Compilation of sound schemes for words.
This type of work can also be called sound-letter parsing words or phonetic analysis .
Remember: sounds can be heard or spoken. A letter is a symbol for sound. A letter can be written, read, seen.
Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of a language, stress, syllable are studied.
The sounds that a person makes are what we call speech sounds. Speech sounds are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled.
The speech apparatus is the larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, palate. When compiling sound patterns for words, you must be able to divide sounds into vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds consist only of the voice, the exhaled air passes through the mouth freely without encountering an obstruction. Vowel sounds can be pulled for a long time, sung.Vowel sounds we will mark in red -
In russian language vowels six: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [and]. Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed.
When we pronounce consonants , air meets an obstacle (lips, teeth, tongue). Some consonants consist only of noise - these are deaf consonants. Others are from voice and noise. These are voiced consonants.
Consonants are also divided into hard and soft.
hard consonants marked in blue -
soft- green-
How to get started?
Get started with simple words- monosyllabic or two-syllabic.Think about how to interest the child.
Can you teach Masha doll or beloved bunny to make words?Or will you guess riddles and draw up a diagram of a guess word?
Or maybe the word (card or picture) is hidden and you will play the game “cold-hot”?
It is very good if you come up with something interesting and there is an incentive to work.
Algorithm of work when compiling the sound scheme of a word
1. I pronounce the word.
2. I count the number of sounds, mark the sound windows.
3. I listen to the sound, analyze it: vowel or consonant; if the consonant is hard or soft.
4. I choose the right color.
5. I count: how many sounds are in the word, how many vowels, how many consonants - how many of them are hard consonants, how many are soft.
Fragment of the lesson.
Guess a riddle.
The grandfather is sitting in a hundred fur coats.
Who undresses him
He sheds tears.
Let's make a diagram of the word onion.
1. Divide the word into syllables.
We pronounce with a clap of our hands - a bow. This word has 1 syllable.
2. What sounds does a syllable consist of?
We pronounce lingering l-u-k.
The first sound is [l]. This is a consonant solid sound. Select the desired solid consonant card (blue color). The second sound is [y]. This is a vowel sound. Select the desired vowel card (red).The third sound [k] is a hard consonant. Choose a card for a solid consonant (blue color).
3. Let's denote the sounds with letters. The sound [l] is denoted by the letter “el”. Sound [y] - the letter "y". Sound [k] - the letter "ka".
We do not put stress in monosyllabic words.
TAPE LETTERS.
To compose sound schemes of words, the following blanks are needed:
How to make a sound scheme of a word?
Dear parents, at the stage of learning to read and write, children learn to make a sound scheme or, in other words, a model of a word. Help your child figure out how to make a sound model of a word.
I will give examples of sound schemes for the program "School of Russia". There, the designations of different sounds differ in color.
There are six vowels in Russian - [a], [o], [y], [s], [e], [and]
Consonants form pairs by hardness-softness, by deafness-voicedness.
There are unpaired consonants.
soft sign and a solid sign of sounds is not indicated.
The letters I, Yo, Yu, E denote two sounds if they are at the beginning of a word or after a vowel sound, they denote one sound if they are after a consonant. 
In the table we see a letter and under it the sound or sounds that are denoted by this letter.
For example, the letter B denotes two sounds [b], [b "]. The letter Zh has one sound [g].
Let's analyze the compilation of a sound model of the word LETTER.
We divide the word into syllables: PI-SMO (you can find out how many syllables (parts) in a word by vowel sounds.How many vowels in a word, so many syllables).
The first syllable is pi. This is a merger. The vowel sound [and] denotes the softness of the consonant. The first sound [p "] is a soft consonant, the second sound [i] is a vowel.
The second syllable is CMO. The first sound [s "] is a soft consonant. Then comes the merger - MO. The vowel sound [o] indicates the hardness of the consonant. The sound [m] is a hard consonant. The sound [o] is a vowel. We put the stress.
As a result, the following scheme is obtained:
Then we do a transcription (as we hear the word).
Write down the word: letter.
The vowels that are in the top row of the tablet - a, o, u, s, e denote the hardness of the consonant sound.
The vowels i, e, e, yu are after the soft consonant, the sound [and] also denotes the softness of the consonant.
But it must be remembered that there are consonants that are always solid. They are indicated in the table only in blue: [g], [w], [c]. There are consonants that are always soft, they are indicated only in green: [h "], [u"], [th"].
Be careful when parsing words with iotized vowels.
Here is an example of parsing the word APPLE.
At the beginning of a word, iotated vowels represent two sounds.
I hope that the article helped you understand a little about the construction of the sound scheme of the word.
Dear parents, be sure to help the child if he fails. Praise the child for the smallest successes, even if it doesn’t work out, praise him for repeating after you correctly and completing the task.
However, many children find it difficult to separate form from content, they get confused with symbols, forget the definitions of concepts. The fact is that in order to draw up diagrams, a student must be able to think abstractly, master the techniques of analysis. If these skills are not formed, the help of teachers and parents is required.
Is it a word or a sentence?
The diagram is a graphical model that, using symbols, displays the constituent parts of the whole, their relationship. From the first days of study, children learn that sentences are made up of words, words - from - from sounds. Schemes of words and sentences clearly help to see this.
However, these concepts are often mixed up in the child's head. First-graders get confused in the legend, drawing lines instead of colored squares. Explain to the child that a word is the name of a separate object, action, sign. A sentence, on the other hand, consists of several words related to each other and conveys a complete thought.
Let the first grader determine if he hears individual words or offer. So, the phrase "A crow sits on a fence" would be a sentence. Draw a diagram for it. If you say "crow, sit, fence" - then we have just a set of words that are not related to each other. You don't need to draw a proposal.
Syllabus and stress
Having found out the difference between a word and a sentence, you can proceed to the compilation of syllabic schemes. Please note that there are different conventions in textbooks. Most often, the word is represented by a line or a rectangle, which is divided by vertical lines into the desired number of syllables. The stress is indicated by a short oblique stick on top. With such word schemes in grade 1, work begins on the sound composition.
Students of philological universities cannot always explain the division of words into syllables in Russian. The easiest way: imagine that you are communicating with a person on the other side of the river. Shout the word out loud and long. Sounds pronounced on one exhalation make up a syllable. The stress can be determined by placing the fists one on top of the other and putting the chin on top, but not tightly. When pronouncing the stressed syllable, the pressure of the jaw on the hands will be the strongest.
Most of the problems in children arise at this stage. Meanwhile, it is the sound patterns of words that help the children realize that spelling and pronunciation often do not coincide with each other. It is better to start training with simple words, gradually complicating the task. The first action is dividing the word into syllables.
The second stage is the determination of the quantity and quality of sounds. At first, use the hint sign. Vowels are marked in red on it, as in the diagram. Sounds from the top row are placed after hard consonants, from the bottom - after soft ones. Letters i, e, u, e denote two sounds (y + a, y + o, y + y, y + e), if they are at the very beginning of words, after another vowel, and also behind the "silent" letters ъ, ь.
Consonants can be hard (marked in blue on the diagram) or soft (colored in green). When drawing a diagram, we analyze each syllable in turn. A single sound is depicted as a square of the corresponding color. Merging a consonant with a vowel - a rectangle divided in half by a diagonal line. Bottom part denotes a consonant, the upper one denotes a vowel. After drawing a diagram, put stress and separate syllables
Word composition
Morphemic word analysis is usually studied in the 2nd grade, although some programs introduce it to first graders as well. The ability to find the root, prefix and other significant parts is very important for the formation of the skill of competent writing. Children draw new word schemes, memorize generally accepted conventions.
Not all students find this easy. Teach your child a simple algorithm:
- Write a word.
- Decline it by cases or conjugate by persons, numbers. The final letters, which change at the same time, will be the ending. The rest of the word is the base. Sometimes there is a null ending.
- Choose as many related words as you can. Their common part is called the root.
- The letters in front of it are a prefix.
- There can be a suffix between the root and the ending. Or several suffixes, as in the word "teacher".
- Select graphically all the parts in the word, redraw their symbols below or side by side. I got a scheme.
Learning to think
Most often, schoolchildren's mistakes are associated with a formal approach. Lexical meaning words are not taken into account. Children try to find already familiar suffixes in the word (-chik- in the lexemes "ball", "ray"), prefixes (-y- in the adjectives "morning", "narrow"). To avoid this, children are taught to select words for the indicated schemes. You can create these assignments yourself.
Draw a word scheme: root + suffix + ending. Which of the following lexemes are suitable for her: racer, raincoat, storekeeper, cartilage? What words have a zero ending, a prefix and a root: plaque, chant, burbot?
Drawing up a word scheme is a rather difficult task for elementary school student. In order not to discourage interest in studying with boring workouts, turn them into a game. Conduct lessons for dolls, arrange competitions with prizes, let's give a part of the picture for the correct answers, which will need to be collected in the end. Put in a little effort and they will surely be rewarded.
Dear parents, for children who go to grade 1, classes on compiling a sound scheme of a word will be very useful.
Let's try to figure out how to correctly compose a sound scheme of a word or a sound model of a word. We can also call this type of work sound-letter parsing of a word or phonetic parsing.
Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of a language, stress, syllable are studied.
The sounds that a person makes are what we call speech sounds. Speech sounds are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. The speech apparatus is the larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, palate.
There are six vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [i]. Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed.
We will designate vowel sounds in red (I took the conventions for sounds from the program “School of Russia”).
We offer a wide range of school backpacks for girls and boys. In our store you can buy a school backpack for first graders and teenagers, as well as school bags and shoe bags.
When we pronounce consonants, the air meets an obstacle (lips, teeth, tongue). Some consonants consist only of noise - these are deaf consonants. Others are from voice and noise. These are voiced consonants.
Consonants are also divided into hard and soft.
Hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants in green.
According to the “School of Russia” program, we designate the merger of a vowel sound with a consonant with a rectangle divided obliquely by a straight line, where we paint over the consonant below and the vowel above.
Make cards out of colored cardboard or paper to make up words. You will also need cards with an accent mark and a separator line.
You can draw diagrams in a notebook in a large cell. It is even better to combine both types of work.
Start with simple words - one-syllable or two-syllable.
So you've made your flashcards and are ready to go.
Think about how to interest the child.
Can you teach Masha doll or beloved bunny to make words?
Or will you guess riddles and draw up a diagram of a guess word?
Or maybe the word (card or picture) is hidden and you will play the game “cold-hot”?
It is very good if you come up with something interesting and there is an incentive to work.
Fragment of the lesson.
Guess a riddle.
The grandfather is sitting in a hundred fur coats.
Who undresses him
He sheds tears.
Let's make a diagram of the word onion.
1. Divide the word into syllables.
We pronounce with a clap of our hands - bow. This word has 1 syllable.
2. What sounds does a syllable consist of?
We pronounce lingering l-u-k.
The first sound is [l]. This is a hard consonant. The second sound is [y]. This is a vowel sound. The sounds [l], [y] merge together, resulting in a merger [lu]. We select the desired card - the merger of a solid consonant with a vowel sound.
The third sound [k] is a hard consonant. Choose a card for a solid consonant.
3. Let's denote the sounds with letters. The sound [l] is denoted by the letter “el”. Sound [y] - the letter "y". Sound [k] - the letter "ka".
We do not put stress in monosyllabic words. The word has one vowel sound, which means it is stressed.
According to the “School of Russia” program, there are no designations for voiced and voiceless consonants. Therefore, you can show your imagination and come up with your own designations for the voiced and deaf consonant. For example, in the game “Recognize the sound”, I chose a bell for a voiced consonant, and a smiley in my headphones for a voiceless consonant. Pictures can be printed and used in the diagram.
You can practice characterizing the sound in the game.
A game
A tape of letters will help you characterize the sound.
On the tape you can clearly see what sounds the letters represent.
For example, the letter “en” denotes two sounds - hard [n] and soft [n "]. Therefore, a rectangle of two colors - blue and green. These sounds are voiced, so there is a bell on top.
All sounds in the upper row are voiced, and in the lower row they are deaf.
The letter "zhe" denotes one sound - a solid sound [g]. Therefore, the rectangle is completely of blue color. This is a ringing sound.
Particular attention should be paid to iotated vowels.
The letters i, e, u, e can mean two sounds or one.
If they are at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, they represent two sounds:
i [th "a], yo [th" o], yu [th" y], e [th" e]
After a consonant sound, they denote one sound: i [a], e [o], yu [y], e [e].
Let's make a diagram of the word Yana.
1. Divide the word into syllables.
This word has two syllables.
2. The first syllable is me. This is a fusion of two sounds - [th "], [a]. The sound [th"] is a soft consonant, the sound [a] is a vowel. We choose a card - a merger of a soft consonant and a vowel sound.
3. We put a dividing line after the first syllable.
3. The second syllable is on. This is a fusion of two sounds - [n], [a]. The sound [n] is a solid consonant, the sound [a] is a vowel. We choose a card - the merger of a solid consonant and a vowel sound.
4. We put emphasis. We find the stressed syllable. We speak the whole word, highlighting the stressed syllable. The stressed syllable is the first. So that the child understands that the stress is set correctly, try to put the stress on the second syllable as well.
5. We designate sounds with letters.
The sounds [th "a] are denoted by one letter - the letter i.
The sound [n] is denoted by the letter “en”.
The sound [a] is denoted by the letter a.
All sound conventions in the article are taken from the School of Russia program. But for us, the most important thing is that the child learns to characterize the sound, to be able to work with models. If the child has learned to characterize the sound, then replacing the designation is not difficult.
With the beginning of autumn, adults often have to sit down for lessons with their children. It is difficult for parents of first graders, since the elementary school program is quickly forgotten, and educational standards often change. Even before the beginning of reading and writing, when yesterday's preschoolers in grade 1 go through the alphabet, they are given the task of compiling a sound scheme for both a word and a whole sentence. In such cases, parents come to the aid of the Internet with examples and samples.
Sound-letter analysis of words
The study of letters and sounds, their analysis is carried out by a section of the Russian language called phonetics. Transcription is used to decompose a word into sounds. Such analysis is called phonetic. Parents will need to remember what vowels and consonants are, what sounds correspond to them, what iotized vowels are, and how the letters of the first and second rows differ.
Table of vowels and consonants of the Russian language
You can find a letter row in books for primary school or on the Internet. As a rule, the letters are arranged in two lines. Vowels are divided into denoting softness and hardness of consonants, the latter - into deaf and voiced, paired and unpaired.
Vowels that determine hardness: a, e, o, u, s. They correspond to the sounds: [a], [e], [o], [y], [s].
Softness vowels: i, e, e, yu, i. They are also called iotated, because these letters consist of two sounds if they are at the beginning, after a vowel, or after soft and hard signs. These letters soften the consonants that precede them.
Consonants are deaf and voiced, they form six pairs:
- B (voiced) - P (deaf);
- V - F;
- Z - S;
- D - T;
- G - K;
- J - Sh.
The remaining consonants are not paired:
- voiced: N, R, L, M, Y;
- deaf: Ts, Shch, X, Ch.
In addition, there are consonants that are always soft or always hard, regardless of the vowel that follows them:
- H, W, Y - always soft.
- W, W, C - always solid.
The letters b and b do not have their own sounds. A soft sign softens the consonant in front, a hard one does not.
The scheme of letters and sounds of the Russian language in the table for the first class is shown in the picture:
AT educational program"School of Russia" it is customary to designate sounds with colors:
- Vowel - red;
- Consonant solid - blue;
- Consonant soft - green.
The merging of a consonant and a vowel is indicated by a rectangle divided in half. One part is painted over in blue or green, the second - in red. Sometimes in this model voiceless and voiced consonants, stress and division into syllables are additionally indicated.
Examples
For a graphic representation of the sound composition of a word, you can pick up colored cards. To facilitate the drawing up of the diagram at the beginning, it is advisable to use the captions on the pictures. In the future, you can independently draw a schematic composition of the word in a notebook by cells using colored pens or pencils.
To show the algorithm for drawing up a diagram, it is better to start with the sound recording of monosyllabic words using a tablet.
For example, three-letter words: oak, cat, poppy, onion, beetle, cancer. First you need to write a transcript.
For the word "oak" it looks like this: [dup]. Next, describe the scheme, where the first two sounds represent the fusion of a solid consonant and a vowel, and the third is a solid consonant. Now we need to graphically depict the result:
- First draw a rectangle.
- Divide it in half diagonally.
- Color the first part in blue, the second in red.
- Then draw a square and color it blue.
The remaining words also fit the resulting scheme.
Variants where one or both of the consonants are soft:
Words of 4 sounds, consisting of a single syllable:
Words with 2 syllables:
A few more examples of 2 syllables or more:
- Cone, pine:
- Squirrel, cup: there is a soft consonant
- Skirt: Y at the beginning
- Banana, giraffe:
- Lemon, rooster:
- Hedgehog: always hard F and iotated Yo at the beginning
- Coat:
- Bee, plum:
- Crow, dog:
- Rocket:
How to draft an offer
A common variant of tasks for first graders is to draw up a sentence scheme. This is simple task. Here it is not required to remember the designations for subjects and predicates. All words in a sentence are indicated by horizontal lines. If the word is capitalized, then a vertical bar is drawn at the beginning of the line. End with a period, exclamation point, or question mark.
Examples
Examples of how to decompose several sentences:
Syllabary Patterns
When teaching reading, first graders are taught how to decompose a word into syllables. To do this, it is enough to remember that a vowel forms a syllable. For example, the word "leaf" has one syllable, and the word "leaves" has two.
Thus, the syllable may consist of:
- From one vowel: Stork, Anchor.
- Start with a consonant and contain a vowel: Tree.
- Consonants without a vowel, Y, b and b depart from the previous syllable: Boy, Heron, Seagull, Kettle.
- Consonants go to the syllable from the vowel: Watermelon, Screen, Astra.
- At the beginning of a word, all consonants join the first vowel: Swift, Dragonfly.
In the pictures, examples of words decomposed into syllables:
Now you can try to decompose the word "Dolphin" into syllables yourself. And solve the next problem.
