An important part of the knowledge of any language is its orthoepy. This is the science that studies pronunciation. After all, it is she who gives the answer to the question of how to correctly place the stress in various occasions. In the absence of such knowledge, competent oral speech will not be possible. Incorrectly placed stress not only makes a person awkward and funny in the eyes of his interlocutors, but also seriously complicates his communication processes, because in the end the word can simply change its meaning.
What is word stress?
Word stress is the emphasis of one syllable in a word with the help of voice. The pronunciation of stressed vowels requires a special tension of the organs of speech, as well as phonation.
Advice
To understand where the stress should be, you need to pronounce the word interrogatively. The syllable pronounced with the greatest force is called stressed.
Types of stress
syntagmic stress
It singles out one or another word in the composition of the syntagma. There is also a phrasal stress that highlights the syntagma in a phrase and a logical stress. It emphasizes a word in order to emphasize its dominance over others in a particular context.
word stress
Word stresses have their own subspecies. Their separation is made taking into account exactly what means or methods of staging are used in a particular case. They are different for all languages. For example, today they distinguish tonic stress, when the stressed syllable is pronounced with a higher or lower tone. There is a noisy and forceful accent, when the power of sound plays the main role. As for the quantitative stress, it is provided due to the time of its sounding. Simply put, the duration changes in the right place. This subspecies is also called quantitative. A qualitative variant of stress is the loss of reduction by a vowel sound. You need to understand that in the same type of stress, several variations of acoustics can be combined with each other at once. Yes, and in different words from one sentence, the stress may appear more pronounced, or vice versa, almost not be noticed.
Accent notation
In addition to a number of features related to staging, there are also different ways their designations. For example, if we talk about the international phonetic alphabet, then it is supposed to indicate stress with a vertical line, or a line from above, right before the syllable. In Russian, stress is sometimes indicated by the icon "acut", it is placed directly above the vowel. For English alphabet in the course of a stroke at the very end of the stressed word. In some of the dictionaries, stress is indicated only by a combination of bold type with a capital letter.
Stressed syllables in Russian have a much longer pronunciation compared to other parts of the word. As for the height of the highlighted vowel, it can change. There are many languages among the world's languages where the stress is always stable and fixed. A striking example of this is French speech, which always highlights the last syllable in a word, but only when it is pronounced separately. If this is a whole phrase, then all words, except for the finishing one, will be unstressed. Only the last syllable in the rhythmic group will be highlighted. There are no such regularities for the Russian language. The stress in Russian phrases can fall on any of the syllables. Moreover, it can even change in word forms. Therefore, correctly placing stresses is rarely easy. And if a person is not a native speaker, he will make mistakes and this is inevitable.
Stress for individual words
Often there are difficulties in the word "cottage cheese". Some pronounce it with an emphasis on the first "o", others - on the second. The term itself, denoting this fermented milk product, was pronounced differently at different times. And the dictionaries of the nineteenth century described the norm, where the stress is the second syllable. While the linguist Dahl still insists on the first. No less textbook example of frequent and incorrect pronunciation should be considered the word “ringing”.
Conclusion:
In Russian, it is not so easy to correctly place the stress, as it seems. In addition to the basic rule, there is also a list of words that it is desirable to simply memorize and not make mistakes in pronunciation in the future.
Stress in Russian
Features of stress in Russian
(continuation)
Separate conversation about ra require unstressed words. Service words and particles, as a rule, do not have an accent in Russian. Some of them are monosyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, b yva yut with pre-stressed words, the so-called proclitics. They are approx yk they are pronounced in pronunciation to the following independent words with stress: on the water, on the road, from the forest, along the ut I.Others are monosyllabic particles, which are ut Xia enclitics, that is, post-stress words. They are adjacent in pronunciation to the previous word, having eat have a hit.: someone came, tell me, I promised, you opened the door, will they come neither .In these combinations, the particles then, ka, after all, the same, whether become enclitics.
Sometimes an excuse takes a hit. on se b I, then the significant word following it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, they pull the blow on themselves. pre d logs FOR, FOR, UNDER, ON, FROM, WITHOUT.
ON THE - on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the ear,
BUT winter, for a year, for a house, for a floor.
But such a transfer of the stressed vowel is not always oi coming off. We are speaking go to the mall(but not on the pier), climb the hill(but not on the hill), decree
be on the door(but not on the door), run aground(but not stranded).
Transferring stress to a preposition, according to the norms of orthoepy, is possible en when the combination of a noun with a preposition is part of a stable about company or when it appears in the adverbial meaning and has an adverbial character. In the same case ae , when it is important to highlight the noun as the object to which the action is directed, and when it is a noun but e acts as a supplement, a blow. does not go over to the suggestion. For example:
believe in a word, but: turn inward
ima reference to the word "transformation";
to lower the ship into the water, but: because of the sun glare, it hurts to look at the water;
this person is unclean in his hand, but: in his hand b yla bandage applied;
put the load on her shoulders, but: he put his palms on her shoulders;
move the hat on the nose, but: put the juggler l on nose cardboard cylinder;
the old man is deaf in the ear, but: the mother looked at the boy's ear.
We will say take sin upon the soul. It's stable chi vy turn, and blow. fixed in it. But you can't say: so much production falls on
shu population.We are speaking fall like snow on a goal
ov y. This is also a phraseological unit in which the emphasis is traditionally placed on a preposition. But you can't say: he threw the horse
fe tti on the heads of friends.
Often the stress in Russian is shifted si are used on the preposition NA when combined with numerals: nA two, nA three, nA five, nA ten, nA one hundred, nA two, nA three. But if there are two numerals nearby with the value of approximation, such a movement is a blow. not about comes out: leave for two or three days, for five or six months, for two or three days. pronunciation n
BUT two-three, na three-five
- incorrect. The preposition remains unstressed even in that case cha e, when two numerals are connected by the union OR: for two or three days, for five or six months, for two or
three days.
Stress is not transferred in Russian yk e on a preposition and when there is a clarification with the first numeral. Compare: leave for two months - leave for d
VA months and ten days; business trip for a year - business trip for a year and three months; meet cha scheduled for three hours - the meeting is scheduled for three hours and thirty minutes.
Finally, it should be said that sometimes the content No text suggests the need to save the beat. on a significant word, and not transfer it to pr units log. In a conversation about the work of the famous Russian composer, it was about the suite for two Russian ie themes (not on two). The facilitator highlighted the word two to draw attention to it it orii.
BEHIND - for a leg, for a hand, for a winter, for a soul, for a mountain one , for a night, for a day, for two, for three, for five, for seven, for forty.
But here are the same restrictions:
hide your hands behind your back - hide
that to sit behind the back of the mother;
grab by the hands - grab by the hands and n O gee;
you can get there in two hours - behind two hours and forty minutes.
ON - on the forest, on the field, on the floor, on the su, two by two, three by three, one hundred, two by two, three by three.
Doesn't take a hit. on a preposition when combined eg about with numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten... fourty and complex numbers tel nym eleven, twelve, five hundred, six hundred, etc.: for five hours, for six days, for nine rubles
le y, forty kopecks.
The stress is not transferred in the description nn above cases:
two or three plates, five or six
be Human;
for two or three days, for two or tr And the day;
for two or three days, for three from to fishing another day;
two centners, but two and three ten you x centner.
UNDER - Under the feet, under the arms, down the mountain, p
One nose, in the evening.
FROM - AND from home, from the forest, from sight, from n
os u.
WITHOUT - without a trace, without a year
de la, to no avail.
FROM- hour From hour, year From year, From
ro du.
Some two-syllable prepositions are always are unsuccessful. These are BECAUSE, FROM UNDER and prepositions with a fluent O: POD, NECESSARY, OBO, OTO, FROM - because of LE sa , from under the table, under me, about me, from everyone, from everyone.
Weak words are the words that then rye, although they have an accent in the phrase, but weaker than that of independent words. I call this accent t p casual. Weak words are many adverbial prepositions, such as AFTER, AROUND, PASS, AROUND, OPPOSITE, Across, EYE LO other. That only a weakened blow falls on these words is clearly felt when compared with fr the basics in which these words, used as adverbs, become carriers of the normal hit.:
mother stood behind the children - the river ost
al ass at the back;
the train raced mi mo fields - a car about ex ala past;
he waved after the bus - people what-then shouted after;
we will come after an hour - we will come to you after;
there was a spring near the house - it’s enough to go to district yes Approx.
Collateral stress (or second penn oe) is indicated by the sign "gravis", in contrast to the main blow., indicated by the sign "acute". Side kick. usually has the preposition THROUGH: etc squat oh thicket, through thickets, through fog. Always carries a side blow. etc. e Dlog EXCEPT: everyone gathered except me; take nothing boring with you, except for books; except for birches, there were and l ips.Some g lag ol forms and introductory words IT WAS, IT HAPPENED, SO IT WAS: I would like to take up reading; sid We also ate, being a lo, in the evenings they talked together; Was he about to leave?
However, one should not get involved in side effects. and accents. If the speaker's speech is sustained at a moderate pace, the pronunciation of unstressed words - from the second P with a hard hit., and weakly stressed words - with a normal hit. will create excessive emphasis, to about which only complicates the perception of speech and interferes with the listeners.
Words with side accent attracted to s b e Special attention. For the most part, each independent word to them her t just one hit. But there are words with a large number of syllables and complex in composition, which also have och Noah blow. This is mainly:
words formed by compounding two basics: all-metal, cranial, perpetual release;
words with some f xami of foreign origin: a
anti-clerical, ultra-reactive, super-blog, remilitarization;
compound words: ze msnarYad
, R A IS COUNCIL, o bllit, energy supply, party conference
.
If there are two stresses in a word, then the main stress will be t is located closer to the end of the word, and closer to the beginning is a side. Also has a chen ie and the distance of the main blow. from the beginning of the word: horse-hating man, passing time denomination, chl o cleaner .
Commonly used compound words, if they are not licks usually do not have collateral stress: vacuum cleaner, drain, garden, water supply, black lake m, grateful, far-sighted, surveyor, centuries-old . No side kick. are pronounced and so common with lo wah, how earthquake, agricultural other.
Side stresses often appear in kn other stylistic coloring words: ( cursing your crime, book depository) and in special layers wa x :( electr o newAcuum, galva noacoustics, radio reportAzh, film script, photo correspondent, shaft lift mn ik).
It happens when a compound word is formed by wording the main blow. moves closer to the center of the word and ends up on the wrong syllable then ry falls in a word used independently. So we say:
fighter - but a hammer, sva
fuck Oets;
wave - but short-wave, d whether newwave;
FACTORY - BUT ELECTRONIC Ods cue;
FOREST - BUT SMALL sn th;
imported - but long-range Oz ny;
wired - electrically wired;
seller - but book seller;
raftable - but timber-rafting;
creator - but verse t thief;
ear - but about ear;
color - but one-color.
Compound adjectives and compound pores decimal numbers, in the first part of which there are 3, 4, from 11 to 20, as well as 30, 40, 50, 60 ... 100, are often pronounced with two stresses (according to boc noe - in the numeral): one 11 meter, fifteen meter
and liter, seven ten kilometers, nine hundred years old, one hundred thousandth.
With two side kicks. on lane in oh part and with the main stress on the second part, compound words are pronounced four hso pipes, electric machines construction, and in
volume oh the driver
.
Always have a side kick. complex layers wa , written with a hyphen: co ntr-admiral, cabin t-company, cape-tent, i xt-club.
Collateral stress may fall on some at st avki: SUPER-, AFTER-, INTER-. But here, too, the degree of use of the word plays a role. For example them er, with a side kick. words are spoken by post-harvest, post-surgical, post-natal in about th. But it is missing from the words the day after tomorrow, the afternoon, afterword. And in words with prefixes INTER- to SUPER - side impact. always set: international, interbranch, interplanetary; sve R DEEP, SUPER MOBILE SUPER SPEED .
Collateral stress is necessary so that the right silt but to pronounce the corresponding vowels in the word. If you say the word ho zmag without secondary impact., then oh but will sound like this: hazmac. The listener may not guess the meaning of such a lo va. Hence the side kick. performs an important semantic function. In addition, it also plays an important role and list role. The appearance of a secondary blow. where it is not required, evidence tv et about colloquial style, for example: about hostel, seven hundred, nine hundred. In addition to the invalid colloquial env ace ki, such excessive stress makes speech tedious and difficult to sp iyatiya.
Visual and expressive possibilities accents are widely used yatsya in journalistic and works of art. The author gives persons already have a striking characterization, showing the originality of his kick. and pronunciation. There are social c ional, professional affiliation of the character and the degree of his education. But, in a stylistically neutral speech, digression n ie from literary norms is unacceptable. Normative word stress contributes to the correct perception and action tv the value of the sounding word.
Highly important role in Russian, stresses play, indicating a change in intonation in what is said and changing the meaning of the spoken words. Stress is able to emphasize the main and secondary in speech. Its absence shows the inexpressiveness of speech and lack of emotion in experiences. These conditions, in turn, are indirect symptoms of psychological diseases or deviations in the speech apparatus, delays in its development. Therefore, it is very important to know what stress is, its types, and also be able to correctly apply it in Russian. This definition refers to the branch of phonetics that deals with the study of sounds in language and speech.
Definition
What is an accent? This is the sound and intonation selection of a certain speech component. On this basis, they are as follows:
- Logical stress - highlighting words in a syntagma.
- Syntagmatic - highlighting the syntagma in a phrase.
- Word stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.
It is with the latter type that we have to deal with constantly. phrases implies the unmistakable placement of stresses in individual words.
Types of stress
Stresses are subdivided according to the method of extracting a syllable from a measure or a word:
- Power (dynamic) stress - the selection of a syllable occurs with the help of exhalation force.
- Tonic - the selection of a syllable occurs with the help of a movement of the tone of the voice.
- Quantitative - the selection of a syllable occurs with the help of a long sound.
- Quality - there is a change
Usually the accents are not absolutely pure, one type, as a rule, is accompanied by another. However, one of them is predominant.
In English, Czech, Russian and other languages, dynamic stress is usually found. In turn, tonic stress is more common in Chinese, Lithuanian and some other languages.
Dynamic stress is weak and strong. In Russian, a strong dynamic is common. To pronounce the stressed syllable, force is used, which is pushed out by a stream of air from the lungs. Unstressed syllables change and weaken, because they no longer have enough exhalation force. When the sound of unstressed syllables changes, this process is called reduction.
Place of stress
It is very important to be able to correctly place the stress in any word, as it can be placed in different places. On this basis, distinguish:
- Fixed - it is located on a specific syllable.
- Free, which is otherwise called heterogeneous. It can fall on any syllable in a word, since it is not associated with any particular place in the word. This stress is used, for example, in Russian and English language.
In turn, free stress is divided into two subtypes:
- Free permanent. It should be noted that such stress falls all the time on the same syllable in various forms a certain word. Most Russian words have, as a rule, constant stress.
- Free mobile. It is known that such stress falls on different syllables in different forms of the same word. For example: pi-shu and pi-shesh.
Free mobile stress in Russian is a phonological means and performs a semantic-distinctive function. For example: za-mok and za-mok.
As a rule, each word in Russian has one stress. Sometimes some independent, as well as auxiliary words do not have their own stress and are adjacent to some neighboring word as enclitics and proclitics.
Enclitics include some particles: tell me. Sometimes some independent words can be attributed to them: take by the hair.
Proclitics include particles, conjunctions, monosyllabic prepositions. Certain monosyllabic prepositions in combination with some nouns can pull the stress onto themselves, while the next word becomes unstressed. For example: by the hand, without a trace.
Three-syllable and two-syllable service words can be weakly stressed or unstressed. Words that are formed by adding more than two bases are called polysyllabic. They, as a rule, along with one stress can also have a secondary one. The main stress always falls on the stressed syllable of the last stem of such a word, and the side stress falls at its beginning. For example: radio broadcast. Compound words that are small in volume do not have collateral stress: gardener.
Consistent use of stress in a word
In the given grammatical forms, linguistic dictionaries, in non-monosyllabic headings, in texts for foreigners studying Russian, as well as in non-monosyllabic heading words of various reference books and dictionaries, the stress mark is consistently used. This allows you to learn and read words correctly.
Selective use of stress in a word
Selectively, the accent mark is also used in ordinary texts. It is used correctly in the following cases:
- Used to prevent incorrect word recognition. For example: I’ll find out, roads, later.
- It is used to set the correct stress in words that are poorly known: yukola, Fermi.
- Used to prevent mispronunciation of the word: grenadier.
The correct or erroneous placement of stress in words can significantly distort the meaning of what was said, along with the incorrect use of punctuation marks.
To task number 4 "Orthoepic norms"
Stress rules for nouns.
1. Words of foreign origin, as a rule, in Russian they retain the place of stress, which they had in the source language. In English, stress is most often on the first syllable, while in French it is on the last.
Therefore, English borrowings sound like this:
GENESIS, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT, PORTER;
and French like this:
engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, parterre, music stand, chassis.
2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, the stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.
3. In compound words with the second part -the wire at general meaning"a device for transporting some substance or energy" the emphasis falls on the root -water-
:
gasoline pipeline, water pipeline, garbage pipeline, light pipeline.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.
4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.
5. In verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) to confess - faith
provide - provision.
6. In some nouns, the stress is fixed and remains on the root in all cases:
airport - airports
bow - bows - with bows
accountant - accountants
X - with X - X - X
crane - cranes
lecturer – lecturers – lecturers
cake - with cake - cakes - cakes
scarf - scarf - scarf - scarf.
7. In a noun minion the stress falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the accent on -BAL- falls:
spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled.
Stress rules for adjectives.
1. In some adjectives, the stress is the same as in the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum - plum
KITCHEN - KITCHEN
sorrel - sorrel.
2. The stressed syllable of the full form of some adjectives remains accented and in short form:
beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful
unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.
3. In some frequent adjectives with mobile stress, it falls on the root in full form - in the singular and plural; and also in the short - in the masculine and neuter. In the feminine short form, the stress goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
4. If the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slim - slimmer.
If the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.
Stress rules for verbs.
1. Emphasis on past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.
2. In another group of verbs, the stress in all forms is motionless, and in the feminine of the past tense it passes to the ending:
take - took, took, took, took
lie - lied, lied, lied, lied.
took A, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, got, waited, waited, took, locked, locked, called, was called, lilA, poured, lied, tore, called, poured, narwhal, began, drenched, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, responded, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.
3. For verbs put, steal, sneak, send, send, send
accent in the form past tense feminine DOES NOT fall on the ending, but stays on the base:
put, stole, stole, sent, sent, sent.
The exception is verbs with shock prefix YOU-, which always drags the accent:
lila - poured out, stole - stole.
4. In verbs ending in -IT, when conjugated, the stress falls on the endings: -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT/-YAT:
turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through
bleed - bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed.
Verbs are conjugated in the same way:
call, exclude, endow, lean, litter, call, lighten, encourage, cheer up, borrow, surround, repeat, call back, call, drill, strengthen, pinch.
5. In the following verbs ending in -IT, the stress does NOT fall on the ending:
vulgarize - vulgarize
become aware - become aware.
6. In verbs, formed from adjectives, the emphasis usually falls on -IT:
fast - speed up, sharp - sharpen, light - lighten, vigorous - encourage, deep - deepen.
BUT: verb embitter, formed from the adjective evil, does not obey this rule.
7. In reflexive verbs the stress in the past tense often changes to an ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs):
start - started, started, started, started
to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.
Rules for placing stress in participles.
1.AT real participles past tense with suffix -VSh- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that is in the word before this suffix:
ignite vsh yy, nali vsh oh, look vsh uy.
2. In passive participles past tense formed from verbs bend, bend, bend
the accent falls on the prefix:
bent, bent, bent.
3. In the brief passive past participles of the feminine gender the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, filled, encouraged, removed, created.
4. If the stress in full form falls on the suffix -YONN-
, then in the short form it is preserved only in the masculine gender, and in other forms it passes to the ending:
enabled - enabled, enabled, enabled, enabled
delivered - delivered, delivered, delivered, delivered
populated - populated, populated, populated, populated.
The participles change in the same way:
endowed, brought down, encouraged, disabled, repeated, shared, tamed.
5. In full forms of participles with a suffix -T-
formed from verbs with suffixes -O- and -WELL- in the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
weeding - polo t th, stab - stab t th, bend - bend t th, wrap - wrap t th.
Rules for placing stress in adverbs.
1. Participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the infinitive of the verb from which they are formed:
to ask - having asked, to fill in - a bay, to take - to take, to start - to start, to raise - to raise, to undertake - to undertake, to create - to create.
2. In gerunds with a suffix -VSh-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that precedes these suffixes in the word:
beginning in, otdA in, lift in, profit in, beginning lice s.
Rules for placing stress in adverbs.
1. On the console BEFORE- the stress falls in the following adverbs:
top, bottom, dry.
BUT: white, utterly.
2. On the console BEHIND- the emphasis falls on the words:
ahead of time, dark, dawn.
BUT: envy - enviable.
What rules do you need to know in order to choose the correct option for placing stress in words?
AT USE assignments according to orthoepic norms, the most common are nouns, adjectives, verbs and participles. Moving stress makes it difficult to correctly set the stress. So let's start with nouns. Let's exclude what we will not dwell on.
Firstly, you will not meet equivalent and acceptable pronunciation and stress options (thinking and thinking; cottage cheese and cottage cheese).
Secondly, commonly used words just need to be learned and pronounced correctly not only in the exam, but also in life.
Paragraph, agent, alibi, analogue, watermelon, arrest, athlete, bows, dishes, gas pipeline, blessing, fear, hyphen, contract, document, associate professor, leisure, nap, confessor, gospel, blinds, vent, clog, malice, sign, icon painting, invention, refinement, tool, spark, confession, rubber, quarter, self-interest, vine, aches, medicines, youth, ordeal, intention, illness, dumbness, provision, adolescence, plateau, portfolio, sheet, percentage, pullover, purple, revolver, belt, beetroot, silo, convocation, funds, customs, dancer, strengthening, chain, gypsy, porcelain, expert.
Thirdly, there are few rules. Judge for yourself.
1) If words with the root -log- are offered, then know that it is stressed: dialogue, catalog, epilogue, obituary. Exceptions are “analogue” and words that name professions and occupations: philologist, biologist, archaeologist.
2) If the word ends in -mia, then [o] is under stress: astronomy, economy, except for term words (anemia, metonymy).
3) If the word has a second part -mania or -aria, then [a] is under stress: drug addiction, anglomania; seminary, cooking, veterinary medicine.
Let's turn now to adjectives. They have a short form and mobile stress, which is influenced by gender and number. And here the rule is practically the same: if the adjective is in the form of a feminine gender, then the ending is stressed: bad, fast, young, expensive.
The neuter and plural forms require an accent on the stem: bad, fast, young, expensive; bad, fast, young, expensive. There are a number of adjectives that have 2 options, and yet the accent on the stem is considered preferable.
The ending is always stressed in adjectives-exceptions: funny, heavy, hot, light, equal, dark, warm, smart, black, good.
Funny, funny, funny; heavy, heavy, heavy, etc.
Verbs and their forms predominate in test items. Remember that the prefix - you is always percussion (jump out, lay out), and the root - ringing - is always unstressed (phone, call, call).
In the infinitive verb, the stress most often falls on the suffix: bestow, splash, seal.
Past tense verbs with and without prefixes have mobile stress, which also depends on the gender and number of verbs. In the feminine form, the stress ending (waited, removed, accepted), and in the neuter gender and plural, the stem is stressed (waited, waited, understood, understood).
Verbs are considered exceptions: put, sent, stole, sent.
Note that the prefixes for-, for-, pro-, so- also like stress (took, took, took).
Exceptions are those verbs in which the stress falls on the root: called, called, called; tore, tore, tore.
For full participles, the suffixes -ann- and -yann- are unstressed (broken, scattered). The suffix -enn- is unstressed at the participle, if in the form of the future tense the stress is on the basis (you will wake up - awakened), and the suffix -enn- occurs only if in the form of the verb of the future tense the emphasis is on the ending (bring in - brought in).
With short participles easier. We look at the full form, if there is a suffix -yonn-, then in the short form -yon- (brought - brought), another option is possible (given - given away, given away, given away, BUT given away).
Prefixes pull the accent!
Named - named, named, named, named.
Collected - collected, collected, collected, collected.
In the feminine and neuter, as well as in the plural, the stress is always on the ending (brought, brought, brought).
There are many adverbs in tests. There are no uniform rules for the pronunciation of adverbs, although some patterns can be found.
|
Stress on the first syllable |
Stress on penultimate syllable |
stress on the last syllable |
|
before dark gradually to death back simply |
utterly by force clean up backhand briefly |
nine locked up until late before light alert |