of a basketball, but the power of the explosion that accompanied its destruction in the atmosphere was from 500 to 1000 tons of TNT. Cosmos sent another "package" to the Earth, which, fortunately, did not reach the addressee. In fact, we are dealing with a constant threat, which consists in the fact that at any moment in time at any point the globe due to the fall of a large celestial body, an explosion with a capacity of up to millions of megatons of TNT equivalent can occur. As a result of such a "space attack" all living things can be swept away from the face of the Earth almost in the blink of an eye.
Despite the fact that our planet is daily subjected to meteorite bombardment, while we are lucky - most of the heavenly messengers burn up in the atmosphere. Russian and American space systems missile attack warnings (MSRN) annually register about a dozen entries into the Earth's atmosphere of sufficiently large objects that explode at altitudes of several tens of kilometers above its surface. In the period from 1975 to 1992 alone, the US early warning system recorded 126 such explosions, the power of which in some cases reached a megaton. And although calculations seem to indicate that none of the asteroids known to scientists in the next hundred years will approach our planet at a dangerous distance, this does not at all mean the complete absence of a threat, and therefore Russian specialists have already begun to create international system planetary protection of the Earth.
Planetary Defense Center
To organize the protection of the Earth from dangerous space objects, according to Russian scientists, it is necessary to create a short-term (operational) response echelon. It must be in constant readiness and be able to detect dangerous objects several days, weeks or months before a possible collision with the Earth.
Astronomers are aware of at least two thousand asteroids that pose a potential danger to our planet. Moving along elongated elliptical orbits, they either approach the Earth or are already inside its orbit. As a rule, these fireballs have a diameter of more than a kilometer and, if necessary, can be detected and even destroyed. But small objects with a diameter of 50 to 100 meters are much more difficult to detect, and they can do a lot of trouble. The probability of falling to the Earth of such bodies is many times greater than that of their giant brothers.
Sooner or later, some large pebble will surely fall on the Earth, - the leading designer of the NPO named after NPO them gloomily jokes. S. A. Lavochkina and Anatoly Zaitsev, General Director of the newly created Center for Planetary Defense. - Today scientists of the leading defense organizations of the USA, Japan and China are working on the creation of a system for intercepting dangerous celestial bodies. In Russia, we have specialists from NPO them. S. A. Lavochkina, OKB MPEI, NPO Molniya, IAC Vympel united and established the Non-Commercial Partnership Center for Planetary Protection. To protect the Earth from asteroid danger, we decided to use technologies, many of which were developed for military purposes. Now there is a unique opportunity to use them not for destruction, but for the protection of all mankind.
It is clear that in order to prevent a catastrophe, it is first necessary to detect a dangerous space object. Today observation of celestial sphere lead astronomical observatories and military space control centers. But their capabilities are clearly not enough, Anatoly Zaitsev believes: “The first step in creating a planetary defense system should be the formation of a permanent ground-space surveillance service that will be able to identify all dangerous space objects many years before the impact with the Earth."
According to experts, such a monitoring service can rely in its work on the data of the Astron and Granat spacecraft operating in orbit, equipped with special optoelectronic equipment. “The presence of satellites in near-Earth orbit,” says Anatoly Zaitsev, “will allow us to control almost all zones of our Universe from different angles. is equipped with a telescope that makes it possible to register asteroids approaching from the direction of the Sun, the observation of which from the Earth was considered impossible until now. telescopes."
If the degree of danger of an approaching cosmic body is assessed as high, space scouts will go to meet it. With their help, it is possible to more accurately determine the trajectory, shape, size, mass and composition of the asteroid and "point" a space interceptor at it. For a rapid response, interceptors, and primarily launch vehicles, must meet very stringent requirements for preparation for launch and payload. To the greatest extent, according to Anatoly Zaitsev, the Dnepr, Zenit, Proton, Soyuz launch vehicles meet these requirements today. In particular, "Zenith" with a rather large carrying capacity (the mass put into the reference orbit is about 12 tons) has unique characteristics in terms of launch speed. The preparation time for launch after installation on the launch pad is only 1.5 hours, and a restart from the same launch installation is possible after 5 hours. Not a single rocket and space complex in the world has such capabilities. For Dnepr, the launch readiness period is generally calculated in minutes.
To date, it is believed that the most effective way destruction of the asteroid can be directed nuclear explosion. When an interceptor is launched using a Zenit launch vehicle, the mass of a nuclear device delivered to the asteroid can be about one and a half tons. The power of such a charge will be at least 1.5 megatons, which will destroy a stone asteroid with a diameter of several hundred meters. If, however, docking of several blocks in near-Earth orbit is carried out, then the power of the nuclear device and, consequently, the size of the destroyed object will be significantly increased.
On the basis of the ground-space surveillance service, according to Anatoly Zaitsev, it is possible to form a long-term response echelon. To this end, it is necessary to mobilize the potential of all states possessing rocket, space and nuclear weapons. That is, the echelon of long-term response will exist, as it were, in a virtual form: for example, in the form of an international project that provides for the mobilization of the necessary funds - launch vehicles, spacecraft, spaceports - only in the event of a threatening situation.
Preliminary estimates show that the cost of creating the Planetary Defense System will amount to several hundred million dollars a year, with a total cost of 3-5 billion dollars by 2010. At the same time, the creation of an operational interception echelon is possible by 2008 - the 100th anniversary of the fall Tunguska meteorite. The project is certainly attractive, but if everything was so simple...
Be on the lookout
The launch of space interceptors will require significant energy costs, therefore, to accelerate them, it is necessary to use rocket engines powered by both solar panels and nuclear energy sources, says the Director General of the Research Center. M. V. Keldysh Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Koroteev. - Indeed, the only means of influencing asteroids can be a thermonuclear explosion. However, back in 1996, the UN banned all types of nuclear tests in space. And without conducting preliminary tests, we cannot even say how a nuclear charge will manifest itself in space.
Now astronomers know far from all large potentially dangerous asteroids. As for the small ones, there are about two million of them. If the destruction of a large object requires the expenditure of a huge amount of thermonuclear energy, then the fight against small asteroids should involve a slightly different approach. According to Anatoly Koroteev, due to its small size, it is difficult to track a small asteroid in advance, and therefore there is not much time left to repel its attack. In this situation, the rocket and space forces must be on duty around the clock and be ready. How realistic is this?
If we assume, - argues academician Koroteev, - that in two years an asteroid with a diameter of a couple of kilometers will collide with our planet, we really cannot do anything. The forces of one country cannot solve such a problem. For example, NASA spends more than three million dollars annually on the Spaceguard Survey program to detect near-Earth objects. This amount on the scale of the American space industry is just a drop in the ocean. From point of view common sense the asteroid hazard should be one of those hazards that the people and the government perceive as quite serious. After all, the fall of a large body on our planet can cause the death of most of the population within a few months. A global catastrophe is also terrible because not a single nation or government will be able to provide assistance to other countries, since the disaster will cover the entire planet at once.
Let's sit on the moon
According to Anatoly Zaitsev, it is necessary to deal with the problem of asteroid hazard without delay: "Since the dangerous heavenly body can be discovered at any time, including before the creation of the Planetary Defense System, it is extremely important to have a set of emergency measures at hand now. They should provide for the possibility of protecting the Earth with the help of already existing funds, and in case of impossibility of protection - the salvation of people, material and cultural values. To this end, within the framework of the special project "Reserve", it is necessary to carry out an "inventory" of all the means that mankind now has to intercept objects in space, as well as in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, to assess their readiness and response time. If timely protection cannot be provided, plans should be developed to evacuate people from the dangerous area (project "Evacuation"). In the event of a threat of a global catastrophe, an alternative to universal death could be the option of creating and using a lunar base to save a small colony of earthlings (Phoenix project). And after the decline of catastrophic phenomena on Earth, these people could return to our planet and populate it again. And this, in particular, is another argument in favor of the development of space programs, including the colonization of the moon. Although it is, of course, fiction.
Stepan Krivosheev