Types of unions in Russian are subordinating. Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in sp. Coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a subordinating relationship

UNION

Union- This service unit speech, which serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text. Unions do not change and are not members of the proposal.

Of Education unions are:

1) non-derivatives (primitives), that is, those that are not related by origin to other parts of speech: a, but, or, yes and;

2) derivatives (non-derivatives) formed by:

By connecting non-derivative unions: as if,

By connecting a demonstrative word from the main part and a simple union: in order to,

By connecting a union with a word with a generalized meaning: as long as,

Historically from other parts of speech: for now, though, to.

By structure distinguish unions:

1) simple, consisting of one word: ah, because, to;

2) composite, consisting of several components: since, while.

By use unions are divided into:

1) single (non-repeating): but, but, however, on the other hand;

2) repeating, which consist of the same parts ( neither...nor, that...that, or...or, either...or).

3) double (two-component) unions, parts of which are located at a distance with an obligatory or optional second part: not so much ... as, not only ... but also; if...then, when...then, barely...how.

According to the nature of syntactic relations, expressed by them, unions are divided into: 1) coordinating: and, and, but, even, but, however,;

2) subordinate: although, so that, if, therefore.

Coordinating conjunctions connect equal parts. They bind homogeneous members sentences, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.

Coordinating conjunctions, depending on the meanings conveyed, are grouped into ranks by meaning.

Classification of coordinating unions by meaning

Name	Unions	Examples
Connecting	and, yes (=and), also, also, neither ... nor and etc.	1. Grasshoppers crackle dryly, and* lulls, and worried about this whisper-crack(I. Bunin). 2. Peter got up too got up.*
Dividing	or, either, then ... that, not that ... not that and etc.	1. They harnessed the horse, threw two on the cart or three knots, a bed and a wooden trestle bed - that's all the household(V. Rasputin). 2. *That* cold, then* very hot, then the sun will hide then shining too bright*(I. Krylov).
opposing	but, but, yes (= but), however, but, the same and etc.	1. I will laugh with everyone a I don't want to cry with anyone(M. Lermontov). 2. They click on us, drive us home from the cold, but* we are not leaving*(V. Astafiev).
gradation	not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but, etc.	I.E. Repin has repeatedly stated that Leonid Andreev Not only* appearance, but also character reminds him of one of the most charming Russian writers - Garshin*(K. Chukovsky).
Explanatory	that is, namely, or (= that is) and etc.	He belonged to the number of young people who, at every exam, "played tetanus", i.e* did not answer a word to the questions of the professor*(I. Turgenev).
Connecting	yes and, moreover, moreover and etc.	When the exhausted musicians stopped playing, the excitement caused by the music disappeared and I felt that I was about to fall, yes and would have fallen if there had not been a timely stop for rest(V. Garshin).

Subordinating conjunctions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They connect mainly parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous members: The book is interesting, although a bit long.. Unions as, as if, as if, than connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of the sentence: In winter, the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.

The categories of subordinating conjunctions are varied in meaning.

Classification of subordinating conjunctions by meaning

Name	Unions	Examples
Explanatory	what, to, as if and etc.	1. It seemed what* multi-colored shreds are strewed on the ground(Yu. Olesha). 2. My goal was to visit Old Street*(I. Bunin).
Temporary	when, until, since, just, barely and etc.	1. In the frosty air the first chime of the bell rang out, when* Makar entered the hut(V. Korolenko). 2. So the hut will be twisted, Bye will not collapse at all or will not wait for a good owner*(V. Rasputin).
Causal	because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and etc.	And now it was difficult for a foreign stranger to fight with a simple local tune, because* she appeared to a blind boy, accompanied by all kindred Ukrainian nature*(V. Korolenko).
Target	in order to, in order to, in order to and etc.	1. Then, to to reward themselves for a dreary day, the passengers huddled together with the sailors in the wardroom(I. Bunin). 2. *In order to* to raise real men, you need to raise real women(V. Sukhomlinsky).
Conditional	if, if, if... then, whether and etc.	*If a* you will successfully choose a job and put your soul into it, then* happiness will find you*(K. Ushinsky).
concessions	despite the fact that although and etc.	1. There was no time to enjoy the view although* the look deserved it(Yu. Olesha). 2. The horse began to get tired, and sweat rolled down from him, despite the fact that he was constantly waist-deep in snow*(A. Pushkin).
Comparative	as, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc.	The flame appeared in one second, as if* someone let sunbeams into the crowd(Yu. Olesha). Comparative conjunctions can add a comparative turn: Thunder jumped as ball, and rolled in the wind*(Yu. Olesha).
Consequences	so	Everything goes according to plan, so act boldly.

These examples of subordinating conjunctions can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example: while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of and others (see above). Some unions are ambiguous and can be assigned to several categories, for example to(target and explanatory), when(temporary and conditional).

By syntactic properties, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a simple sentence and parts of a compound sentence. The formal feature of the coordinative union is that, being located between the connected components, it is not included in the syntactic structure of any of them. Whereas the subordinating union belongs to the subordinate part, together with which it can occupy different positions in relation to the main clause: When the detachment entered the city, the sun was setting→The sun was setting as the troop entered the city→ The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city.

Coordinating unions connect the components as functionally equal: when composing, neither the main nor the dependent part can be distinguished. At the same time, the homogeneity expressed by the coordinating union is not the same. It can refer to the syntactic level - the union connects the same members of the sentence: I will get a cat and a parrot; can be lexico-semantic - the union connects different forms with their common or the same type of referential orientation: talking with poets and about poets(V. Z. Sannikov); as well as communicative - the union connects functionally different members of the sentence: The rain is coming, and strong; She will return, but not soon - an adjective and an adverb attached to a sentence by a compound conjunction are also read as a sentence).

Coordinating unions are divided into: 1) connecting, 2) dividing, 3) adversative, in which gradation is emphasized, 4) connecting and 5) explanatory.

Connecting unions and, neither ... nor, yes(in meaning and), like... so. These unions express a connection that is not complicated by additional meanings, they are often used to indicate an enumeration: And my Matryona became neither a peahen nor a crow(Krylov); And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner years(Pushkin). The most abstract of the connecting unions is the union and, which, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, expresses the "pure idea of connection." Union and is not only used to express enum and join. Based on adverbs, particles, modal words (and then, and therefore, and consequently, and therefore, and yet, and yet, and yet), as well as the meaning of the combined parts, it can convey temporary, causal, concessive, conditional, adversative and conjunctive meanings.

Divisive unions or, either, that... that, not that... not that, or... or, either... or, either... either, or that, and not that express two main syntactic relations:

1) mutual exclusion meaning: Either she - a telegram - fell into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or she fell onto the path and was pulled away by some passerby ...(Gaidar),

2) precedence value: Either rain, then hail, then snow, like white fluff, Then the sun, shine, azure and waterfalls ...(Bunin); The storm covers the sky with darkness, Whirlwinds of snow twisting: The way she howls the beast, Then she cries like a child(Pushkin).

Opposing alliances ah, but, however, yes(in meaning but) are multi-valued, the context may modify their content; the main meaning of the union a comparative: Snow is still whitening in the fields, and the waters are already rustling in spring(Tyutchev), unions but, nevertheless, yes - adversative: She approaches - and in tears she looked at the noisy waters. She hit, sobbing, in the chest, In the waves she decided to drown - However, she did not jump into the water And continued on her way(Pushkin).

Gradational unions (they are also called double comparative unions) not only ... but also, not only ... but also, not only not ... but, not so much ... how much, not even that and others express comparison or opposition in terms of significance: He is not only handsome, but also talented.

Affiliating unions yes and, yes and that, (and) moreover, (and) moreover, also, also express additional information to what has been said: There was plenty of water, and besides, it was not spoiled.

Explanatory conjunctions namely, that is, or, somehow express explanation and clarification: They drank as usual, that is, a lot(Pushkin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys...(L. Tolstoy);

Domestic animals, namely cats, have a calming effect on a person; She is called that, that is, her nickname is Manilovka, and Zamanilovka is not here at all(Gogol).

Note. In some works, explanatory conjunctions are distinguished from coordinative ones and are recognized as lexemes that form a special type of syntactic relationship, intermediate between coordinating and subordinating relationships.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions attach subordinate clauses to the main clauses of a complex sentence. Some subordinating conjunctions are also used in the construction of a simple sentence. Yes, union as can be placed before the nominal part compound predicate: House as a courtyard or enter into a modus operandi: Like smoke dissipated dreams(Lermontov), union to can attach the circumstance of the goal expressed by the infinitive: Gathered to discuss a plan of action. Wed: We met to discuss a plan of action.

Subordinating conjunctions are usually divided into semantic and asemantic. The latter include unions that attach subordinate explanatory sentences: what, how, to, as if. They are usually compared with grammatical cases, since with the help of explanatory conjunctions such syntactic places are often replaced, in which there may be a grammatical case. (The noise of the wind is heard, It is heard that the wind seems to be rustling; Spring is dreaming. Spring is dreaming; I remembered what happened. I remembered what happened). Like grammatical cases, explanatory conjunctions express syntactic relations predetermined (given) by the semantics of the word (or word form) to which it refers subordinate clause. The explanatory union does not form the syntactic meaning of a complex sentence, but only expresses it.

However, it would be wrong to think that in terms of content, explanatory conjunctions are empty words. Explanatory conjunctions differ among themselves by the modal components of the meaning. Union to expresses the desired modality (tell me to come) as if - uncertainty (I see that someone is standing) that and as associated with real modality.

Semantic subordinating conjunctions have their own meanings. They define syntactic relations in the structure of a complex sentence.

Semantic unions are divided into groups according to their meaning:

1) temporary alliances when, before, after, just ... as, as soon as, just,

2) causal because, because, since, in view of the fact that, especially since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that;

3) conditional if, if... then, in case, in the event that, provided that, if and etc.;

4) concessions despite the fact that, although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of the fact that;

5) consequences so, resulting in;

6) goals so that, in order to, in order to, in order to, so that;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, as if, just as, as if, as if, as if;

8) comparative conjunctions that coincide with subordinating conjunctions on a formal basis, but in meaning are not opposed to coordinating conjunctions if ... then, while, meanwhile, how, then how, as, as, than ... that. For example, The fathers did not visit each other; she had not yet seen Alexei, while(= a) young neighbors only talked about him(Pushkin).

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:

1. Connecting unions: and, Yes (=and), and...and, neither...neither, too, also. Express the value of homogeneity, similarity in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations.

Still the grass is full of transparent tears,
And thunder rumbles in the distance.
(A. A. Blok)
"Hey Dunya! - the caretaker shouted, - put the samovar Yes go get some cream."
(A. S. Pushkin)

Recurring union neither...neither used in negation, strengthening it. Unions too and also along with the main meaning of the connection, shades of identification and attachment are brought in.

Daughter studied at home and grew up well, boy too studied badly.
(L. N. Tolstoy)

2. Opposing alliances .

The general meaning of opposition, incompatibility is manifested in two types of relationships: comparisons and contrasts. Comparison is expressed by unions a, same, opposition - unions but, but, but, Yes (=but), a, only.

People crossed flooded places without much difficulty, horses same got it again.
(V.K. Arseniev)
Heard the ringing Yes you don't know where he is.
The song over the house fell silent, but over the pond the nightingale started his own.
(V. G. Korolenko)

3. Dividing alliances or, or, or...or, or...or express relations of mutual exclusion, alternative, choice.

Or howling storms
You, my friend, are tired
Or dozing under the buzz
Your spindle?
(A. S. Pushkin)
Or the whole world went crazy or he, Valka, began to go crazy.
(V. I. Belov)

Union then...then relations are transferred alternation.

That truth breathes everything in it,
That everything in it is feigned and false!
(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Relations indistinction expressed by repeated conjunctions either...either, not that...not that.

Not that thoughts, not that memories, not that dreams wandered in Olenin's head.
(L. N. Tolstoy)

4. Comparative or gradation unions: as...so, Not only...but also, but...but, if not...then.

Siberia has many features as in nature, so in human manners.
(I. A. Goncharov)
We Not only before the coup but we entered it.
(A. I. Herzen)

Unions as...so, Not only...but also emphasize the mandatory nature of the connection, enhance the meaning of similarity, similarity.

5. Connecting unions: and, yes and, yes and...then. They serve to connect words in a phrase and sentence, add new information to the content. Lekant P. A. highlights " special connecting": and, besides, Besides, otherwise, not that, not that.

My sister was a good cook yes and sewed well.
Kashtanka ran back and forth and did not find the owner, meanwhile it was getting dark. (In the meantime, an affiliative union.)
(A.P. Chekhov)

6. Explanatory unions: i.e, namely, somehow, or. They express the relationship of refinement between the members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences.

I stayed here for a week i.e until Sunday or Monday.

Before starting to study the topic "Composing conjunctions", let's consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and copulas are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. In a sentence, they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.

Unions

Unions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are composing and subordinating.

Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.

Unions and their groups

By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day and the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his mouth. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder could not keep him from the trip. And first, and second, and the third was brought to the table without delay.

2. Nasty: but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father said a the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but warmly. Little, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building but not in a hurry to enter the entrance.

3. Dividing: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that. For example: Whether sun, either snow, either love, either no. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go ahead or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind then plucked the leaves from the trees, then branches were bent to the ground.

4. Comparative: like…and; not only but). For example: Guests as unexpectedly arrived so suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, but and in Kyiv.

5. Connecting: yes, and, also, also. For example: We are learning, adults are learning too. He laughed at us also became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too

Writing unions. Kinds

Differ:

Singles: but...

Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...

Double: like...and, not only...but also...

Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks

A comma is placed before the union and when it connects parts of a complex sentence.

before the union and the comma is not put if it connects two members of the sentence.

When repeating the union and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence connected by it.

Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was overcast, but there was no more rain. We went to the commandant a the son went into the room. Small spool, Yes roads.

Unions are written together: also, also, but. To make sure that also, also, but unions, you need instead too, also substitute union and, but instead but- union but. If such a stand is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.

Coordinating conjunctions: examples

1. I too wrote, but Same(pronoun then and particle same) while listening carefully.

2. Poet also sang well. They all same way(adverb So and particle same) every day waiting for letters from children.

3. Hide for that(pretext behind and demonstrative pronoun then) wood. Worked a lot but all finished.

Conclusion

Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.