In this lesson, you will learn about the relationship of man with other animal species. Find out the systematic position of the species Homo sapiens in the modern classification of living beings, get acquainted with the features that unite us with other mammals. We will also consider the features of the structure of our body, which distinguish a person from other animals and make our biological species unique and inimitable among other unique species.
Man, as a living being, is part of the animal world. Our species belongs to the phylum Chordates, the subtype Vertebrates, the class Mammals, the subclass Placental mammals, the order Primates, the family Hominids, the genus Man, and the species Homo sapiens (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1. The place of man in the system of living organisms
The fact that our species belongs to the Animal kingdom is convincingly proved by our morphology, cytology and physiology.
Belonging to the type of Chordata is visible at the stage of intrauterine development. The human embryo has a notochord, a neural tube located above the notochord, a heart located on the ventral side under the digestive tract.
The belonging of a person to the Vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of the notochord by the spine, the developed skull and jaw apparatus, as well as two pairs of limbs (Fig. 1) and the brain, consisting of five sections.
Rice. 1. Human and frog skeletons have similar features that are characteristic of all vertebrates
The presence of hair on the surface of the body, five sections of the spine, a four-chambered heart, a highly developed brain, sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands, as well as warm-bloodedness, make it possible to attribute a person to the class of Mammals.
The development of the fetus inside the mother's body in the uterus and its nutrition through the placenta - to the subclass of placental mammals.
The presence of grasping forelimbs, in which the first finger is opposite to the rest of the fingers, nails, well-developed clavicles, as well as the change of milk teeth in the process of ontogenesis and the bearing of, mainly, one cub, makes it possible to classify a person as a Primate. At the order level, the resemblance between humans and other animals ends.
The features that distinguish the Human family from other primates are unique to humans. In the family People there is only one genus Man, in which there is only one modern species Homo sapiens.
Consider the features that distinguish humans from other animals.
First of all, it is a higher nervous activity. A person has a developed second signaling system (see the lesson of grade 8, Higher nervous activity), which is responsible for the perception of speech, as well as well-developed logical thinking, memory, and abstract thinking. These abilities arise due to the developed cerebral cortex. Humans have the largest ratio of brain mass to body mass among all animals.
The second difference is the features of the skeleton responsible for true upright posture. Our spine has 4 curves that optimally transfer the weight of our upright body to the legs (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. The human spine is adapted to true upright posture
And the legs have arched feet that withstand the load when running and jumping (see video).
A flexible hand, in principle, is characteristic of many primates, but only in humans has it reached such flexibility that it makes it easy to manipulate both small and heavy objects.
Moreover, the movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, to embroider or write (see video).
Upright posture, developed hands and a powerful brain allowed man to produce tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spears - on the left) and modern (space satellite - on the right) man
Some birds and other primates are able to use found tools, such as stones and sticks. But none of them is able to make a special tool for themselves.
The second signaling system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No flock of animals is capable of such subtle and effective interaction as human society (see video).
Thus, from the biological standpoint of taxonomy, a person is an animal from the order Primates. It has all the tissues and organ systems characteristic of other primates.
The human genotype differs from the genotype of the closest great apes, such as bonobo pygmy chimpanzees, by one percent. At the same time, a person, unlike animals, has a developed abstract thinking, is able to produce and use tools. He exists in a society in which there is a division of labor and which is governed by speech.
Bibliography
- A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, grades 10-11. - M.: Bustard, 2005. Download the textbook from the link: ( )
- D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p. (
In this lesson, you will learn about the relationship of man with other animal species. Find out the systematic position of the species Homo sapiens in the modern classification of living beings, get acquainted with the features that unite us with other mammals. We will also consider the features of the structure of our body, which distinguish a person from other animals and make our biological species unique and inimitable among other unique species.
Man, as a living being, is part of the animal world. Our species belongs to the phylum Chordates, the subtype Vertebrates, the class Mammals, the subclass Placental mammals, the order Primates, the family Hominids, the genus Man, and the species Homo sapiens (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1. The place of man in the system of living organisms
The fact that our species belongs to the Animal kingdom is convincingly proved by our morphology, cytology and physiology.
Belonging to the type of Chordata is visible at the stage of intrauterine development. The human embryo has a notochord, a neural tube located above the notochord, a heart located on the ventral side under the digestive tract.
The belonging of a person to the Vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of the notochord by the spine, the developed skull and jaw apparatus, as well as two pairs of limbs (Fig. 1) and the brain, consisting of five sections.
Rice. 1. Human and frog skeletons have similar features that are characteristic of all vertebrates
The presence of hair on the surface of the body, five sections of the spine, a four-chambered heart, a highly developed brain, sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands, as well as warm-bloodedness, make it possible to attribute a person to the class of Mammals.
The development of the fetus inside the mother's body in the uterus and its nutrition through the placenta - to the subclass of placental mammals.
The presence of grasping forelimbs, in which the first finger is opposite to the rest of the fingers, nails, well-developed clavicles, as well as the change of milk teeth in the process of ontogenesis and the bearing of, mainly, one cub, makes it possible to classify a person as a Primate. At the order level, the resemblance between humans and other animals ends.
The features that distinguish the Human family from other primates are unique to humans. In the family People there is only one genus Man, in which there is only one modern species Homo sapiens.
Consider the features that distinguish humans from other animals.
First of all, it is a higher nervous activity. A person has a developed second signaling system (see the lesson of grade 8, Higher nervous activity), which is responsible for the perception of speech, as well as well-developed logical thinking, memory, and abstract thinking. These abilities arise due to the developed cerebral cortex. Humans have the largest ratio of brain mass to body mass among all animals.
The second difference is the features of the skeleton responsible for true upright posture. Our spine has 4 curves that optimally transfer the weight of our upright body to the legs (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. The human spine is adapted to true upright posture
And the legs have arched feet that withstand the load when running and jumping (see video).
A flexible hand, in principle, is characteristic of many primates, but only in humans has it reached such flexibility that it makes it easy to manipulate both small and heavy objects.
Moreover, the movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, to embroider or write (see video).
Upright posture, developed hands and a powerful brain allowed man to produce tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spears - on the left) and modern (space satellite - on the right) man
Some birds and other primates are able to use found tools, such as stones and sticks. But none of them is able to make a special tool for themselves.
The second signaling system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No flock of animals is capable of such subtle and effective interaction as human society (see video).
Thus, from the biological standpoint of taxonomy, a person is an animal from the order Primates. It has all the tissues and organ systems characteristic of other primates.
The human genotype differs from the genotype of the closest great apes, such as bonobo pygmy chimpanzees, by one percent. At the same time, a person, unlike animals, has a developed abstract thinking, is able to produce and use tools. He exists in a society in which there is a division of labor and which is governed by speech.
Bibliography
- A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, grades 10-11. - M.: Bustard, 2005. Download the textbook from the link: ( )
- D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p. (
, atavisms, vestiges, embryological, disease, chordates, vertebrates, hominids, people
Type of lesson: study and primary consolidation of new knowledge.
Pedagogical technology: modular education.
Methods and techniques: cooperation in a small group, independent work with the text and drawings of the textbook.
Equipment: textbook, ed. D. V. Kolesova, manuals for students, table forms, pieces of paper, simple pencils, workbooks.
Lesson Objectives: educational: to form knowledge about the relationship of man with animals; to teach to explain the kinship of man with animals; developing: improve the skills of independent work with the textbook; educational: develop communication skills with each other and the teacher; continue building self-esteem skills.
Lesson plan
1. Organizational moment.
2. UE - 0. Statement of the cognitive task.
3. UE - 1. Input control.
4 . UE - 2. Learning new material based on knowledge from the previous course of animal biology.
5. UE - 3. Study and primary consolidation of the studied material.
6. UE - 4. Output control.
7. UE - 5. Summing up the lesson.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. UE - 0. Statement of the cognitive task.
Teacher. You have teaching aids on your tables (Appendix 1). Check out the information provided in the manual. What information do you think can be extracted from it?
Students. The manual is an instruction for this lesson. You can find out what we will study in the lesson, in what sequence, type of work, goals of each stage. You can evaluate your work.
Teacher. Familiarize yourself with the content of the learning element - 0. Do you have questions about the purpose of the lesson? Do you understand what knowledge and skills will be formed in this lesson? If everything is clear, then we proceed to the solution of the problem of educational element-1. Familiarize yourself with the content of the learning element - 1. What questions do you have?
If there are no questions, follow the instructions of the task.
The purpose of this stage of the lesson: to recall the methods of proving the relationship of living organisms.
Record the date and topic of the lesson in your notebooks. Read and complete the task: establish a correspondence between science and the subject of its study. Write the answer as a sequence of letters, each letter separated by a comma. The form of work is individual. Notes in notebooks. Task completion time - 5 min.
1. Anatomy
2. Physiology of organisms
3. Embryology
Science subject
A. Functions of organs and the body
B. The study of embryonic development
B. The structure of organs and the body
Teacher. Pay attention to the screen. You see the correct answer to the question. Check each of your work. The rules for evaluating work are given in your training manual. Write the scores in your notebook. For the correct answer 2 points. If 50% of the work is done, then 1 point.
UE - 1. C, A, B
Teacher. Proceed to the tasks of the next stage of Learning Element-2.
Purpose: to determine the methods by which a person's belonging to certain systematic groups is established.
2. Analyze what you read.
4. Prepare to defend your work.
Form of work: cooperation in a small group. Distribute the following roles: commander, secretary, consultants. Select a task according to the role performed.
Groups are created on request. The teacher must control the distribution of students into groups, since the composition of the groups should be approximately the same. The time spent on creating groups is 1-2 minutes.
Fill in the table given in Appendix 2 with a simple pencil. Duration of work - 15 minutes.
Teacher. Attention. Let's move on to the next step in the lesson.
Purpose: to substantiate the choice of methods for proving the relationship between humans and animals.
1. Name the methods for proving the relationship between humans and animals.
2. Explain the choice.
The response of the group is evaluated by the teacher on a five-point scale. Frontal work.
Each group answers the question about a certain systematic group along the chain. Sample answers are given in the table.
Methods for proving the relationship of a person with various groups of animals
Systematic group of animals |
Methods for proving the relationship of man with animals |
Rationale |
| 1. Kingdom Animals | Comparative - anatomical | Atavisms, rudiments |
| 2. Type Chordates | Embryological | similarity of embryos |
| 3. Subtype Vertebrates | Comparative - anatomical | The similarity of the structure of the skeleton, circulatory and nervous systems |
| 4. Class Mammals | Comparative - anatomical, physiological |
The similarity of the structure of the lungs, heart, the presence of a diaphragm, constant body temperature, breastfeeding with milk, gestation in the uterus |
| 5. Order Primates | Comparative - anatomical | Similarity of structure: flat nails, five-fingered limb, hand structure |
| 6. Hominid family | Physiological | Same diseases |
| 7. Kind of Man | Comparative - anatomical, | |
| 8. View Homo sapiens (all people are of the same species) |
Comparative - anatomical, physiological, embryological |
The similarity of the structure, functions of organs, embryonic development |
Teacher. Familiarize yourself with the goals and objectives of the learning element-4. Please read the instructions for submitting your answer carefully. Do you have any questions about answering? If there are no questions, get to work.
Objective: To do a test. Duration of work - 4 minutes. The form of work is individual.
1. Complete the task according to the options.
Mark the correct statements with a “+” sign and the incorrect ones with a “-” sign. Write your answer as a sequence of mathematical symbols.
1. Man belongs to the type Chordates.
2. Man belongs to the Vertebrate type.
3. Species Homo sapiens is one of the species of the animal kingdom.
4. Rudiments - this is an example of a comparatively - anatomical group of evidence of the relationship of man with animals.
5. Modern man belongs to the species Homo sapiens.
1. Man belongs to the order Primates.
2. Man belongs to the subtype Vertebrates.
3. Man belongs to the class Vertebrates.
4. Atavisms - this is one of the examples of a comparatively - anatomical group of evidence of the relationship of man with animals.
5. The presence of a diaphragm is one of the proofs that a person belongs to the class Mammals.
Students. Carry out the task.
Teacher. Attention. We finish the work. We check the work. For each correct answer - 1 point. The correct answers are given on the board.
UE - 4. Option 1. + - +++; Var. 2.++-++
Teacher. Complete the tasks of the last stage of the lesson.
2. Select homework from the table.
Grades for the lesson and homework
Homework |
||
| Well done! Prepare a message |
The emergence of man as a biological species is the result of a long evolutionary process and is associated with the historical development of the animal world. Man in himself combines the fundamental features of the structure and life that animals are characterized by. But unlike them, he has significant features, including highly developed thinking, consciousness, creative activity, articulate speech, which arose as a result of a person’s labor activity and his social relations. The anatomical and physiological features of modern man distinguish him into a special biological species - Homo sapiens (homo sapiens).
In addition to the signs in common with animals, a person has structural features inherent only to him:
- upright posture;
- spine with four curves;
- arched foot with strongly developed first toe;
- very mobile skeleton of the hand, and especially the hand;
- very mobile shoulder joint, allowing rotational movements with a span of almost 1800;
- the location of the pelvis at an angle of 600 to the horizontal plane;
- strongly developed muscles of the lower extremities;
- a large volume of the brain skull in comparison with the facial part of the skull;
- powerfully developed cerebral hemispheres with a large area of the cortex (about 2400 cm2);
- binocular vision;
- limited fertility;
44. The ratio of biological and social factors in the development of man at various stages of anthropogenesis. The value of human biological heritage for social development and determining the health of people.
Usually, the following stages of human evolution are distinguished:
1. The oldest stages of hominization - the origin of the genus Homo.
2. The evolution of the genus Homo before the emergence of modern man.
3. The evolution of modern man.
The first stage of anthropogenesis is purely biological evolution. At the second stage, the action of the social factor, which is dominant at the third stage, is connected to the elementary factors of biological evolution.
Stage of anthropogenesis
1. A skilled person - Homo habilis highly developed australopithecine or the first member of the genus Homo.
The first creature to consciously make tools for labor and hunting: the first still roughly processed stone pebbles were repeatedly found along with the remains of this creature. It was the Skillful Man who stepped over the invisible boundary separating the genus Homo from all other biological beings - he took the first step towards subordinating the surrounding nature to himself. The tools that the Handy Man made were almost all quartz, and quartz was not found in the parking lots of these people. They brought it from a distance of 3 to 15 km. This proved that the Handy Man really was a man. He preselected the stone for his tools. None of the animals not only does not pick up raw materials for their tools, but does not even think of splitting a stone in order to make it sharp, to turn it into a tool. However, unlike the later species of Homo, they were careless with the tools they made themselves, and after use they simply threw them away. Scientists conducted a series of studies and came to the conclusion that the Handyman's hand was capable of work. She possessed a force grip of greater power. None of the monkeys have such abilities. At the same time, the oldest of the representatives of the new genus, Australopithecus anamensis, descended directly from Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4-4.1 million years ago, and 3.6 million years ago gave rise to Australopithecus afarensis, to which the famous Lucy belongs.
2. Archanthropes (earliest people): Homo erectus - Homo erectus(Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus), Homo erectus differed from its predecessors in height, straight posture, human gait. The average height of synanthropes was about 150 cm for women and 160 cm for men. The hand was more developed, and the foot acquired a small arch. The bones of the legs changed, the femoral joint moved to the center of the pelvis, the spine received a certain bend, which balanced the vertical position of the torso. Proceeding from these progressive changes in physique and growth, the most ancient man got his name - Homo erectus.
3. Heidelberg man (lat. Homo heidelbergensis)- a fossil species of people, a European variety of Homo erectus and the immediate predecessor of the Neanderthal. Representative of archanthropes. Found below. jaw (massive, without a chin protrusion, generally similar to a monkey) with a full set of teeth, to-rye, both in size and in shape and structure, are close to human. Usually, H. h. is combined with Pithecanthropes, Sinanthropes, and other ancient people into one species - Homo erectus (Homo erectus).
Speech (primitive, consisting of separate cries). The presence of speech centers, which appeared for the first time in H. habilis, also suggests the development of a second signaling system. in these adaptations, along with the factors of biological evolution, social factors also played a significant role: the joint production of shelters, tools and the use of fire.
4. Paleoanthropes (ancient people) Neanderthal man - Homo neanderthalensis
Considered as a subspecies of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Speech (advanced forms such as babble). Complex forms of collective activity (driven hunting), caring for others. Getting fire. They were characterized by a dense muscular build with a small stature (160-163 cm in men), a massive skeleton, a voluminous chest, an extremely high ratio of body mass to its surface, which reduced the relative heat transfer surface. These signs could be the result of selection acting in the direction of an energetically more favorable heat transfer and an increase in physical strength. Neanderthals had a large, although still primitive brain (1400-1600 cm3 and above), a long massive skull with a developed supraocular ridge, a sloping forehead and an elongated "chignon-like" occiput; very peculiar "Neanderthal face" - with sloping cheekbones, a strongly protruding nose and a cut chin.
5. Neoanthropes (new people) Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon)
Real speech, thinking, art. Development of agriculture, crafts, religion. Fossil humans had a somewhat more massive skeleton than modern humans. Ancient people created a rich culture (a variety of tools made of stone, bone and horn, dwellings, sewn clothes, polychrome painting on cave walls, sculpture, engraving on bone and horn). The unusually fast process of the settlement of modern man, which can be evidence of the "explosive", spasmodic nature of anthropogenesis during this period, both in the biological and social sense. With the advent of man of the modern physical type, the role of biological factors in his evolution was reduced to a minimum, giving way to social evolution.
Homo sapiens is a unique life form that combines biological and social essence. The life of the human body is based on fundamental biological mechanisms, patterns of metabolism and energy, due to the morphological and functional characteristics of the body, which provide adaptation to the environment.
At the same time, the biological essence is manifested under the conditions of the operation of the laws of the highest, social form of the movement of matter. In the process of anthropogenesis, a social entity of a person as a system of material and spiritual factors, interpersonal and psycho-emotional relations that arise in joint labor activity. The social factor has a significant impact on the life of a person, on his health.
The process of individual human development is based on two types of information:
First view represents biologically expedient information that was selected and stored in the process of evolution of ancestral forms and fixed in the form of genetic information in DNA (universal for all living organisms, the mechanism for encoding, storing, implementing and transmitting information from generation to generation). Due to this, in the individual development of a person, a unique complex of structural and functional features is formed that distinguishes him from other living organisms.
Second view information is represented by the sum of knowledge, skills that are acquired, stored and used by generations of people in the course of the development of human society. The assimilation of this information by an individual occurs in the process of his upbringing, education and life in society. This feature of a person is determined by the concept of social heredity, inherent exclusively in human society.
Distinguish individual health(person) and collective health(family, professional group, social stratum, population). Human health has long been not only a personal problem, but also a criterion of life in various countries of the world.
The main indicators of the convenience and prosperity of human life are:
♦ the state of the healthcare system;
♦ sanitation and environment;
♦ percentage of malnourished young children;
♦ attitude towards women in society;
♦ the level of literacy of the population;
♦ organization of obstetric care.
The health of the population is also determined by social factors:
♦ protection of the population (political, legal, legal);
♦ realization of the rights to work, education, healthcare, recreation, information, etc.;
♦ the nature of nutrition (its sufficiency and usefulness);
♦ real wages and working conditions;
♦ living conditions, etc.
human origin.pptx
14. The position of man in the system of the animal world.mp4
Ch Darwin showed that the main factors of the evolution of the organic world are the factors of anthropogenesis. In his work "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), he presented evidence of the animal origin of man. they can be divided into 3 groups:
- similarities in the structure of man and animals;
- the similarity of human and animal embryos;
- the presence of rudiments and atavisms.
The main stages that determine the qualitative changes in human ancestors are as follows:
- manifestation of the vertical position of the body;
- development of skills in the use of tools;
- improvement of the brain and the appearance of speech.
The peculiarity of human evolution is that gradually evolutionary factors lose their leading significance and give way to social factors (social lifestyle, work, thinking and speech). Social factors include:
- use, and then the creation of tools;
- the need for adaptive behavior in the process of establishing a social way of life;
- the need to predict their activities;
- the need to educate and educate offspring, passing on the accumulated experience.
The driving forces of anthropogenesis are:
- individual natural selection aimed at certain morphophysiological features - upright posture, hand structure, brain development.
- group selection aimed at social organization, biosocial selection, the result of the combined action of the first two forms of selection. He acted at the level of an individual, a family, a tribe.