The meaning of the anaphora. What is an anaphora? The meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic role

In Russian poetry, in order to enhance the impact of expressions, various types of rhetorical and stylistic figures are used (, epithets, allegories, tropes, etc.).

One such figure is the anaphora. Let's try to figure out what exactly it is and how it is used in the Russian language and literature.

Anaphora: meaning

Anaphora means unity or in other words, the simultaneous initiation and repetition of sounds, syllables, one or more words in the beginning phrases or stanzas of a poem or prose passage. Let's take as an example the famous lines of A. S. Pushkin:

I love you, Peter's creation, I love… slim look…

The repetition of the word "I love" in this case is a mysterious stylistic move that serves as a fastening of speech segments and gives the poem brightness and expressiveness.

The term comes from a word that, translated from ancient Greek into Russian, means “bringing up”. For example, in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Autumn”, the anaphora “already” is used, it is repeated in the first two stanzas, thereby reinforcing the approaching autumn. When reading this poem, a feeling of longing arises, because it reminds us of the approach of the cold and damp season.

Anaphora: Wikipedia

Anaphora(translated from the ancient Greek ἀναφορά - ascent) - a stylistic figure that consists of the repetition of related sounds, one word or a group of words located at the beginning of each row parallel to each other, i.e. in the repetition of the beginning parts of two or more independent segments of speech (poems, half-verses, prose passages or stanzas).

Meaning and examples of anaphora in literature

Anaphora in literature is a figure of artistic speech, a literary device based on the similarity of words in prose passages and verses, repeated in words, phrases, sounds, syntactic constructions and morphemes at the beginning of parts complex sentences, stanzas, phrases, paragraphs and periods.

Examples:

In works of this kind, a stylistic device is used with the aim of emotionally influencing the reader, often this is expressed in raising the tone, as well as by logical and semantic highlighting important thoughts, which unite into one whole different in structure and syntactic level of selected constructions.

Also, the stylistic figure is considered as a kind of merged proposal. In Old German poetry, this figure of speech occurs as a form of connection of certain sentences or parts of a sentence and forms the so-called "anaphoric trisyllabic". There is also a connection between the anaphora and such a rhetorical figure as gradation; in this case in literary devices, there is a gradual increase in the emotional nature of speech (for example: “a beast dies, a friend dies, a man dies”).

In prose speech, it is closely connected with the forms of farewell and greeting. Poets and prose writers call these forms anaphoric; often they manifest themselves in imitation of folk meaning and in the works of writers of modern times.

It is worth noting the historical and cultural basis of this literary device. An important turn of speech has long been considered a similar appeal to rulers, gods or those who sit together; everyone was treated the same so as not to anger anyone (for example , at a meeting, at a banquet, or at a court, they said: “most venerable, respected, highly learned, prudent gentlemenburgomasters and ratmans»; “Most respectable, eminent and prudent gentlemen Eltermans and old people" etc.).

Anaphora can be located at the beginning of hemistiches (" City lush, city poor"), strings (" She doesn't afraid of retribution She doesn't was afraid of loss"), stanzas, carried through the entire poem in various combinations (Lermontov, "When worried"; Fet, "This morning, this joy," etc.). amoeba composition*. Anaphora is also called a poem, all the words of which begin with the same sound, for example:

* amoeba composition- a widespread (especially in folk poetry) technique of compositional parallelism, which consists in the fact that a poem in which an amoeba composition is used has a two-term character: it breaks up into two parallel developing rows, and the periods included in these rows are also usually paired, For example:
"And we sowed millet, sowed,
Oh, did Lado, sowed, sowed.
And we trample millet, trample,
Oh, did lado, we will trample, we will trample.

The parallel connection of sentences in the text can be especially emphasized, strengthened by their identical beginning (anaphora).

Fragment from I. Isaev's poem "Court of Memory":

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Today we will talk about a literary device called ANAPHORA (for the correct pronunciation, the stress must be placed on the second letter "A").

This term, like many others, came into the Russian language from Ancient Greece. And the word "αναφορα" itself is translated as " repetition, return, ascent, unanimity.

Definition - what is it

Anaphora is a stylistic device that consists in repeating some sounds, words or . It is used by poets and writers to enhance the emotional part of the work, create an elevated tone or semantic highlight the most important, in the opinion of the author, pieces of the text.

Unlike other literary devices, anaphora is most often located at the beginning of sentences, that is, they begin with the same lines.

Let's take a few examples from life. Remember the lines of the famous song by Yuri Antonov:

MY years are MY wealth

Here, the possessive pronoun "my" is an anaphora. Thus, the author emphasizes, firstly, that it is about him, and secondly, he directly makes it clear that he is proud of his age.

But football fans will surely remember Andrey Arshavin's scandalous phrase after the 2012 European Championship, which failed for the Russian team. To the reproaches of the fans in a weak game, he replied:

YOUR expectations are YOUR problems

Anaphora in this case turned out to be very unambiguous and emotional. That's just Arshavin himself, probably a hundred times already regretted what he said.

Examples of anaphoras in poetry

Most often, anaphoras can be found in poetry. This technique gives poems greater expressiveness and brightness. And it can be regarded as a kind of "voice of the poet", it allows you to convey the state of mind of the author and the emotions that he experienced while writing.

The most striking example can be found in Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - in his poem "":

I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender look ...

The verb "I love" very emotionally conveys the author's attitude towards St. Petersburg. After all, Pushkin really adored the city on the Neva, and in these lines this is especially felt.

I love your cruel winters
Still air and frost...
I love belligerent liveliness
Amusing Fields of Mars ...
I love, military capital,
Your stronghold smoke and thunder ...

And as an opposite - the famous poems of Vladimir Vysotsky"I dont like":

I don't like myself when I'm shaking
And I don't like it when innocent people are beaten.
I do not like it when they climb into my soul,
Especially when they spit on it.
I do not like arenas and arenas,
They change a million rubles for them, -
Let there be big changes ahead
I will never love it.

And also remember how emotionally Vysotsky sang. And in conjunction with the anaphora, it generally looked like a cry from the heart.

And also, not a whole word, but only a prefix to it, can be used as an anaphora. For example, the negation of "NOT" in a famous poem Sergei Yesenin:

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Withering gold embraced,
I won't be young anymore.

Anaphora in prose literature

In prose, anaphoras are much less common, because it is more difficult to use this device. With the wrong approach, he that always only goes to the detriment. But if done correctly, a very strong and emotional text is created. good examples can even be found in the bible:

There is a time for everything, and a time for every thing under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted.

Anaphora is rare, but they liked to resort and classics of Russian literature:

All diversity, all charm, all beauty is made up of shadow and light (Tolstoy)
Falling in love doesn't mean loving. You can fall in love and hate. (Dostoevsky)
There are books that are read; there are books that are studied by patient people; there are books that are kept in the heart of the nation. (Leonov)

Varieties of anaphora (examples)

All anaphoras are conditionally divided into several types:

Sound. This is when at the beginning of sentences there are different words, but sounding very similar.
Storm-blown bridges
A coffin from a blurry cemetery. (Pushkin)
Morphemic anaphora. Words that have similar syllables are used.
black eyed girl,
Black-maned horse. (Lermontov)
Lexical. The most common type, which we talked about before, is when words or phrases are completely repeated.
You are my abandoned land,
You are my land, wasteland. (Yesenin)
syntactic. There is a repetition of entire structures.
Perhaps all Nature is a mosaic of flowers?
Perhaps all Nature is a difference in voices? (Balmont)
strophic anaphora. Here they repeat not only individual words, but enough complex structure the whole work.
Earth!..
From snow moisture
She's still fresh.
She wanders by herself
And breathes like deja.
Earth!..
Everything is more beautiful and visible
She lies around.
And better than happiness no, on it
Live until death. (Twardowski)

Anaphora in everyday life

Stylistic repetitions, which are designed to enhance speech, often use for advertising purposes:

Your day is your water (Arkhyz)
New computers - new revenue (Intel)

Repeat constructions can often be heard at court hearings or at any number of gatherings. They are used, for example, as a greeting:

Dear judge, dear jury, dear audience...

And finally, political technologists like to use anaphoras when they write speeches for their "masters". One of the clearest examples is the speech of Winston Churchill before the entry of Great Britain into the Second World War.

In it, he used the pronoun "WE" in every sentence to inspire all fellow citizens:

“We will go to the end. We will fight in France, we will fight on the seas and oceans, we will fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we will guard our island, whatever the cost, we will fight on the beaches, we will fight on the spot landings, we will fight in the fields and in the streets, we will fight in the hills. We will never give up."

Instead of a conclusion

There is a technique in Russian that is very reminiscent of an anaphora. He, and it also uses repetitions of various words or phrases. But the difference is that the anaphora is placed at the beginning of the text, while the epiphora is placed at the end.

But we will talk about this in more detail next time. See you soon on our blog pages.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

Origin

Anaphora is an ancient literary device, the origins of which lie in the biblical psalms. Early religious texts contain an abundance of sound, lexical, syntactic repetitions that emphasize individual words, phrases and sentences (“There is a time for everything, and a time for every thing under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted…”; Bible).

The writers of the Elizabethan era and the period of romanticism embodied the stylistic device of anaphora in prose and poetry ("Mad world! Mad kings! Mad is their union!"; Shakespeare, "King John").

Since the anaphora uses the redundancy of words to create a dramatic effect, this technique is not common in academic and journalistic texts. Thus, anaphora is not characteristic of formal writing styles and is mainly used to create rhythm and emphasis in a poetic manner.

Types of anaphora

Depending on the repeating elements in speech segments, the following types of anaphora are distinguished:

sound (phonic) anaphora - repetition of sounds in words located at the beginning of adjacent speech segments. Sound anaphora is characteristic of alliterative verse;
morphemic anaphora - repetition of morphemes, i.e., parts of words, at the beginning of adjacent segments of speech;
lexical (verbal) anaphora - repetition of words at the beginning of parallel speech segments. This is the most common type of anaphora;
syntactic anaphora - repetition of syntactic structures at the beginning of adjacent speech segments;
strophic anaphora - repetition of speech elements at the beginning of parallel stanzas of a verse;
rhythmic anaphora - repetition of rhythmic units (feet) in adjacent poetic lines.

Anaphora in poetry

Anaphora in poetry is placed at the beginning of half-verses, poetic lines, stanzas, or throughout the entire work (“When the yellowing field is agitated ...” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “This is morning, this joy ...” by A. A. Fet), constituting its principle compositions.

The term "anaphora" is also used to refer to a poem in which all words begin with the same sound.

The famous Russian writers A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. A. Fet, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Blok, L. N. Tolstoy, F M. Dostoevsky, S. A. Yesenin, B. L. Pasternak, K. D. Balmont, etc.

Anaphora examples:

The city is magnificent, the city is poor ...
(A. S. Pushkin)

The winds did not blow in vain,
The storm was not in vain.
(S. A. Yesenin)

Anaphora in rhetoric

speakers, including politicians, use anaphora as a rhetorical device in their speeches to emphasize the ideas they want to convey and evoke emotion in the audience. In oral speech, anaphora, as a rule, is realized in the repetition of one word or a whole phrase.

Anaphora was used by the politician and orator Winston Churchill. His affirmative speech "We will fight on the beaches" (1940), delivered during World War II, is full of anaphoric examples. W. Churchill repeatedly repeated the word "we", referring to the plural form, which he applied to the entire nation, causing patriotic sentiments among the people.

Anaphora functions

Anaphora as a stylistic device in literature performs the following functions:

strengthening the imagery and expressiveness of artistic speech;
semantic and logical allocation of significant ideas by focusing on repetitive elements of speech;
establishing a connection between segments of speech based on parallelism;
expression of the contrast between parallel speech series through antitheses;
adding rhythm to the text, which enhances its intonational and semantic structure, makes it easier to read and remember;
maintaining the melodic impact of poetic speech with sound, lexical or syntactic repetition;
compositional structure in a lyrical plot.

Anaphora as a rhetorical device is used to attract the attention of the audience, to evoke emotions in listeners, in order to convince, motivate and encourage them.

Anaphora and epiphora

Anaphora and epiphora (epistrophe) are close concepts in the sense that both are stylistic devices based on the repetition of speech elements. However, in anaphora, repeating units are placed at the beginning of adjacent passages of the text, in epiphora - at the end. If these two figures are used at the same time, they form a simplock - a combination of anaphora and epiphora.

Anaphora also enters into combination with other types of repetition: polyunion (polysyndeton); gradation - a figure consisting in listing the elements of speech with increasing intonation, for example: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...” (S. A. Yesenin).

AT contemporary art anaphora appears in a variety of contexts, including songs, movies, television, political speeches, poetry and prose.

The word anaphora comes from the Greek anaphora, which means to carry out, repeat.

The language of any culture, including Russian, contains many devices for enriching speech. One such method is the so-called figures of speech. Since the amount of data on each of them goes far beyond the scope of the planned volume of the article, let's first consider one stylistic figure that is clearly presented in expressive speech, for example, in poetry. It's about about the so-called anaphora.

What is anaphora

This is a stylistic figure, which literally translates from Greek as “ascent”. Its essence is that related or similar sounds, words or their combinations are repeated at the beginning of each parallel row. And if it’s a little simpler, then you can take a poem as an example, then the parallel rows will be just its lines, which, if talking about anaphora, will begin somehow uniformly.

Due to the fact that sounds, words and whole phrases can be used in the formation of this stylistic structure, there are quite a few varieties of such a phenomenon as anaphora.

Examples

So, sound anaphora for a start. Consider this simple verse:

The grotesque is incomprehensible... My God...
Tombs in a circle, dressed in concrete...

It is obvious that the combination of the sounds "gro" forms an anaphora. Then we observe morphemic formation when there is a repetition of a part of the word that has its own lexical purpose. For example, here is a short passage:

long haired tigress,
Long-winged tit.

And everything like that. As you can see, "long", being only part of the word, nevertheless forms a completely meaningful lexical item. And so it is possible to single out many more varieties of anaphora, the meaning, I think, has already been mastered by the reader. Having answered the question of what anaphora is, we are moving forward in the stylistic formation of our beloved “great and mighty”.

Epiphora

Since we have begun to analyze such an interesting phenomenon as rhythmic elements in the language, then in the context we can turn to the antipode of the structure presented earlier. Consonant with the word "anaphora" - epiphora. We will discuss it in our linguistic study of the Greek language.

From the latter, this formation is translated as “bringing”. At the same time, it means everything the same, only relative to the end of the line in rhythmic repetition. For example, again, in a poem. Let's take a small sketch performed by Marina Tsvetaeva, so as not to drive the reader into boredom:

We gave you sons as beautiful as the night,
Beggars as night, sons.

Epiphora, as a rhythmic structure, is much more in demand in prose presentation than anaphora. Recall the well-known Nietzsche "thus preached madness." Similar examples can be found in the prose works of the classics and not only. Continuing the conversation about stylistic figures, we can consider a couple more interesting types of them in context. And let's start with one, rather elusive in ordinary language, with which, nevertheless, the anaphora is also associated.

Inversion

It is worth emphasizing that this stylistic figure belongs rather to the field of rhetoric, since the technique itself, which, by the way, is translated from Latin as “turning over”, refers more to the language and its features. So-called analytic languages like English, where the words in a sentence are arranged according to established norms, do not tend to use inversion. But Russian and some others are a completely different matter. There is no such definite order here, so the mixing of words in a sentence leads to entertaining phenomena, which are called, in fact, inversions. Thus, the definition of this term is a violation of the order of words in a sentence in order to create expressiveness of the language. It is characteristic of both poetry and prose.

When we discussed what an anaphora is, we leaned towards the rhythm of the language, and this unites the concepts under consideration. However, the place of the latter is mostly in poetry. But inversions allow you to create really amazing effects, including within the framework of the use of prose. And finally, one more stylistic figure of speech can be considered in context. It incorporates an incredible number of phenomena of any language, allowing you to get the most sophisticated semantic and figurative constructions with the help of a living language.

Metaphor

Anaphora, being a vivid example of a figure, can be opposed to metaphor as a representative of the so-called tropes. That is, the figurative meaning of words and expressions enters the scene. This is precisely the mechanism by which any language begins to play with all its bright facets, representing an excellent means for expressing absolutely any fantasy. Anaphora, the examples of which we briefly reviewed, in fact, is a means of creating rhythm in the language. Metaphor, on the other hand, allows you to develop the language, make it brighter, richer, deeper, and so on. There are no limits for a language that actively uses metaphor as a means of self-development.

In general, a lot can be said about this tool separately. We recall only the main definition. Metaphor is the use of words or phrases in a figurative sense. In fact, it is a constant game of associations that allows you to create all the intricate structure of any language. Without metaphor, the language of narration is dry and boring, and poetry without this tool is simply impossible to imagine. Therefore, all researchers emphasize its importance, assigning a central place to metaphor in a well-coordinated choir of paths.

Conclusion

Thus, we were able to consider several of the most important stylistic figures of the language, to understand by examples what an anaphora is, how it is connected with other representatives of the figures, and even to grasp the main meaning of the most important representative of the tropes.

The main conclusion at the end of this short journey into the world of linguistics is the fact that any cultured person should know not only what his native language but also how this wealth can be used. Therefore, expanding your own education, you should think about how it can be applied. Then the language, and with it life, will be much more interesting, richer, deeper and more meaningful. We wish the reader to be not only literate, but also prosperous thanks to the knowledge gained.