The letter Ch, h (called: che) - is present in all Cyrillic Slavic alphabets(in Bulgarian - 24th, in Russian - 25th, in Belarusian - 26th, in Ukrainian and Serbian - 28th, in Macedonian - 29th); some non-Slavic peoples also use it in their scripts.
In the Church and Old Slavonic alphabets, it is called “worm” (ts.-s.) or “worm” (s.-s.) - this word denoted not only worms, but also moths. Usually in the Cyrillic alphabet, the 26th (in the c.s. alphabet) or the 27th (in the s.s.) is considered in order, it looks like and corresponds to the number 90 (although at first the Greek symbol “Ҁ, ҁ ”(koppa); 28th in a row in the Glagolitic, has a form and denotes the number 1000.
Usually the origin of these two letters (as well as Ts) is associated with the Semitic letter "tsadi" or "tsade" (cf. with the Hebrew symbol for this letter, which was used in the beginnings and middles of words: צ).
Of the existing variants of writing the letter Ch in Cyrillic, it should be noted the cup-shaped old (similar to the Latin letter Y) and its form in the bosanchitsa, which looks like a Latin v or even a modern Russian U (capital letter); the letter H looked like a "koppa" - Ҁ in the fonts of F. Skaryna.
Pronunciation
In Russian, historically, the letter Ch was pronounced as a single sound, i.e., a deaf front-lingual palatal hissing fricative /ɕ/. Now the letter Ch is pronounced as a voiceless affricate: in Russian it is always soft / tɕ /, but in most other Slavic languages, having Cyrillic writing, generally always or often hard /tʂ/. Russian phonetic transcription traditionally used the symbol [h] to convey the combination of sounds /tɕ/, although there are also variants [t'sh'] or even [tsch] in the literature.
ZCH, MF, ZHCH, SHCH, ZDCH, SCH
The letter combinations “zch”, “sch”, “zhch”, “shch”, “zdch”, “stch” are usually pronounced in Russian as a long [sh̅ ’] (/ɕː/) (by analogy with the letter “u”).
The letter combination "ch" was traditionally pronounced as [shn] (/ʂn/), but now this pronunciation is preserved only in rare words (for example, on purpose), in other words at the same time (for example, exactly), [ch] was established (/tɕn/). The peculiarities of pronunciation of the combination of the letters "ch" were influenced by dialectal differences: more often [shn] can be found in Moscow speech and it was the norm in Old Moscow speech; for the pronunciation of St. Petersburg, [ch] is more typical.
The pronunciation [shn] in such words as boring (and boring), scrambled eggs, on purpose (and [ch] on purpose, i.e. “messenger”), eyeglass case, of course (but [ch] in words derivatives from the word "finite": the algorithm will work of course, the lifetime of the particle is finite), birdhouse; in derivatives of male personal names of the 1st declension (Ilya, Kuzma, Nikita, Foma, etc.) female patronymics ending in -ichna: Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Nikitichna.
It is not obligatory, but it is allowed to pronounce [shn] in the following words: milky, creamy, decent (variations are possible here depending on the semantics: this is an orderly person, and the other is an orderly bastard [shn] th), capped, penny , comic, buckwheat, bottle, mustard (and mustard plaster), bakery, loser, laundry, shopkeeper, triplet, dog lover. In other cases, it is preferable to pronounce [ch].
The letter combination “th” in such a pronoun as what and in its derivatives (nothing, to and others, except for something) is pronounced as [pcs] (/ʂt/), in all other words (including something) it is pronounced as [th] ( /tɕt/).
PM, CC
The double letter "hh" (found in borrowings, for example, capriccio) is pronounced single, i.e. it is correct to pronounce not /tɕtɕ/, but /tːɕ/, while there is a pause in the sound /tː/ between closing and opening, and in general, the sound can occur more slowly and distinctly. The combination "tch" is pronounced similarly: patronymic.
Letter spelling
In the orthography of the Russian language, the choice between cha / cha, che / cho, chyu / chu, chy / chi, che / che is not dictated by pronunciation, but by formalized rules and considerations of a historical and etymological order. Usually spelling chu, cha, che, chi; the opposite of them chu, cha, che, chy is almost impossible, although it is found in borrowings (Chengdu, Chyurlionis, Truong) or is used for aesthetic reasons: for example, O. N. Chumina (poetess, late 19th - early 20th centuries) was published under the name "Chyumin". Quite complex rules determine the choice between what and what; in
in some cases, changing che to cho changes the meaning of the words: liver (small oven) - liver (liver). In surnames, a double spelling is common: -chov / -chev, and, from the point of view of the modern current spelling, the form with o is more correct, but it is less common. formal rules the choice between whose and h is also given (unless the separating soft sign: bullish, draw): with whom they write mainly indefinite forms(burn, lie down, cut) and forms of imperative moods of verbs (cry, poke, hide,), as well as feminine nouns singular. numbers are named. and blames. cases - (speech, daughter) and adverbs formed from them (midnight, jump).
Application
H stands for hour, a unit of time.
H - "time H" - some specific time
H - in recipes, in the abbreviation of the word "part" (volume or mass part - understood from the context)
H - in the designation of a series of steam locomotives.
The alphabet of the Russian language has a long history. And although this is a well-known truth, few people know who and when invented it.
Where did the Russian alphabet come from
The history of the Russian alphabet plunges into deep antiquity, during the times of pagan Kievan Rus.
The command to create the Russian alphabet came from Emperor Michael III of Byzantium, who instructed the monk brothers to develop the letters of the Russian alphabet, later called Cyrillic. This happened in 863.
The Cyrillic alphabet went back to the Greek script, but since Cyril and Methodius came from Bulgaria, this land becomes the center for the spread of literacy and writing. Church Greek and Latin books began to be translated into Old Church Slavonic. After a few centuries, it became exclusively the language of the church, but played important role in the formation of the modern Russian language. Many consonants and vowels have not survived to this day, since this Russian alphabet has undergone many changes. The main transformations affected the alphabet during the time of Peter and during the period October revolution.
How many letters are in the alphabet?
However, it is interesting not only who invented the Russian alphabet, but also how many letters it contains. Most people, even in adulthood, doubt how many there are: 32 or 33. And what can we say about children! There is every reason for this. Let's dive into history.
AT Old Slavonic alphabet(in the form in which it came to us in written sources) there were 43 letters. Subsequently, 4 more letters were added, and 14 were removed, since the sounds they denoted ceased to be pronounced or merged with similar ones. In the 19th century, the Russian historian and writer N. Karamzin introduced the letter "yo" into the alphabet.
For a long time, "E" and "Yo" were considered one letter, so it was customary to think that there were 32 letters in the alphabet.
Only after 1942 they were separated, and the alphabet became 33 letters.
The alphabet of the Russian language in its current form is divided into vowels and consonants.
We pronounce vowels freely: the sound passes through the vocal cords without obstacles.
Consonant sounds for their creation require obstacles on the way. In modern Russian, these letters and sounds are in the following ratio, while the number of sounds and letters will be different:
- - sounds: vowels - 6, consonants - 37;
- - letters: vowels - 10, consonants - 21.
If you do not go into details and say briefly, this is due to the fact that some vowels (e, e, u, i) can mean two sounds, and consonants have pairs of hardness-softness.
By spelling, uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished:
Their writing is associated with the need to highlight proper and common nouns in the text (capitals are used for the latter, as well as for writing words in general).
Learning the order of letters
Even if your baby knows what the letters are called, closer to school age there is a problem associated with the fact that you need to remember the letters in order in the alphabet. Most children confuse letters for a long time and cannot put them in the right order. Although helping a child is very simple. There are several ways to do this.
Photos and pictures for babies
Pictures and photos with letters can help you learn the alphabet. You can download them on our website, print, stick on thick cardboard and engage with your child.
What can be useful pictures and photos attached to the designations of letters?
Beautiful design, bright colors will surely attract the attention of kids. Children are interested in everything unusual, colorful - and learning goes faster and more exciting. The Russian alphabet and pictures will become best friends in the lessons for kids.
Cards with letters of the Russian alphabet. 
Colorful alphabet for kids. 
Black and white Russian alphabet for coloring. 
Russian alphabet in pictures for children. 
Table with cards of the Russian alphabet. Another option is a table of letters with numbers, numbers
It is also easy to download and print it on the site. A numbered list of letters for children can make it much easier for those who can count to learn the order of the alphabet. So the guys remember firmly how many letters are in the alphabet, and the accompanying photos and pictures that the table includes help build an associative array. So someone came up with a great idea - to learn the alphabet with pictures and photos.
Russian alphabet with letter numbering. Educational cartoons
No one will argue with the fact that all children love cartoons. But after all, this love can be put to good use and learn the alphabet with the help of specially created educational cartoons. They include excerpts from Soviet cartoons, bright designations of letters, pictures, songs. Musical accompaniment makes children hum and rhyme the alphabet, and this way it is remembered much faster.
— "Alphabet in cartoons"
You can watch this cartoon here:
This is a great video tutorial for kids. There is not only writing and reading letters, but also excerpts from cartoons, images of what words mean for a particular letter, etc. The kid will have no choice but to memorize the song and the order of the letters.
- "Learning letters: the alphabet in verse"
You can watch this cartoon here:
In addition to colorful cartoons, melodic musical accompaniment, the cartoon "Learning letters: the alphabet in verse" offers simple verses that are easy to remember and tell the kid which letter in the alphabet is next.
- "ABC for kids" studio Berg Sound
This is a great cartoon for those children who are already familiar with the alphabet and are trying to read. Here we learn the alphabet and the rules for writing words with the Computer and its assistant File. They tell the kids, using the example of words, how to read, and what place the letters occupy in the alphabet, as well as how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. This is a fascinating cartoon designed for 30-40 minutes, so you have to be patient. But for children, it will not be needed: the material is presented in a playful way, and the children do not get bored.
You can see the cartoon here
- "Learning letters with the cat Busya"
You can download the cartoon here
The main character is the cat Busya, who came out of the illustrated primer to show the children how the letters look and read. The cartoon has not only colorful drawings, but also musical accompaniment. Cat Busya reads short poems dedicated to a single letter.
- "Learning the Russian alphabet"
It will be easy to watch this cartoon here
It is a viewing of an illustrated primer, and a male voice pleasantly and slowly reads small poems dedicated to letters.
Thus, learning the alphabet should be interesting for children, then they will quickly and easily master the material. Learning in a fun and non-intrusive way! This is the main key to success. You can download the video on our website or print pictures, buy books for children in the store or manuals that speak the alphabet on batteries. Paste over all available places in the apartment with letters and tables with the alphabet. Education should merge into life itself, and then it will become imperceptible to the child, but as effective as possible.
Name. Intellectual exercise "25 letters"
purpose.
The procedure of group psychological training. Participants are shown a table with 25 letters for a short time, then from memory they should make words from these letters.
Participants are shown the following table for 30 seconds:
The leader turns away the sign, leaving it in his hands. The task of the participants is to visualize this table, and then find words that can be made up of the letters that are nearby. That is, moving from one letter to the next, located on the right, left, above or below, then further, you can find new words, except for those five that help to remember the table.
An example can be given:
Here in the word "ARENA" there is a letter "H". Moving down and then to the left, we get the word "NOSE".
According to the conditions, you can return to the same letter several times. So you can get this long word as "RHINO" (it is better not to talk about this word to the participants).
If participants find it difficult to name new words for a long time, you can again show them a table for five seconds. Participants can talk to each other.
At the end, you can demonstrate the table again so that the participants can find the words, already relying on a direct visual image.
1. Intellectual exercise "25 letters" [Electronic resource] // A. Ya.. 16.01.2013..html (16.01.2013).