1. A comma is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning, for example: Pale cheeks fell, eyes became big, big, lips burned (Lermontov); The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grasses and shook the leaves of the trees (Turgenev); The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise (Chekhov); Nikolai's pockmarked face was covered with red spots, his small gray eyes were fixedly looking at the officer (Gorky).
Note. If there is an introductory word between the parts of a non-union complex sentence separated by a comma, then a dash can be used as an additional sign to show which part of the complex sentence the introductory word belongs to, or to emphasize the connecting nature of the second part. For example: Somewhere a motor is knocking - apparently, there is an MTS workshop (Babaevsky) nearby; Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out to meet the britzka - it must have been weaned from this habit by passing soldiers (Sayanov).
2. If the parts of the non-union complex sentence are more distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between the parts of the sentence. For example:
To the left a deep gorge blackened; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, which still retains the last reflection of dawn (Lermontov); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; a friendly clatter spreads far, the horses run, pricking up their ears (Turgenev); Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them (Bitter).
If a non-union complex sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences) that are remote from each other in meaning, then a semicolon is placed between them, and inside these parts the simple sentences that form them are separated by commas. For example: The pale gray sky brightened, grew cold, turned blue; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth became damp, the leaves were sweaty, in some places living sounds, voices began to be heard (Turgenev); The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed (Nekrasov).
If, in a complex sentence, an allied connection of parts is combined with an allied one, then often a semicolon is placed between the parts connected without unions, and a comma is placed between the parts connected by the union. For example: The wind could not rage here; the road was smooth; the horse cheered up, and Vladimir calmed down (Pushkin); Dinner is over; the big ones went to the office to drink coffee, and we ran into the garden to shuffle our feet along the paths covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk (L. Tolstoy).
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
A colon in an unassociated complex sentence that breaks into two parts is put:
1) if the second part (one or several sentences) explains, reveals the content of the first part (between both parts you can insert the words “namely”), for example: every year more and more, for he served to undermine other parts (Gogol); It is pleasant after a long walk and a deep sleep to lie motionless on the hay: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes (Turgenev); Make a plan of the apartment: how are the rooms located, where are the doors, where are the windows, where is everything (Gorky); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: here is coolness and wonders of light (Prishvin); Then the thought dawned on him: the partisans must be somewhere nearby (B. Polevoy). A colon is required if the first part of the non-union complex sentence contains the words so, such, such, one, etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part, for example: To himself, Danilov formulated the task as follows: from Dr. Belov it is necessary to make the head of the train (V. Panova); Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks (Griboyedov); The whole city is like this: a swindler sits on a swindler and drives a swindler (Gogol); One thing was certain: he would not return back (Turgenev). Punctuation differs in a non-union complex sentence, in which the second part reveals the content of the pronominal word one, which is present in the first part, and in a simple sentence, in which word one is explained by an explanatory member of the sentence, and not by the whole sentence: in the first case, a colon is put, in the second - dash. Wed: I ask you about one thing: shoot soon (Lermontov). - In relations with outsiders, he demanded one thing - the preservation of decency (Herzen) (see § 97, paragraph 1); 2)
if in the first part, by means of the verbs see, look, hear, understand, know, feel, etc., a warning is given that a statement of some fact or some description will follow (in these cases, one can usually insert between both parts Union what), for example: I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look: the forest is over, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing (Lermontov); You yourself noticed: day by day I wither, the victim of an evil poison (Lermontov); I also remember: she loved to dress well and sprinkle with perfume (Chekhov); I will definitely tell you: you have talent (Fadeev); Pavel feels: someone's fingers touch his hand above the hand (N. Ostrovsky); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth, indestructible life (Gorbatov). But (without intonation of warning before the second part): I hear the earth trembled (Nekrasov) - a comma instead of a colon; 3)
if in the first part there are verbs to look out, look around, listen, etc., as well as verbs with the meaning of action, warning about further presentation and allowing the insertion of the words “and saw that”, “and heard that”, “and I felt that ", etc., for example: I looked up: on the roof of my hut stood a girl in a striped dress, with her hair loose (Lermontov); We drove past a pond: on the muddy and sloping banks, ice edges were still visible (Aksakov); Oblomov woke up: in front of him in reality, not in a hallucination, stood the real real Stolz (Goncharov); I looked around: solemnly and regally the night stood ... (Turgenev); He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Chekhov); Lukashin stopped and looked: water was accumulating in the ditch, the snow was wet as sugar (V. Panova). In these cases, there is also a dash instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning, for example: I looked at the hole - the water was dozing (Shishkov); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows (V. Panova); I turn around - a man in a German helmet (Dm. Medvedev), - however, for the purposes of "justified unification, it is preferable to put a colon; 4)
if the second part indicates the basis, the reason for what is said in the first part (an union can be inserted between both parts because, since, since), for example: He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man ... (Lermontov); In vain you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundra (Goncharov); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted (Turgenev); And Zhilin was depressed: he sees - things are bad (L. Tolstoy); He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (Chekhov); Science must be loved: people do not have a force more powerful and victorious than science (Gorky); In Mexico, you can’t praise a thing in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you (Mayakovsky); Sometimes the horses fell through to the belly: the soil was very viscous (Fadeev); Pavel did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment (N. Ostrovsky); Stepan was afraid to approach the cliff: slippery (Shishkov); During the break, she did not have time to get to her husband: she was immediately called backstage (Maltsev); 5)
if the second part is a direct question, for example: The only thing I don't understand is how could she bite you? (Chekhov); You'd better tell me this: is it true that Mayakin's son returned? (Bitter); Until now, it remains surprising and unsolved: who, on that fateful night, took the divisional school off guard? (Furmanov); I was driving just now, talking to you and thinking: why don't they shoot? (Simonov).
A special case of setting a colon is found in newspaper headlines, which fall into two parts: the first (the so-called nominative topic, or nominative representation) names the general problem, scene, person, etc., and the second contains a specification of what is indicated in the first part, for example: Five-year plan: problems, judgments; Cuba: the path to the victory of the revolution; Bazhov: reader and book lover.
Punctuation marks between parts of a non-union sentence
Complex sentences in Russian are of two types: allied and non-union. In allied complex sentences, parts are interconnected by intonation and conjunctions or allied words. In non-union complex sentences, parts are connected only by intonation.
Compare three examples:
and
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch, That's why snow fell in flakes on our heads;
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch - snow flakes fell on our heads.
Let's try to determine the semantic relationship between the parts of the sentence in each example. In the first sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the coordinating union AND, the main meaning of which is to indicate the sequence of events. In the second sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the union (more precisely, the union analogue) THEREFORE, the main purpose of which is to indicate the consequence of those events that are described in the main part of the complex sentence. And in the third example, the union is absent, we cannot accurately determine the essence of the relationship between the parts of the sentence. We can say that there are both causal relationships and an indication of the sequence of events at the same time.
So, complex non-union sentences differ from complex allied sentences in that the semantic relationships between the parts are less clearly expressed in them. In order to make the semantic relationship between the parts of a complex non-union sentence clearer, different punctuation marks are used in the letter: comma, semicolon, colon and dash.
The use of each punctuation mark is determined by a special rule.
Let's start with those cases when between the parts of the non-union proposal is placed comma or semicolon.
1. A comma is placed between the parts of an allied compound sentence if it simply lists some facts. In this case, you can easily insert the union AND after the comma. For example:
It was just getting dark, I ordered the Cossack to heat the kettle in a camping(According to Lermontov).
2. A semicolon can be placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence, in which some facts are listed, if the parts of the sentence are very common (contain homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, clarifications, etc.). For example:
His head ached; he got to his feet, turned around in his closet and fell back on the sofa(Dostoevsky).
3. A semicolon can also be placed in such a non-union sentence, where the parts are completely independent of each other. Such a complex sentence can, without destroying the meaning, be divided into several simple ones. For example:
He was wearing a Life Campanian uniform; his head was heavily soiled with mud and beaten in several places(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Now let's turn to the rules for setting colons and dashes. The choice of these two punctuation marks depends on the meaning of the parts of the sentence.
There are three cases when between the parts of a complex non-union sentence you need to put colon:
1) if the second part indicates the reason for what is described in the first part, for example: In developed countries, the middle class decides the outcome of elections: it makes up the majority of the population. In this sentence, you can insert the union BECAUSE;
2) if the first part is followed by an explanation of what the first part is about, for example: Write a work plan: what needs to be purchased and prepared, where to start, in what time frame the project can be completed. or Like all Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Griboyedov). In these sentences between parts, you can insert the union AIM;
3) if the second part has the meaning of the addition, and before it you can insert the union WHAT, for example: Yes, I wanted to report yesterday: the harrows need to be repaired(Tolstoy). In some cases, in addition to this union, the missing predicate AND SAW or AND HEARD can be added to the sentence, for example: He looked into the room: a man was sitting at the table and was writing something quickly.
Dash between parts of a complex non-union sentence is placed under one of four conditions:
1) if the complex sentence has the meaning of opposition and the union A or BUT can be inserted between the parts, for example: I looked around a few times and there was no one.(Tolstoy);
2) if the first sentence has a time or condition value and you can insert a union WHEN or IF before it, for example: The authorities want - we must obey(Gogol);
3) if the second part of the sentence indicates a consequence of what is described in the first part and before it you can insert the union SO THAT, for example: Gruzdev called himself get in the body(Proverb);
4) in rare cases, a dash is also used to indicate a quick change of events, for example: Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Krylov).
An exercise
I looked at my watch and realized that the train had already left.
We can leave these things - they will not be useful to us.
Snow fell_ traffic jams began in the city center.
Ivlev looked around - the weather got dull - molting clouds stretched on all sides (Bunin).
The rank followed him_ he suddenly left the service (Griboedov).
The swallows have arrived - it will be a good summer.
Suddenly Ivan Ivanovich screamed and was stunned - a dead man appeared to him (According to Gogol).
Eyewitnesses give conflicting testimonies_ it is difficult to make the right decision.
I know_ in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (Pushkin).
Decisions were not made easily, for a long time_ it was necessary to take into account the interests of all parties.
Thunder will not break out - the peasant will not cross himself (Proverb).
And we march in this order_ Nikolai goes ahead with preparations or with atlases, I follow him, and behind me, modestly bowing his head, a draft horse walks ... (Chekhov).
But let's leave these arguments - they do not go here (Gogol).
But this is precisely the purpose of education_ to make pleasure out of everything (Tolstoy).
At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny (Turgenev).
It is necessary to introduce him_ he is timid, still a beginner ... (Goncharov).
Yes, let them swallow each other alive_ why should I? (Dostoevsky).
You are still in danger_ the wound may open (Pushkin).
From childhood he was distinguished by remarkable beauty; besides, he was self-confident, a little mocking and somehow amusingly bilious - he could not help but like (Turgenev).
A minute later, again squealing and laughter - I had to drive under a huge overhanging stone (Chekhov).
Everything is quiet, calm, and only dumb statistics are protesting - so much has gone crazy, so many buckets have been drunk, so many children have died of malnutrition ... (Chekhov).
"Nothing to do! said Bazarov at last. - He took up the tug - do not say that it is not a heft! We came to see the landowners_ let's see them! (Turgenev).
Look at this life - the arrogance and idleness of the strong, the ignorance and bestiality of the weak, impossible poverty all around, crowding, degeneration, drunkenness, hypocrisy, lies ... (Chekhov).
We carry him to the emergency room, the blood is pouring - a terrible thing, but he keeps asking for his leg to be found, and everyone is worried_ twenty rubles in a boot on a cut off leg, no matter how lost (Chekhov).
Getting sued because of Laevsky, wasting time_ is not worth the candle game (Chekhov).
The characteristic features of a draft horse, which distinguish him from talent, are that his horizons are narrow and sharply limited by his specialty; outside his specialty, he is naive, like a child (Chekhov).
Questions of science are not alien to him either - he is terribly angry with himself for having forgotten to take seeds from a tree from the Flying Island, the juice resembling Russian vodka (Chekhov).
After all, there was a time when not a single man spoke to her the way Kirilin did, and she herself tore this time like a thread, and ruined it irrevocably_ who is to blame for this? (Chekhov)
For a year now, we have been in a strained relationship_ he answers me disgustingly at exams, and I give him units (Chekhov).
In my opinion, if the play is good, then in order for it to make the proper impression, there is no need to bother the actors_ you can limit yourself to reading alone (Chekhov).
Often I forget ordinary words, and I always have to spend a lot of energy in order to avoid superfluous phrases and unnecessary introductory sentences in writing - both clearly indicate a decline in mental activity (Chekhov).
But, imagine, I glanced ahead - in the first row, some general with a ribbon and a bishop (Chekhov) are sitting side by side.
It’s not the wind that rages over the forest, it’s not the streams that run from the mountains_ Frost-voivode patrols his possessions (Nekrasov).
All this news is similar to one another and boils down to this type - one Frenchman made a discovery, another - a German - caught him, proving that this discovery was made back in 1870 by some American, and the third - also a German - outwitted both, proving to them that both of them made a fool of themselves, mistaking air balls for a dark pigment under a microscope (Chekhov).
Don't come, don't come, you're out of the cold! (Goncharov).
I open the window, and it seems to me that I see a dream_ under the window, clinging to the wall, there is a woman in a black dress, brightly lit by the moon, and looking at me with big eyes (Chekhov).
Beauty is leaving - you do not have time to explain to beauty how you love it, beauty cannot be kept, and this is the only sadness of the world (Nabokov).
Unionless are such complex sentences in which the parts are connected only with the help of intonation. The main feature of such complex structures is the absence of unions. Instead, punctuation marks are used in the BSP.
general characteristics
Semantic relations are established between sentences in the BSP, similar to the relations in allied sentences: compound and complex.
For example:
- The night was falling, the forest was moving closer to the fire. AT the sentence reveals semantic relations of enumeration of simultaneously occurring events.
- One fine day, the pickets, knocked down from running around, bring the news: the fortress is surrendering. In this sentence, the semantic relations are similar to those in the explanatory.
- He spoke the truth - they did not believe him. The sentence combines tenses, concessions and adversaries.
Depending on how the parts relate to each other in meaning, there are BSPs with different examples given above serve as proof of this. Depending on this, non-union complex sentences are divided into three groups.
bsp with semicolon and semicolon
There are several punctuation features associated with non-union sentences. In particular, there are two rules governing the use of commas and semicolons in a sentence.
In BSP. Table with examples |
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A comma is placed in the BSP, if there is a listing of certain facts, you can use the union and. In this case, the intonation during reading will be enumerative, and a short pause must be maintained before each comma. | My head was spinning, stars were dancing in my eyes. My head is spinning and stars danced in his eyes. |
If the sentence is widespread and has its own commas inside (homogeneous members, isolated members, introductory words and appeals), then it is separated from the other part by a semicolon. | Green frogs jump on stones near the stream; on the largest stone lies, basking in the sun, a golden snake. |
Should I choose a comma or a semicolon?
If the rule is well understood and learned, then you can easily master the following exercises:
1. Explain the semicolon:
1) The sun rises, cheerful and radiant from the cold; the window gleams golden.
2) All morning, clean and bright, the colors sparkled; frosty chrysanthemums shone silver on the window for half a day.
2. What punctuation marks are missing in BSP in brackets?
Happy irretrievable time - childhood! How not to love the memories of her? They are so refreshing and uplifting to my soul.
You run up to your fill (...) you sit at the table on your chair (...) it’s already late (...) you have drunk a cup of milk for a long time (...) your eyes are covered with sleep (...) but you don’t move from your place (...) you sit and listen. Mom is talking to someone (...) her voice is so sweet (...) so friendly. The sound of my mother's voice says so much to my heart, it resonates so much in my soul!
With foggy eyes, I gaze intently into her sweet face (...) suddenly she becomes all small - her face becomes no more than a button (...) but I still see him just as clearly. I love seeing her so tiny. I squint my eyes even more (...) she is no longer bigger than those boys (...) what are in the pupils (...) when you look closely into the eyes (...) but then I moved - and the miracle disappeared (...) I narrow my eyes again (... ) I try in every possible way to renew the vision (...) but in vain.
BSP with dash
Punctuation marks in the BSP directly depend on the semantic relationships of its parts. To put a dash in non-union proposals, one of the conditions given in the table must be present.
Punctuation marks in BSP. Dash setting table with examples |
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Conditions for using a dash | |
I am glad to understand you - understand me too. (I am glad to understand you, but understand me too). |
|
One sentence concludes an indication of the time or condition of what is said in another sentence. You can put a comma and conjunctions IF and WHEN. | If it rains, we'll cancel the trip. (If it rains, we will cancel the trip. When it rains, we will cancel the trip). |
The second sentence contains the conclusion or consequence of what is said in the first sentence. You can put a comma and conjunctions SO or SO WHAT. | Tomorrow there is a lot to do - you have to get up early. (Tomorrow there is a lot to do, so you need to get up early). |
If the sentence draws a quick change of events. You can put a comma and union I. | There was a loud thud, and everything went silent. (There was a loud thud, and everything was silent.) |
Dash or no dash?
1. What punctuation marks are used in the BSPs below?
1) The teacher ordered me to submit a diary (...) I didn’t have a diary.
2) There is a terrible stuffiness (...) there will be a thunderstorm by night.
3) She sat in a wagon near the hussar (...) the coachman whistled (...) the horses rushed off.
4) There was a shout (...) he rushed to run.
5) You will chase after the big (...) you will lose the little.
2. The text contains BSP with different punctuation marks. With which?
A song was heard (...) the voices immediately fell silent (...) the urgings subsided (...) and the whole convoy moved on in silence (...) only the clatter of wheels and the champing of mud under horse hooves could be heard at those moments (...) when the words of a sad song sounded.
3. In which of the sentences is a dash placed?
1) The sun has already set, but it is still light in the forest (...) the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds chirp and whistle (...) the young grass shines like emerald green.
2) My soul is cheerful and festive (...) it’s spring in the yard (...) and the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds are chirping stunned and joyfully (...) young grass is breaking through.
bsp with colon
Of great importance in determining the connection between parts in the BSP is intonation. If at the end of the first part it is necessary to raise the tone of voice, then a colon must be put in. So it turns out that punctuation marks in BSP depend on intonation. But semantic relationships are of paramount importance. Consider the conditions for setting a colon.
Punctuation marks in BSP. Table with colon examples |
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Conditions for setting a colon | |
The second sentence says the reason for what the first sentence says. You can put a comma and union BECAUSE. | I did not like rainy weather: it drove me into depression. (I didn't like rainy weather because it made me sad.) |
One sentence serves to explain another, reveals its content. You can put a comma and the introductory word NAMELY, then the colon will be after this word. | A riot of colors reigns in the field: among the bright green grass, chamomile bushes turn white with fragrant snowdrifts, small stars of carnation redden, occasionally peeping shy eyes of cornflower. (A riot of colors reigns in the field, namely: among the bright green grass, chamomile bushes turn white with fragrant snowdrifts, small carnation stars redden, occasionally shy eyes of cornflower peep through). |
The second sentence serves to complement the first. In this case, you can put a comma and a union between sentences AS, WHAT or SAW WHAT. | I feel: carefully, as if fearing something, the fingers slowly move up to the shoulder. (I feel my fingers moving slowly up towards my shoulder, as if in fear of something.) |
Colon or not colon?
In this case, too, there are rules.
1. What are missing in the sentence?
Somehow it happened (...) that Vera left ahead of schedule (...) but now it didn’t frighten Sergey at all (...) he knew (...) that his father and everyone else would return in the evening.
2. Place punctuation marks in the BSP. Example proposals are given below.
1) The picture has changed (...) already on the white tablecloth of the fields, black spots and stripes of thawed earth were visible in some places.
2) I really liked listening to the girl (...) she painted me about a world unknown to me.
3) A little more (...) her eyes will come to life, a smile will bloom on her face.
4) I looked out the window (...) the stars flared brightly in the cleared sky.
5) How many years I have been serving (...) this has not happened to me yet.
Let's summarize what we've learned
BSPs are a complex system that includes four types of sentences, depending on the punctuation marks between the parts of a complex sentence - comma, semicolon, colon, dash.
Punctuation marks in BSP. Table with examples |
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semicolon | colon |
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A shot rang out, then a machine gun crackled. | Near the door I saw a boy, blue from the cold; he was wearing wet clothes sticking to his body; he was barefoot, and his little feet were covered in mud, as if in socks; I shuddered from head to toe at the sight of him. | In the summer, the trees merged into one green mass - in the fall, each stands separately, on its own. Dawn began to break - we woke up and went out into the street. Life without joy is a day without sunshine. If you give, I won't take. | Here's what I'll do: I'll come with a detachment at night, set fire to the explosives and raise that house, that is, the research station, into the air. He thought to himself: the doctor should be called. The bird could not fly: its wing was broken. |
BSP with punctuation marks. rule |
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A comma is put if sentences with connecting relations. | A semicolon is put if sentences with connecting relations have their own commas inside them. | A dash is put if sentences with contrastive, temporary, comparative, concessive, investigative relations. | A colon is put if sentences with explanatory, additional, causal relationships. |
What is the difference between punctuation marks in SSP, SPP, BSP
Between the parts of the BSP, relations are established similar to those found in allied sentences: compound and complex.
Unionless | |
A floorboard creaked in one corner, a door creaked. | A floorboard creaked in one corner, and the door creaked (SSP). |
It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind a pine grove behind the garden; its shadow lay endlessly across the fields. | It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind the pine grove behind the garden, and its shadow lay endlessly across the fields. |
He felt ashamed to kill an unarmed man - he thought and lowered his gun. | He felt ashamed to kill an unarmed man, so he thought and lowered his gun. |
I entered the hut: two benches along the walls and a large chest near the stove made up its entire atmosphere. | I entered the hut and saw that two benches along the walls and a large chest near the stove made up its entire furnishings. |
As can be seen from the table, the punctuation in the BSP is much richer than in allied sentences, which use only commas. But in allied constructions, the semantic relations of parts are understandable and clear, thanks to unions:
- simultaneity, sequence - union And;
- the reason is the union BECAUSE;
- consequence - union THEREFORE;
- comparison - union AS;
- time - union WHEN;
- conditions - union IF;
- addition - union WHAT;
- explanation - union THAT IS;
- opposition - union A.
Punctuation marks in the BSP are needed to express the semantic relationships between sentences; they play the role of unions.
BSP examples
Examples illustrate BSP options:
- with conditional relations: If you stay here for a day, then you will know.
- with temporary relations: If you can handle it, we will transfer it to the leaders.
- with the meaning of the consequence: The rain is over - you can move on.
- with conditional relationships: The sun is shining - we are working, it is raining - we are resting.
- with concessive relations: I would have such a dog - I don’t need a cow.
- with opposing attitudes: Beautiful urban - me a village mile.
- with connecting relationships: A man, sitting at a table, was talking on the phone; The baby was still sleeping on the couch.
- with explanatory attitudes: I advise you: do not pick up other people's wallets.
- with relationships and consequences: The land was needed for crops: gardens had to be plowed up.
- with explanatory relations: Occasionally voices were heard: late pedestrians were returning home.
- with relationships reasons: We must give him his due - he was very hot, bold and persistent.
- with relations of comparison: It’s not the wind that makes noise in the open, it’s not the sea that rages in a storm - my heart yearns for the Motherland, there is no peace and happiness in it.
Example of an OGE task
Among the proposals you need to find complex ones with an allied connection between the parts:
1) The Holy Sea - this is how Baikal has been called for a long time. 2) We will not assure you that there is nothing better than Baikal in the world: everyone is free to love something of their own, and for the Eskimo its tundra is the crown of creation. 3) From an early age we love pictures of our native land, they define our very essence. 4) And it is not enough to consider that they are dear to us, they are our part. 5) One cannot compare icy Greenland with the hot sands of the Sahara, the taiga of Siberia with the steppes of the Central Russian strip, the Caspian with Baikal, but you can convey your impressions of them.
6) But still, Nature has her favorites, which she creates with special care and endows with a special attraction. 7) Baikal is undoubtedly such a creature.
8) Even if we do not talk about its wealth, Baikal is famous for others - for its wonderful strength, timeless reserved power.
9) I remember how my friend and I went far along the coast of our sea. 10) It was the beginning of August, the most fertile time, when the water is heated, the hills are raging with colors, when the sun makes the fallen snow shine on the distant Sayan mountains, when Baikal, having stocked up on water from melted glaciers, lies full and calm, gaining strength for autumn storms, when fish splashes merrily to the cries of seagulls.
Hello my dear reader!
Thank you very much for your question. Let's start with everything in order.
1
.
A comma is placed between the parts of an unionless complex sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning. For example:
The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grasses and shook the leaves of the trees.
The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise.
I think you understand the meaning of this rule. Let's move on to the next topic.
It is important to remember that if there is an introductory word between the parts of the unionless complex sentence, separated by a comma, then as additional a dash is possible to show which part of the complex sentence the introductory word belongs to, or to emphasize connecting character of the second part.
For example: Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out to meet the britzka - it must have been weaned from this habit by passing soldiers.
2. If the parts of the non-union complex sentence are more distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common and have commas inside, then a semicolon is placed between the parts of the sentence.
Let's give examples:
To the left a deep gorge blackened; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, still retaining the last reflection of dawn (Lermontov); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; a friendly stomping is far away, horses run, pricking up their ears (Turgenev);
Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them ( Gorky).
3. But if the non-union complex sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences), in meaning distant from each other, then a semicolon is placed between them, and inside these parts the simple sentences that form them are separated by commas.
For example: Pale-gray sky lightened, grew cold, turned blue; the stars now blinked with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth was damp, the leaves were sweating, in some places living sounds, voices began to be heard (Turgenev);
The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed (Nekrasov).
I think that now you understand where and when you need to put a semicolon. I believe that after our explanation (with examples) you will not have any difficulties in grammar and punctuation of the Russian language.
Good luck!
Depending on the meaning, semantic relationships between simple sentences in non-union complex sentences, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, semicolon, colon, dash. To check the meaning of a non-union complex sentence, you can use synonymous constructions of compound or complex sentences.
Comma in a non-union complex sentence, it is put if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations (simultaneity and sequence). You can insert the union and between simple sentences.
Wed: The blizzard did not subside, the sky did not clear up(Pushkin). - The blizzard did not subside, and the sky did not clear up; The train went fast, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise(Chekhov). - The train went fast, and its lights soon disappeared, and after a minute there was no more noise.
Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence, it is put if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations, but are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common:
To the left a deep gorge blackened; / 1 behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, which still retains the last reflection of dawn./ 2 (Lermontov).
Colon in unionlesscomplex
1. The second simple sentence explains the meaning of the first one (relation of explanation). Before the second sentence, you can put the words namely, that is.
Wed: A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(Pushkin). - A terrible thought flashed through my mind, namely: I imagined it in the hands of robbers.
Note!
A colon is required if the first sentence of an asyndetic compound sentence contains the words so, such, such, one etc., the specific content of which is disclosed in the second sentence.
My custom is this: signed, so off my shoulders(Griboyedov); I'll tell you only one thing: you can not sit idly by(Chekhov).
2. The second simple sentence complements the content of the first (additional relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert the conjunction what.
Wed: I knew: the blow of fate will not bypass me(Lermontov). - I knew that the blow of fate would not bypass me.
Note!
Sometimes there are verbs in the first sentence look, look, listen and etc.; phrases raise your eyes, raise your head and others, warning of further presentation. In this case, between the parts of the union-free sentence, you can insert not just a union what, but a combination of words: and saw that; and heard that; and felt that etc.
Wed: I looked out of the wagon: everything there was darkness and whirlwind (Pushkin). - I looked out of the wagon and saw that everything was dark and whirlwind; He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey(Chekhov). - He thought, sniffed and felt that smells like honey.
3. The second simple sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first sentence (causal relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert a causal conjunction because.
Wed: Now everyone is in the house had a stern expression: the earthquake was not good(Tynyanov). - Now everyone in the house had a stern expression, because the earthquake was not good; Birds were not heard: they do not sing in the hours of heat(Turgenev). - Birds were not heard, because they do not sing in the hours of heat.
Dash in unionlesscomplexThe offer is made in the following cases:
1. The second simple sentence contains an unexpected attachment, an indication of a rapid change of events. Before the second sentence, you can insert the words and suddenly, and unexpectedly, and suddenly, and immediately:
Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Krylov). - The cheese fell out, and suddenly there was such a cheat with it; The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life, laughed(M. Gorky). - The wind blew, and at once everything trembled, came to life, laughed.
2. In the second sentence of a complex non-union sentence, opposition is expressed. Unions a, but can be inserted between simple sentences.
Wed: I would be glad to serve - it's sickening to serve(Griboyedov). - I would be glad to serve, but sickening to serve; He is the guest, I am the host(Bagritsky). - He is the guest and I am the host.
3. The second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion. Words can be inserted between parts therefore, then, as a result.
Wed: I'm dying - I have nothing to lie(Turgenev). - I'm dying so I don't need to lie; I would go to the pilots - let them teach me(Mayakovsky). - I would go to the pilots, so let them teach me.
Note. If the meaning of the consequence is not expressed intonationally, a comma is put instead of a dash, for example: Man is not a needle, we will find(Chekhov).
4. The first sentence contains the meaning of time or condition. You can put unions before the first part when, if.
Wed: Cats gnaw - mice have freedom (proverb). - When cats gnaw, mice are free; There will be rain - there will be fungi (Pushkin). - If it rains, there will be fungus.
Note If the second sentence in the unionless a complex sentence begins with a particle like this, then a comma is put instead of a dash, for example: Give everyone for vodka, so you yourself will soon have to starve(Pushkin).
5. The second sentence contains a comparison. Between simple sentences, you can put unions as if, as if.
Wed: Says the word - the nightingale sings(Lermontov). - Says a word like a nightingale sings.
6. The second sentence in a compound non-union sentence has an adjunctive meaning and begins with the words so, such, such:
An order is an order - that's how he was raised(Vorobiev).
The second sentence has a connecting meaning and you can put the word this before it (sometimes this word is in the sentence itself):
Plan for parsing an union-free complex sentence
- Indicate the type of compound sentence (union-free compound sentence).
- Indicate how many parts the non-union complex sentence consists of (highlight the grammatical foundations).
- Indicate the meaning (semantic relationship) between the parts of the non-union sentence. Justify the punctuation mark (comma, semicolon, colon, dash).
- Build a diagram of an asyndetic complex sentence.
Sample parsing
The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Krylov).
Unionless complex sentence; consists of two simple parts: 1) the oak is holding; 2) the reed fell to the ground; grammar basics: 1) the oak is holding; 2) the reed fell. The second sentence contains a contrast (you can insert a union between the parts a: The oak is holding on, and the reed has fallen to the ground). Therefore, a dash is placed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence.
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opposite