Fire safety check. Categories of fire safety An excursion into history

Considered the greatest Chinese poet of all time, Li Po's life, in many ways typical of the scholar-poet of the Tang period, reveals the contradiction between Confucian duty and the Taoist ideal of renunciation of the world. The influence of Taoism pervades Li Bai's poetry. Taoism during the reign of the Chinese tang dynasty, had no less influence on poetry than Confucian morality. Poets drew inspiration from his teachings. Taoism rejected the world and its honors, arguing that the truth can be found only by seclusion among high mountains and wild forests, in the refuge of the immortals, who have known the secret of longevity and gained the Tao. The influence of Taoism on painting and poetry is enormous, though Confucians didn't want to acknowledge it.

Although the poet Li Bai claimed descent from Li Gao himself, the 4th-century ruler of the Western Liang state and ancestor of the ruling imperial house, distant kinship—if the emperor recognized it—conferred no special privileges to the poet's family. Li Bai was born in Sichuan, most likely in 701, and his family was neither wealthy nor influential.

The great Chinese poet Li Bai

According to legend, Li Po was developed child and already in early age commented on the Chinese classics. Perhaps such an intensive study of Confucianism caused him dislike, for even in his youth he retired to Mount Minshan, where, together with a hermit, he studied Taoism. In addition, Li Bai never made an attempt to get a position, because, after leaving the mountain, he went not to the capital, but to travel around the country. In 724, while in Shandong, Li Bai founded the "Six Idlers of the Bamboo Grove" society, a clear allusion to the Jin "Seven Wise Men of the Bamboo Grove".

Traveling through Henan and Shanxi, he once happened to help one poor warrior, who later saved the poet's life. This warrior was none other than Guo Zi-yi, after An Lushan rebellion who became the commander-in-chief of the army, the first minister of the empire and the patron of the Nestorian church in China. In 738, in Shandong, Li Bai met his great contemporary Du Fu, a poet equal to, and, according to many Chinese scholars, superior to Li Bai. They became friends, and their relationship is sung in many of the verses of both.

It was not until 742 that Li Bo first arrived in the Tang capital, Chang'an, where he was introduced to the court by a Taoist scholar he had met while traveling through Zhejiang. At the court then the beautiful imperial concubine Yang Guifei ruled the ball. Li Bo, already a famous poet, was presented to the emperor as an "exiled immortal" - a divine genius in the guise of a mortal, and Xuanzong immediately gave him a sinecure, obliging him to write poetry in honor of the palace celebrations.

The only surviving calligraphic autograph of the poet Li Po

It didn't seem to be too much of a burden, as Li Bo had plenty of time to indulge in wine drinking and enjoy the company of like-minded friends. They called themselves the "Eight Immortals of the Wine Bowl" (or simply the "Eight Immortal Drunkards"). About these noble and educated people, another great Chinese poet, Du Fu, wrote his magnificent poem, which mentions the prominent friends of Li Bai. Of these, Li Shiji was the minister until he resigned to escape the slander of his rivals; Jin, Prince Ruyang, belonged to the ruling house; Zui Zongzhi, a close friend of Li Bai, was a historian, and Zhang Xu was a calligrapher; Su Jin professed Buddhism, which did not prevent him from enjoying wine; He Zhizhang is a friend of Li Po, who first drew the emperor's attention to him.

For three years, Li Bai enjoyed the company of friends and the favor of the emperor himself. Xuanzong until, as a result of palace intrigues, he was forced to leave Chang'an. Slander and hostility came from both envious people and the powerful chief eunuch Gao Lishi. It is said that once, during a feast, a drunken Li Bai forced a eunuch to take off his boots - such a humiliation Gao Lishi could not forgive. Li Bo wrote a poem in honor of the Spring Festival in the Peony Garden, and Gao Lishi whispered to Yang Guifei that Li Bo, supposedly singing her beauty, actually compared her to the "Flying Swallow" (Fei Yan), the beauty of the times Han Dynasty. That would have been an ambiguous compliment, for Fei Yan had deceived the emperor and been disgraced. Yang Guifei was outraged and demanded that the poet be expelled from the palace.

After leaving Chang'an, which was soon destined to know the fury of An Lushan's warriors, Li Bo went to Shandong, where he studied Taoism in the residence of the "tian shi" (Heavenly Master), the spiritual head of the religion. Then the poet again headed south and reached Nanjing, where he met an old friend Zui Zongzhi, also exiled into exile. An Lushan's rebellion found the poet in Luoyang, from which he fled before the rebels captured the city. Li Bo ended up in the south, where he joined the headquarters of Li Ling, Prince Yong, who organized the resistance to An Lushan in the Yangtze Valley. Li Ling, however, tried to take advantage of the confusion that reigned after Xuanzong's abdication and proclaim himself emperor. His plan failed, the prince was stripped of his title, and Li Bai was imprisoned as his accomplice. Death awaited the poet, but he was saved by the intervention of Guo Ziyi, the commander-in-chief of the imperial troops, who did not forget the service rendered to him by the poet thirty years earlier.

The verdict was postponed, but Li Bai was exiled to the Yelan border district (in present-day Guizhou province). Moving slowly towards the place of exile, he traveled up the Yangtze, staying with friends for long periods. For three years, Li Bo only reached Wushan in Sichuan province, and at that time a general amnesty was announced. The poet was already old, and the glory of Xuanzong's empire had faded. Li Bo sailed back to Taiping, Anhui Province, where his relative served as an official. There he died in 761. According to legend, Li Bai tried to hug the reflection of the moon in the waters of the Yangtze and drowned. At the place of his death, on the cliffs of Caishiji, 15 miles from Nanjing, a temple was erected.

We pass the fire safety check - step by step instructions

Fire safety inspection is an integral part of any kind entrepreneurial activity, without a difference - it is connected with production or with customer service. If you have premises used in business, then the fire inspector will definitely pay you a visit, and in some cases the very fact of carrying out your activities as an individual entrepreneur, LLC or OJSC will depend on his decision. Therefore, before starting registration, be sure to familiarize yourself with the current fire safety regulations and try to comply with them already at the stage of creating a production or organizing customer service.

Legislative support of fire safety inspections

Fire inspections are regulated by the adopted in 2004 No. 820-FZ "On State Fire Supervision". This normative act establishes the procedure for conducting inspections, the powers of inspectors, the rights and obligations of the person or organization being inspected, the frequency of inspections. According to this law, the fire inspectorate is obliged to

early notify the auditee of the fact of the upcoming audit,
and carry out the check no more than once every 2 years, with a duration of not more than 1 month (an increase in these terms is possible only in exceptional cases).

A more frequent visit of the inspector is allowed under the condition of monitoring the implementation of the instructions of the inspection for previously identified violations.

Based on another regulatory act - No. 294-FZ "On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the implementation of state. control…” authorities state power, namely, the Prosecutor General's Office and the controlling organization itself - not only send a notification of inspections to the inspected person, but also publish in the public domain a plan for their conduct, including a plan for fire inspections.

In particular, at http://plan.genproc.gov.ru/plan2018/ there is a plan for inspections by regulatory organizations of jur. persons and individual entrepreneurs for 2018. Any entrepreneur can enter the name of his organization (or individual entrepreneur), TIN and, as a result, find out whether a fire safety inspection will be carried out in the coming year.

Moratorium on scheduled inspections for small businesses

For the period 01/01/2016 - 12/31/2018, a moratorium has been announced on scheduled inspections of small businesses.

This prohibition has its exceptions - it does not apply to some individual entrepreneurs who work in particularly significant areas, for example:

healthcare,
education,
social sphere,
power industry and others.

In these organizations, scheduled inspections are allowed to be carried out both two and three times in three years. The types of activities and the permissible frequency of inspections are determined by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Despite the moratorium, all organizations, without exception, must strictly comply with all fire safety rules, from the design and construction of buildings and equipment of premises to the availability of fire extinguishers in the proper quantity and refilled, tested for performance. Fire does not forgive negligence, laxity and simplification of everything and everything! There are many tragic examples of this with mass casualties.

Step 1: Starting the Fire Check

So start fire safety checks- this is receiving a notification about the date of the visit of the inspectors, the timing and procedure for the inspection. On the date specified in the notice, a fire inspector will come to you and the first thing he must do is present you with a written order from the head of the fire department (or his deputy).

Without presenting this document, no fire safety inspection can be carried out.

This document must contain

information about the date of the inspection,
her form,
name of the audited organization (or individual entrepreneur)
and most importantly - about the full name. and the rank of inspector.

You need to check all this information very carefully and, if discrepancies are found, demand that the document be replaced with a reliable one (for example, another inspector came to you). In addition, the inspectors are not entitled to exceed the terms of the inspection stated in this order.

It would not be superfluous to make a photocopy of the fire safety inspection order so that you can always refer to its contents and control the actions of the inspector for violations.

Step 2: Checking documents

After the fire inspector confirms his authority, he will first of all ask you to present the documents that are necessary to comply with the fire safety regime of the controlled facility. The list of such documents may vary depending on the type of activity carried out, the danger of production, the size of the premises, the number of employees, and so on. However, this list will definitely include:

internal orders on fire-fighting measures (appointment of responsible persons, on briefings, indication and equipment of smoking areas);
an evacuation plan for employees in case of fire (at the next step in the fire safety check, the inspector will definitely compare the presented plan with the real plan of the building);
a log of fire safety briefings (it is necessary that the log reflects the facts of regular briefings for all employees);
contracts with organizations that establish and conduct Maintenance fire alarms and fire extinguishing systems (in most cases, you will also be asked for copies of the licenses of these organizations, which you must request before signing the relevant agreements);
acts of inspections of fire hydrants or water pipes (if, of course, they are in your building).

The need for fire alarm and fire extinguishing equipment in the premises depends on the area and specifics of the use of the building. You can clarify whether the building or premises you are using falls under the current standards in the so-called NBP 110-03 “List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarms”, and download it at the end of this article.

Step 3: Checking the fire safety of the premises

After checking the documents, the inspector will proceed to a direct inspection of the building (or premises), during which he will check:

compliance of the evacuation plan with the real configuration of the premises;
finishing materials for walls, floors and ceilings;
availability, correct location and condition of emergency exits;
the condition of the bars on the windows - they must be opened from the inside if all the windows in the room are barred;
availability, quantity, condition and correct location of fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment;
general state premises, passages and evacuation routes for littering;
the presence of information plates about evacuation routes, fire exits, the designation of fire extinguishers and an indication of the telephone number in case of fire;
availability and condition of fire warning systems (for those premises where more than 10 people work);

Step 4: Drawing up a fire safety inspection report

Based on the results of the control measures carried out, the inspector must draw up an act on the fire safety inspection. Even in the process of inspecting the premises and checking documents, he may ask for explanations about any identified violations or shortcomings in the organization of fire safety. Taking into account these comments, as well as based on generally accepted practice, a Fire Inspection Report is drawn up. As a rule, its preparation takes 2-3 days, after which the fire inspector presents it to the head of the legal entity being checked. person or individual entrepreneur under the signature.

AT Fire inspection report contains:

information about the compiler (inspector) and the company being checked, the date of the check;
description of the current fire and technical condition of the checked premises;
a list of identified violations with an appeal to the current fire safety standards;
measures of influence on the violator, the responsibility assigned to him;
explanations of persons responsible for the identified violations;
notes on familiarization of the person being checked (or his representative) with the act, as well as on agreement or disagreement with its content and information about violations;
in case of detection of serious violations, protocols drawn up during the inspection of persons responsible for fire safety are attached to the act.

If you do not agree with the contents of the Fire Inspection Act, your explanations are not recorded in it, you consider the violations or measures of influence to be unreasonable, then be sure to indicate “Disagree” in the form of the act and justify your position in detail.

From current practice it can be argued that fire safety inspection is a serious matter, but rarely leads to serious liability in the event of an initial discovery of non-serious violations. In most cases, the fire inspector is limited to a warning and draws up an appropriate prescription with recommendations for eliminating the violation, as well as indicating the timing of verification of compliance with these prescriptions. If you maliciously violate fire safety regulations, or do not comply with the instructions of fire inspectors, then you cannot avoid administrative responsibility, and in extreme cases - and initiation of a criminal case.

How to determine the category of a room for fire safety

All operated premises are divided into five types according to the degree of potential danger. They are determined by the gases, liquids or materials inside, and by the technologies used, if we are talking about industrial buildings. Below is a table of fire safety room categories with descriptions and some examples of each.

Room category	Main characteristics and properties of gases, liquids and materials used or located in the considered room	Room example
Category "A"- rooms with increased explosion and fire hazard	Combustible gases and flammable liquids (flammable liquids) that ignite with a flash point of up to 28 degrees. This produces a hazardous mixture that explodes on ignition with an outlet pressure of more than 5 kPa.	Warehouses where fuels and lubricants, gasoline and similar substances are stored; Stations where flammable liquids are stored or produced; Stations that store or produce hydrogen or acetylene; Stationary battery installations using alkali and acid
Category "B"- premises related to fire and explosion hazard	Combustible fibers or dusts, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 degrees, other flammable liquids that can form a dangerous mixture that explodes on ignition with an outlet pressure of more than 5 kPa	Workshops for the production of coal dust, wood flour and similar substances; Premises where painting is carried out using paintwork materials (paints and varnishes), the flash point of which is more than 28 degrees; Stations where diesel fuel is stored or produced; Oil-fired power plants and boiler houses
Categories "B1-B4"- Premises related to fire hazard	Flammable and combustible liquids and solids, as well as materials (including fibers and dust), ordinary substances and materials which, when mixed under natural conditions, only burn, provided that the room in question does not fall into the categories "A" or "B" described above	Storages and warehouses of coal or peat; Woodworking workshops, sawmills and carpentry workshops; Auto repair shops, garages and service stations; Plants for the production of bitumen, asphalt and bituminous materials; Transformer substations; Warehouses and storages of oil coatings
Category "G"- rooms of moderate fire hazard	Various substances related to non-combustible, as well as being in a red-hot, hot or molten state, required by the conditions of the applied technological processes. At the same time, the processing or production of the final product is associated with the combustion or disposal of solids or liquids, as well as gases used as fuel.	Shops for hot rolling and stamping of various metals; Production of bricks, cement and similar materials using firing technology; Foundry, welding, forging and smelting industrial workshops; Enterprises for the repair and restoration of engines and similar equipment
Category "D"- rooms of low fire risk	Various substances and materials that are non-combustible and are in the process of processing or cold storage	Shops of cold rolled metal; Various stations using pumping equipment (compressor, irrigation, blowers); Food industry shops engaged in the processing of milk, meat or fish.

Determination of the category of premises for fire safety should be carried out by any business entity. Its result is reflected in the corresponding declaration, which is drawn up during the commissioning of the constructed or reconstructed facility.

Categories of buildings and structures, as well as outdoor installations

In addition to the most commonly used definition of the fire hazard level of premises, similar classifications are used for buildings and structures, as well as outdoor installations. This is necessary to ensure that the fire fighting measures taken correspond to the degree of potential threat.

Category	Characteristics of a building without an automatic fire extinguishing system	Characteristics of the building on which it is installed automatic system extinguishing a fire
BUT	The premises, which are assigned category "A", occupy an area of 200 sq.m. or their share is above 5% of the total building	Premises that are assigned category "A" make up more than 25% of the total area of the building or occupy from 1000 sq.m.
B	The premises, which are assigned categories "A" and "B", occupy an area of 200 sq.m. or their share is above 5% of the entire building. However, it does not belong to the previous group.	The premises, which are assigned categories "A" and "B", make up more than 25% of the total area of the building or occupy from 1000 sq.m.
AT	Premises that are assigned categories "A", "B" and "B1-B3" occupy an area of more than 5% of the entire building. However, it does not belong to the two previous groups.	The premises, which are assigned categories "A", "B", "B1-B3", make up more than 25% of the total building area or occupy from 3500 sq.m.
G	Premises that are assigned categories "A", "B", "B1-B3" and "D" occupy more than 5% of the total area of the building. However, it does not belong to the three previous groups.	The premises, which are assigned categories "A", "B", "B1-B3" and "D", make up more than 25% of the total building area or occupy from 5000 sq.m.
D	All other buildings and structures	All other buildings and structures

Similarly, the calculation of categories of outdoor premises for fire safety, often called installations, is carried out. It also subdivides all objects into five groups: from category "AN" - increased fire and explosion hazard to category "DN" - reduced fire hazard. The classifying features used in this case are almost identical to those used when grouping rooms.

Designation of the category of fire safety of premises, buildings and structures

As a result of the classification of objects of protection, signs of the fire safety category according to GOST are posted on each of them. Their parameters are clearly defined by the Technical Regulations and must fully comply with it. There are two types of signs that are allowed for use: a red rectangle or a yellow triangle. Their sizes, used colors and font of inscriptions must comply with those specified in the regulations.

When visiting any regulatory authority, the sign of the category of premises for fire safety (GOST r 12.4.026-2001) is one of the first to be checked, since its need is directly spelled out in all regulatory documents.

The company "TRIO" offers services for compiling fire declaration, training and certification of responsible employees of the enterprise, as well as carrying out design and installation work related to alarm and fire extinguishing systems. In addition, experienced and qualified specialists can perform any type of fire retardant painting or impregnation of structures and materials.