VVS movie how to survive in an emergency. How to survive in a disaster. Download video and cut mp3 - we make it easy

Most people, once in an emergency, are not able to do the only right thing that can save their life, stresses BBC Future correspondent.

At 7 pm on September 27, 1994, the ferry Estonia left the port of Tallinn and headed for Stockholm. There were 989 people on board. The ferry did not reach its destination. Six hours after sailing, with strong winds and stormy seas in the Baltic Sea, the bow ramp broke off under the action of a counter wave and the ship began to sink. Within an hour, the ferry disappeared under water. 852 passengers and crew members were killed.

Even taking into account the transience of the tragedy, the severe storm, and the lengthy time it took for rescuers to reach the crash site (the alarm was raised only half an hour after the ferry sank), emergency survival specialists were amazed by the sheer number of casualties. . It turned out that many of those on board died because they did nothing at all to save themselves.

“Apparently, some of the passengers, due to the horror that seized them, lost the ability to think rationally,” reads the official conclusion about the causes of the Estonia catastrophe. “People were paralyzed with fear, it was impossible to make them move. Some passengers, who were in a state of panic, apathy and shock, did not respond to attempts to show them the way to escape, even with the use of force or shouting.

What happened? John Leach, a combat survival instructor and researcher at the University of Portsmouth, UK, who studies people's behavior in extreme situations, knows the answer. Leach studied the actions of people who survived and died in dozens of disasters around the world over several decades (he even happened to be present at one of them - in a fire at London's King's Cross tube station on November 18, 1987, 31 people died ). He managed to find out that in life-threatening situations, about 75% of people are so lost that they cannot reason sensibly and try to escape. Their minds seem to be paralyzed. On average, only 15% of all those who find themselves in an extreme situation remain relatively calm and the ability to think rationally and are able to make decisions that can save their lives (the remaining 10% are simply dangerous - they “fly off the coils” and only interfere with others, reducing their chances for salvation).

Stories that describe cases of survival in catastrophic situations usually tell just about these 15% and what exactly helped them to avoid death. But Leach believes this is the wrong approach. In his opinion, one should ask why so many people die despite the fact that they have a real opportunity to escape. Why do so many people give up prematurely or fail to adequately respond to what is happening?

Leach believes that to survive even in the most catastrophic situations, special skills are not required - you just need to know what to do in such cases. “My job as an instructor is to teach people how to survive on the battlefield. My job as a psychologist is to teach people not to die,” he says.

Emergency exit

Scientists have not always had a clear understanding of exactly how we behave in emergencies. Experts who developed evacuation procedures in the last century believed that people would immediately respond to an alarm, the smell of smoke, structural vibrations in a building, or an unusually steep ship.

However, as the experience of recent decades has shown, getting people to act quickly is not at all easy. On August 22, 1985, 55 people died on board a Boeing 737 passenger plane that caught fire on the runway at Manchester Airport. The airliner, bound for the Greek island of Corfu, had an engine failure during takeoff. In its report on the causes of the crash, the British Air Accident Investigation Bureau notes: “The most striking aspect of this accident is the fact that, although the aircraft did not manage to leave the runway and stopped in a position that allowed fire brigades to quickly extinguish an external fire, it led to 55 deaths. The key question is why the passengers were not able to get off the board quickly.”

Often, the risk of death is increased not because of panic and crowding at emergency exits, but precisely because people refuse to panic.

One of the most sobering examples of passive crowd behavior recorded in recent times is the situation that developed inside the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, after hijacked passenger airliners crashed into them. It would seem that the survivors should have immediately rushed to the nearest exits. But most of those inside, on the contrary, chose to ignore what had happened. Those who eventually managed to get out before the towers collapsed headed for the stairs an average of six minutes after the planes hit, and some remained in their places for a good half hour. These are the findings from a study National Institute US Standards and Technology (NIST).

Unable to comprehend what was happening to them, people either continued to go about their business or lingered to see what would happen next, and waiting for someone else to leave the workplace first.

According to one study of the events of that day, up to half of all those who escaped from the towers were delayed before evacuating - someone made phone calls, someone cleared papers from the table and locked the office door. People visited the restrooms, wrote emails, turned off computers or changed shoes. One woman, who usually cycled to work, even returned to the office to change into her cycling suit before leaving the building.

survival mode

The most common scientific explanation for this behavior—passivity, mental paralysis, or ignorance of what is happening—is that a person's inability to adapt to sudden changes in the environment is to blame. Our survival depends on goal-oriented behavior: when we feel hungry, we look for food, and when we feel lonely, we look for company.

Usually the tasks we face are quite simple (we know where to find food or company). But in a new, unfamiliar situation, especially in a stressful situation (a sinking ship or a burning plane), setting tasks that will ensure survival - finding a way out and getting to it - requires a much more serious conscious effort.

“Emergency situations often develop so quickly that our brains can't handle them,” Leach explains. Our ability to find options for salvation has not kept pace with the rapid pace of events. Jerome Chertkoff, specialist in the field social psychology from Indiana University, uses slightly different wording: “In a life-threatening situation, emotional excitement increases, as a result of which people limit the number of options considered for further action. This circumstance can negatively affect decision-making - a person may simply not take into account the option that is most likely to lead to salvation.

It becomes clear why in extreme conditions people often do not do seemingly obvious things. Most experts agree that the only reliable way to deal with your own inhibition in emergency- prepare in advance for this situation.

"Practice makes things automatic so you don't have to think about what to do when you need it," says Chertkoff. Experts advise marking the location of fire exits when going to the movies (and imagining how you will get to them if necessary), carefully reading the evacuation instructions in hotel rooms, and always listening to the airplane safety briefing from beginning to end, as no matter how often you use air transport.

“Every time I board a ship, the first thing I do is find out where the lifeboat I'm assigned to is, because there won't be time for that in an emergency,” Leach says. Usually people are saved not because they are braver and more heroic than others, but because of better preparation.

What to do with those around you? No matter how well prepared you are, one factor in an extreme situation will always remain beyond your control - the behavior of people around you. It turns out that here, too, scientists adhere to a theory that is different from the generally accepted opinion and media reports.

Journalists love to paint chaotic and aggressive behavior crowds of people in an extreme situation - whether it's a crush in a crowd of pilgrims, people strangled in a mass of bodies at a football match, or pandemonium during a stampede to the exits in a burning nightclub. In fact, such events are rare. Research shows that in most cases, people are more likely to help each other in a crisis than to interfere. “In emergencies, cooperation is the norm,” says Chris Cocking, who studies crowd behavior at Brighton University in the UK. “Self-interested behavior doesn’t show up sharply, and others don’t allow it to spread.”

An example is the London transport suicide bombings on 7 July 2005, which killed 52 people and injured more than 700. Metro passengers then spent several hours locked up in smoky tunnels, not knowing whether they would be rescued and whether new terrorist attacks should be expected. Despite the chaos of what is happening, people for the most part demonstrated high level cooperation and mutual aid, as survivors interviewed by Cocking, John Drury of the University of Essex, and Steve Reicher of the University of St. Andrews testify. Psychologists call this reaction the term “collective resilience”; it is characterized by mutual assistance and unity of a group of people in the face of danger.

Stronger Together

Drury, Cocking, and Reicher have documented many examples of collective resilience. In 2008, they interviewed survivors of 11 major emergencies over the previous four decades, including the 2001 Ghana stadium stampede in which 126 people died trying to escape through locked doors, and the crash of a cruise ship Oceanos off the coast of South Africa in 1991 (which miraculously saved more than 500 people). In each of these cases, group solidarity prevailed over manifestations of selfishness. Cocking believes that people's tendency to help each other in extreme situations increases the overall chances of survival. “The best tactic for the individual is to submit to the interests of the group. If everyone acts on their own - and such situations are rare - then the effectiveness of the evacuation of the group as a whole is reduced, ”he says.

However, certain situations can be so disorienting for some people that they lose their ability to cooperate. Here is an example of how different people can behave in the face of mortal danger. when their lives are at stake - as part of the international Atlantic Odyssey regatta, an Anglo-Irish rowing team in January 2012 attempted to cross the Atlantic from east to west in a record 30 days. After 28 days, a stray wave capsized their boat 800 km from their final destination in Barbados. According to Mark Beaumont, who was one of the six members of the crew, the entire crew would have drowned if several people had not begun to dive under the inverted hull, releasing the life raft from the mounts and alternately pulling the emergency buoy, GPS tracker, satellite phone, reserves fresh water and food.

deep shock

But not all team members behaved rationally. “A couple of the guys went into a really bad shock,” Beaumont recalls. One of them could hardly utter a word. He just closed his eyes and turned away from what was happening. Later, the man, an experienced rower, explained to Beaumont that he was overwhelmed by what had happened: “This situation was simply not up to me. I thought that the best thing I could do is to hide in the corner of the life raft so as not to disturb anyone, close my eyes and wait until everything ends - death or salvation.

Chances are you'll never have to get into extreme situation. But it does not hurt to imagine such a development of events, not forgetting that the dangers still exist and that you can prepare for them in advance without falling into paranoia. “You just need to ask yourself a simple question: what will I do first in case of an emergency? Leach says. “Once you find the answer, everything will fall into place. It's very simple."

How to survive in an emergency? This is a whole science! It's not enough just to be interested. This needs to be experienced many times, trained, studied. But a few important and not complicated tips on how to behave and how you can help in an emergency - everyone should know. This knowledge can be useful if you suddenly need to hold out for some time before the arrival of rescuers, urgently stop the blood or treat the wound with improvised means. How to behave in order not to risk your life will be discussed in this article.

1. Don't go missing.
If you are going to go somewhere, go hiking in some mountains, etc. - tell at least two of your buddies or friends about it. It will not be superfluous to mention for what period of time you are going there. If something happens to you and you do not show up after this time, then the rescuers will know where to look for you.

2. If there are a lot of people around.
If you are going to a place where a large crowd of people is expected, the main rule in this case is to know all the entrances and exits. In the event of an emergency, people usually panic and try to leave the place through the main entrance. After all, it was through him that they all came. Try to find and study the evacuation plan. Find out where the back entrance is, if there is one, and what other entrances - exits are available. This information will increase your chances of staying alive and well if any danger occurs.

3. If a gun is pointed at you.
Remember - only in the movies you can knock out a gun aimed at you from a distance of 2 - 3 meters. Do not try to do this in reality! An armed man will still shoot if you twitch even a little. And it is not known where the bullet can hit. Therefore, in this situation, the main thing is to keep calm and balance. Look the threatening person in the eye - this is important. If they threaten, it does not mean that they will kill. Be calm and do what is asked of you. According to statistics, quiet and calm people live longer.

4. Stairs and steps.
Going down the stairs, many people were injured due to the fact that their hands at that time were not holding a handrail or railing, but a smartphone. Or even in their pockets.

5. Whistle and mirror.
These items will help a lot if you are going to the forest. In case you get lost, know that the sound of the whistle will be heard much further and louder than your hoarse voice. And with the help of a small mirror, you can "beep" them for several kilometers. Learn to give such signals, suddenly come in handy.

6. 333.
Everyone should know this rule. Three triples that will help you prioritize and prolong life. A person can live 3 minutes without air, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food. Therefore, if there are no problems with air, then the first thing you need to do is provide yourself with water, and food - then somehow and someday.

7. Keep warm at all costs.
Hypothermia, or more simply - hypothermia, is a bad factor in a critical situation. Therefore, it is important to keep warm by any means. Never use alcoholic beverages for this unless there is and will not be a source of heat nearby.

8. Pure water.
Any water can be used for drinking. Of course, it is desirable to boil it first or, at least, filter it. The simplest device for this: charcoal and fabric in several layers. Pass water through this filter several times, then boil, if possible, and only then drink.

9. Snow.
You can't drink snow to quench your thirst. You risk damaging your throat or the lining of your mouth. It is desirable to melt the snow to the state of water, even cold.

10. Potatoes.
It is quite possible to survive on one potato. Not to "live", namely to "survive" for a short time.

11. Condoms.
They can be used to store water. Condoms stretch well and are strong enough. Just before taking water into them, remove grease from their surface.

12. Women's pads.
Sanitary pads come in very handy if you need to bandage a wound. They perfectly absorb blood, prevent the development of bacteria and microbes. The pad should be placed on the wound, wrapped over with a cloth or suitable material.

13. Glue - moment.
Can be used instead of a patch. Suitable for small scratches and cuts, but not for large wounds.

14. Apple cider vinegar.
Vinegar does little to kill germs. Much weaker than alcohol, of course. But still better than nothing.

15. Baking soda.
Can be used in small fires as a dry powder fire extinguisher. Baking soda also removes some odors and stains from clothes. But you should not count on it too much in serious situations when it really comes to life.

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Image copyright getty

Most people, once in an emergency, are not able to do the only right thing that can save their lives, the correspondent emphasizes.

“Apparently, some of the passengers, due to the horror that gripped them, lost the ability to think rationally,” reads the official conclusion on the causes of the Estonia catastrophe. “People were paralyzed by fear, it was impossible to make them move. Some passengers, who were in a state of panic, apathy and shock , did not respond to attempts to show them the way of evacuation, even with the use of force or shouting.

What happened? John Leach knows the answer - a combat survival instructor and researcher at the University of Portsmouth, UK, who studies people's behavior in extreme situations. Leach studied the actions of people who survived and died in dozens of disasters around the world over several decades (he even happened to be present at one of them - in a fire at London's King's Cross underground station on November 18, 1987, 31 people died ). He managed to find out that in life-threatening situations, about 75% of people are so lost that they cannot reason sensibly and try to escape. Their minds seem to be paralyzed. On average, only 15% of all those who find themselves in an extreme situation remain relatively calm and capable of rational thinking and are able to make decisions that can save their lives. (The remaining 10% are simply dangerous - they "fly off the coils" and only interfere with others, reducing their chances of salvation.)

Image copyright getty Image caption The bow of the sunken ferry Estonia, in the crash of which in 1994 more than 800 people died

Leach believes that to survive even in the most catastrophic situations, special skills are not required - you just need to know what to do in such cases. "My job as an instructor is to teach people how to survive on the battlefield. My job as a psychologist is to teach people not to die," he says.

Emergency exit

Image copyright getty Image caption Passenger behavior during a fire on board an aircraft at Manchester Airport in the 1980s. puzzled the experts

However, as the experience of recent decades has shown, getting people to act quickly is not at all easy. On August 22, 1985, 55 people died on board a Boeing 737 passenger plane that caught fire on the runway at Manchester Airport. The airliner, bound for the Greek island of Corfu, had an engine failure during takeoff. In its report on the causes of the accident, the British Air Accident Investigation Bureau notes: "The most striking aspect of this accident is the fact that, although the aircraft did not manage to get off the runway and stopped in a position that allowed fire brigades to quickly extinguish an external fire, it led to 55 deaths. The key question is why the passengers were not able to get off the board quickly."

Often, the risk of death is increased not because of panic and crowding at emergency exits, but precisely because people refuse to panic.

One of the most sobering examples of passive crowd behavior recorded in recent times is the situation that developed inside the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, after hijacked passenger airliners crashed into them. It would seem that the survivors should have immediately rushed to the nearest exits. But most of those inside, on the contrary, chose to ignore what had happened. Those who eventually managed to get out before the towers collapsed headed for the stairs an average of six minutes after the planes hit, and some remained in their places for a good half hour. These are data from a study conducted by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Familiarize yourself with the location of emergency exits in advance - in an emergency, you may not be up to it

According to one study of the events of that day, up to half of those who escaped from the towers were delayed before evacuating - someone made phone calls, someone cleared papers from the table and locked the office door. People visited restrooms, completed emails, turned off computers or changed shoes. One woman, who usually cycled to work, even returned to the office to change into her cycling suit before leaving the building.

survival mode

The most common scientific explanation for such behavior - passivity, mental paralysis, or ignoring what is happening - says that the reason for everything is the inability of a person to adapt to sudden changes in the environment. Our survival depends on goal-oriented behavior: when we feel hungry, we look for food, and when we feel lonely, we look for company.

Image copyright getty Image caption Sometimes people just can't comprehend what's happening to them.

"Emergency situations often develop so quickly that our brains can't handle them," Leach explains. Our ability to find options for salvation has not kept pace with the rapid pace of events. Jerome Chertkoff, a social psychologist at Indiana University, uses slightly different language: "In a life-threatening situation, emotional excitement increases, as a result of which people limit the number of options considered for further action. This circumstance can negatively affect decision making - a person may simply not take into account the option that is most likely to lead to salvation.

It becomes clear why in extreme conditions people often do not do seemingly obvious things. Most experts agree that the only sure way to deal with your own sluggishness in an emergency is to prepare for the situation ahead of time.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption The most important thing is to be prepared for an emergency

"Every time I board a ship, the first thing I do is find out where the lifeboat I'm assigned to is because there won't be time for that in an emergency," Leach says. Usually people are saved not because they are braver and more heroic than others, but because of better preparation.

Journalists love to describe the chaotic and aggressive behavior of a crowd of people in an extreme situation - whether it's a crush in a crowd of pilgrims, people strangled in the mass of bodies at a football match, or pandemonium during a stampede to the exits in a burning nightclub. In fact, such events are rare. Research shows that in most cases, people are more likely to help each other in a crisis than to interfere. "In emergencies, cooperation is the behavioral norm," says Chris Cocking, who studies crowd behavior at Brighton University in the UK.

Image copyright getty Image caption Paul Dage helps Davinia Tarrell, who was injured in the London Underground bombing and became a symbol of the July 7, 2005 attacks.

An example is the London transport suicide bombings on 7 July 2005, which killed 52 people and injured more than 700. Metro passengers then spent several hours locked up in smoky tunnels, not knowing whether they would be rescued and whether new terrorist attacks should be expected. Despite the chaos, people for the most part showed a high level of cooperation and mutual assistance, according to survivors of that tragedy, interviewed by Cocking, John Drury from the University of Essex and Steve Reicher from the University of St. Andrews. Psychologists call such a reaction the term "collective stability" (collective resilience); it is characterized by mutual assistance and unity of a group of people in the face of danger.

Stronger Together

Drury, Cocking, and Reicher have documented many examples of collective resilience. In 2008, they interviewed survivors of 11 major emergencies over the previous four decades, including the 2001 Ghana stadium stampede in which 126 people died trying to escape through locked doors, and the crash of a cruise ship Oceanos off the coast of South Africa in 1991 (which miraculously saved more than 500 people). In each of these cases, group solidarity prevailed over manifestations of selfishness. Cocking believes that people's tendency to help each other in extreme situations increases the overall chances of survival. "The best tactic for the individual is to submit to the interests of the group. If everyone acts on his own - and such situations are rare - then the effectiveness of the evacuation of the group as a whole is reduced," he says.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption What will you do first if you get into an emergency?

deep shock

But not all team members behaved rationally. "A couple of the guys were in a really bad shock," recalls Beaumont. Later, this man, an experienced rower, explained to Beaumont that he was stunned by what happened: “This situation was simply not up to me. eyes and wait until everything ends - death or salvation.

Most likely, you will never have to get into an extreme situation. But it does not hurt to imagine such a development of events, not forgetting that the dangers still exist and that you can prepare for them in advance without falling into paranoia. "You just have to ask yourself a simple question: what will I do first in case of an emergency?" Leach says. "Once you find the answer, everything will fall into place. It's very simple."

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