From the swampy tundras of the Arctic, completely dotted with cloudberries, to the feather grass steppes of Kazakhstan, a grandiose natural stone structure, the Ural Mountains, stretches for more than 2,500 kilometers through vast plains covered with taiga. On a map or from a bird's eye view, you can see how they either expand as backstage parallel ridges, or narrow down to a “narrow” strip (only 30 km), sometimes they almost get lost among the hills overgrown with centuries-old trees, and suddenly suddenly soar in fantastic bulks dotted with a scattering of domes over the taiga sea. The Ural Range is a continuous succession of diverse natural landscapes replacing each other.
Geography: Ural Mountains
This stone massif with the territories adjacent to it is usually divided into four parts: the Polar, Subpolar, Middle and Southern Urals. Each of them has its own climatic conditions, its vegetation, its natural resources. If you look at the Ural Mountains on the map, you can see that they originate in the Arctic Ocean. The first peak is Konstantinov Kamen, its height is only 492 meters. This part of the mountain range is located on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic. The subpolar Urals originates from the Saber massif and then stretches along the meridian 59 ° N. sh. It consists of two parallel ridges. The territory of the Subpolar Urals ends with a rather high peak (1569 m), which is called the Konzhakovsky Stone. The middle part of this monumental natural structure lies between 56 and 59 degrees north latitude. The geographical position of the Ural Mountains also changes here. The meridional strike is replaced by a south-southeast direction. The last, fourth, part of the Ural massif originates from Mount Yurma and extends to the southern tip of the ridge, which is the widest and reaches about 200 kilometers.
Poetic digression
These gray-haired mountain ranges, smoothed by winds and time, today can no longer impress with either the steepness or the height of the slopes, but their severe majesty fills the air with the aroma of eternity. Here, intermountain valleys sheltered a huge number of crystal-clear springs and lakes of wonderful turquoise hues. From the ancient peaks, emerald streams begin their long run to large lakes and rivers - Pechora, Ob, Kama. The slopes are overgrown with shrubs and trees, which, under a piercing wind, convulsively cling to the cracks in the dilapidated rocks - a delicate and fragile beauty opens up to the eyes of the traveler. The remnants of the virgin forest cling to the stern and gloomy stone guards, as if asking them for protection from a man who brings death to the wild.
Natural characteristics of the Southern and Middle Urals
The nature of the southern part of the Ural ridge is soft and friendly. Mixed taiga covers the slopes. The cozy river valleys are inhabited by the Bashkir people, who gave names to most of the hills and rivers. Including the top of Yaman-Tau, which means "evil mountain". This peak of the Ural Mountains is the highest (1640 m) in these places. The middle part is the lowest of the entire Stone Belt. The abundance of rivers, carrying their waters among the majestic cliffs, enliven the space of wooded parmas (hills), where individual peaks rise above the border of the forest, drearily overlooking the green sea below. Here, on high ridges, one can meet both mountain tundra and real
Harsh North
Moving further north, the stone wall begins to gain height, the mountains look more and more severe and gloomy. It becomes clear why the locals called them that from ancient times. After all, the name "Ural" arose quite recently, in the 18th century, with the light hand of Tatishchev. And the people have always called and continue to call these mountains the Stone, or the Stone Belt. Even most of the peaks of the Urals have preserved the memory of this: Kosvinsky, Denezhkin, Konzhakovsky and many other stones. These giants reach up to the clouds, and the peaks are hidden behind a white curtain. From the description it can be seen that the unique geographical position of the Ural Mountains has absorbed various climatic and beauty of virgin nature cannot be expressed in words, it must be seen with one's own eyes.
If you go even further north, you can see the first caravans, snowfields and moraine ridges. Where Shchugor rushes to Pechora, the giant Telpoz-Iz rose, which means "nest of winds" in translation. This is the highest mountain of the Ural Mountains in this part of the Stone Belt, its height is 1617 m. It received its poetic name from the indigenous people - the Komi-Zyryans. The nest of winds stands out from the general mass with powerful rocky cliffs, strong winds and clouds and the first glaciers almost constantly hanging over the slopes. In the 15th century, the path through the Urals passed along the Shchugor River, and this notable peak was a landmark for travelers. Russian chronicles eloquently called her the Pillar. In those days, it was mistakenly believed that this was the highest mountain of the Ural Mountains. Further north you can see the Saber Peak (1497 m), it is clearly visible from the banks of the Pechora. In the middle of the 19th century, this peak also claimed the championship. And only in the 20th century the disputes ended, and it was established for certain that both of them are inferior to the mountain called Narodnaya, discovered in 1927.
The highest peak of the Ural Mountains: the history of discovery
In 1924-1928. in the northern unexplored regions of the Urals, an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR led by B. Gorodkov was carried out. In June 1927, one of her detachments (led by geologist A. Aleshko) reached the headwaters of the Naroda River. The expedition, surveying the area, discovered a number of peaks that surpassed all previously known then in the Stone Belt. The highest point of the Ural Mountains was named Narodnaya in honor of the river near which it is located, and the tenth anniversary of the Soviet people (more on that below). In 1929, A. Aleshkov published a report of his expedition - "The Northern Urals (Lyapinsk Territory)". This was the first publication that reported on the highest peak of the Ural ridge. In addition, the author spoke about its neighbors: Karpinsky (1780 m) and Didkovsky (1750 m) peaks. With their discovery, disputes about primacy among the mountain peaks of this region (Saber, Telpoz-Iz, etc.) were over once and for all.
Folk or Folk?
Which syllable should be stressed? Scholars have debated this issue for a long time. Some claimed that the discoverer named it so in honor of the Soviet people. Their opponents argue that this highest mountain in the Ural Mountains takes its name from the Naroda River that flows at its foot. Naroda in translation from the Mansi language means "forest". It really originates in the forest. Meanwhile, scientists have found out that they called her Poengurr. Now it is impossible to find reliable information about what Aleshkov, the discoverer of the peak, had in mind. In his notes, he did not put stress and did not explain anything about this. So let's leave the disputes for scientists, and we ourselves will pay attention directly to this magnificent peak. The highest mountain of the Ural Mountains allows us to admire an indescribable panorama - the chaos of the mountains, a harsh, majestic and formidable land. Standing at the top of the peak, you understand that nothing has changed here, everything remains the same, like a hundred, two hundred or even a thousand years ago. Time freezes...
Popular tourist route
This highest mountain of the Ural Mountains and its surroundings interested fans of extreme types of recreation only at the end of the 50s of the last century. With the arrival of tourists here, the appearance of the mountain began to change. Various plaques and commemorative signs appeared here. Tourists have a custom - to leave notes on top. And in 1998, the Orthodox Church established here on which is written "Save and save." In 1999, Christians went even further, they organized a religious procession to the highest point of the Urals.
Description of Mount Narodnaya
The slopes of this majestic peak are covered with kars - these are natural bowl-shaped depressions that are filled with ice and clear water. In addition, there are many large boulders. There are snowfields and glaciers. The relief in this part of the Stone Belt is mountainous, with deep gorges and sheer cliffs. Tourists must be very careful not to get hurt. Moreover, the nearest housing is very, very far away. You can climb Narodnaya Peak along the western ridge, but there are very rocky steeps and a lot of cars, which greatly complicates the ascent. It is easier to climb the northern slope - along the spurs of the mountain. And the eastern side of the peak consists entirely of sheer walls and gorges.
Equipment
You don't need climbing equipment to climb this peak. Nevertheless, to make a hike in a deserted mountainous area, you should have a high-quality sports uniform. And in case of insufficient tourist experience, it is best to use the services of an experienced guide. It should be borne in mind that the climate of the circumpolar Urals is very severe. Here, even in summer, cold, changeable weather reigns. It is believed that the most favorable period for a trip to this region is July and the first half of August. When going on a trip, it should be borne in mind that the trip will last at least a week. There is no housing here, you will have to spend the night only in tents. Geographically, Mount Narodnaya belongs to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. If you are not limited in time, then you can visit another point - the top of Managara. She, of course, is lower than Narodnaya, but she can surprise you with her extraordinary beauty.
How to get to Narodnaya Peak?
First you need to get by rail to the Verkhnyaya Inta station (Komi Republic). Here at st. Dzerzhinsky, 27a is the office of the national park "Yugyd Va". Participants of the hike must register and obtain permission to visit the territory. You need to know that the application is submitted in advance, 10 days before the trip. Having completed all the formalities, go to the bus station, from where you will get to the city of Inta. There is a hotel where you can stay, as it will take some time before being thrown into the mountain area. To do this, you will need to order a car that will take you to the Zhelannaya industrial base near Bolshoe Balbanty Lake. And from here on foot march 17 kilometers to the foot of the mountain along the Balbanyu River. Everything, the rise begins ...
The Ural Mountains are located between the West Siberian and East European Plains. Their area is 781,000 sq. kilometers. Many travelers dream of getting to this wonder of nature in order to see with their own eyes all the splendor of the famous mountain range. Also, tourists want to know the name of the highest peak of the Urals in order to climb it or appreciate the full power of the Urals at the foot of this mountain.
Mount Narodnaya is the highest point in the Urals. Its height is 1895 meters. The mountain is located on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and belongs to the mountain system called the Subpolar Urals.
origin of name
There are two pronunciations for this name. In the first case, the stress is placed on the first syllable - Folk. The thing is that this mountain is located near the Národa River, whose name sounds in the Komi language as "People-Iz".
But in the days of the USSR, this name was very consonant with popular communist slogans. At every step they talked about the party and the people, so it was decided to rearrange the emphasis on the second syllable, making this peak the socialist heritage of the Soviet people.
In scientific and reference publications, different variants of stress are indicated. A 1958 geography textbook lists a name that correlates with the name of the river. And in the book of 1954 there is evidence that "Narodnaya" is the only correct pronunciation.
Modern scholars believe that the stress should be placed on the first syllable. This is the official pronunciation of the name.
Summit history
In 2016, scientists found that for the first time this peak was marked on maps in 1846 by a geographer from Hungary named Antal Reguli. Antal researched the history of the Mansi peoples, trying to understand the origin of their language. Later, the scientist proved that the Hungarian and Mansi languages have common roots.
Antal Reguli explored the high peak and gave it the original Mansi name Poen-Urr, which means "crown" in translation.
Five years later, an expedition led by E. Hoffmann was sent to this peak. As a result, data were obtained on the geographical position of the mountain and its features.
For a long time, it was believed in scientific circles that this peak was discovered not by Antal Reguli in the 19th century, but by the explorer A. Aleshkov with his expedition in 1927. New data was released only in 2016.
Despite this, Aleshkov's expedition played a very important role. After all, it was he who measured the height of Mount Narodnaya, after which the peak officially became the highest point of the Urals.
It should be noted that when visually assessing the height of mountain peaks, it is difficult to understand which of them is higher. Mount Monarga stands out for its size. It was she who was considered for a long time the highest point of the Urals. But after Aleshkov's research, all the data were carefully checked. In scientific works, it was indicated that not the Monarga, but the People's Peak is a giant mountain. She is 200 meters taller than her neighbor.
Summit climate
Narodnaya Peak is covered with glaciers. It is located in the cold climate zone. Long frosty winters prevail in these parts. The average air temperature during the cold period is -20 degrees Celsius.
Strong snowstorms and freezing rains are frequent guests of these places. In summer, the temperature rarely rises above 10 degrees.
If you want to conquer the top of the Urals, be prepared for harsh climatic conditions. Even experienced travelers will find it difficult to resist the vagaries of nature. Therefore, it is better to take a reliable guide with you.
The best time to climb the mountain is July and August. During this period there are no snowstorms, and the sun is shining.
Geographical position
This giant is located between two mountains, which are named after the famous explorers of the Urals - Didkovsky and Karpinsky. The most picturesque view of Narodnaya opens from the top of Mount Karpinsky.
The majestic stone slopes covered with snow-white glaciers attract the attention of tourists. And the highest point of Mount Narodnaya is shrouded in clouds.
This peak is located in a deserted area. There are no settlements nearby.
Blue Lake is located next to the mountain giant. Travelers who go hiking in the Urals often set up their camps on the banks of this picturesque reservoir. Its height above sea level is quite high - 1133 meters.
Tourism and Peak Narodnaya
Due to the flourishing of tourism in the second half of the 20th century, the Urals became a destination for many Soviet travelers. Mount Narodnaya was no exception.
Every fan of extreme sports in the depths of his soul dreamed of visiting the highest point of the Ural Mountains. Therefore, over time, commemorative plaques began to be located around the top. Students tried to record their feat, so they brought souvenirs and flags to the top of the mountain giant.
In 1998, the Russian Church installed an Orthodox cross on the main peak. A year later, a religious procession took place on the slopes.
So from the wild inhospitable mountain Narodnaya turned into a hospitable giant.
The Ural Mountains are a ridge on the border of Europe and Asia, as well as a natural border within Russia, to the east of which are Siberia and the Far East, and to the west is the European part of the country.
BELT MOUNTAINS
In the old days, for travelers approaching the Urals from the east or west, these mountains really seemed like a belt that tightly intercepted the plain, dividing it into the Cis-Urals and the Trans-Urals.
The Ural Mountains are a mountain range on the border of Europe and Asia, stretching from north to south. In geography, it is customary to divide these mountains according to the nature of the relief, natural conditions and other features into Pai-Khoi, the Polar Urals, and the Subpolar.
Northern, Middle, Southern Urals and Mugod-zhary. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Ural Mountains and the Urals: in a broader sense, the territory of the Urals includes the regions adjacent to the mountain system - the Urals, Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals.
The relief of the Ural Mountains is the main watershed range and several side ranges separated by wide depressions. In the Far North - glaciers and snowfields, in the middle part - mountains with smoothed peaks.
The Ural Mountains are old, they are about 300 million years old, they are noticeably eroded. The highest peak - Mount Narodnaya - is about two kilometers high.
The watershed of large rivers runs along the mountain range: the Ural rivers belong mainly to the basin of the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural). Pechora, Tobol and others belong to the system of one of the largest rivers in Siberia - the Ob. There are many lakes on the eastern slope of the Urals.
The landscapes of the Ural Mountains are predominantly forested, there is a noticeable difference in the nature of vegetation on different sides of the mountains: on the western slope - mainly dark coniferous, spruce-fir forests (in the Southern Urals - mixed and broad-leaved in places), on the eastern slope - light coniferous pine-larch forests. In the south - forest-steppe and steppe (mostly plowed).
The Ural Mountains have long been of interest to geographers, including from the point of view of their unique location. In the era of Ancient Rome, these mountains seemed so distant to scientists that they were seriously called Riphean, or Ripean: literally translated from Latin - “coastal”, and in an expanded sense - “mountains at the edge of the earth”. They received the name Hyperborean (from the Greek “extreme northern”) on behalf of the mythical country of Hyperborea, it was used for a thousand years, until in 1459 the Fra Mauro world map appeared, on which the “edge of the world” was already shifted beyond the Urals.
It is believed that the mountains were discovered by the Novgorodians in 1096, during one of the campaigns to Pechora and Ugra by a squad of Novgorod ushkuins engaged in fur trade, trade and collection of yasak. At that time, the mountains did not receive any name. At the beginning of the XV century. Russian settlements appear on the upper Kama - Anfalovsky town and Sol-Kamskaya.
The first known name of these mountains is contained in documents at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, where they are called Stone: this is how any large rock or cliff was called in Ancient Rus'. On the "Big Drawing" - the first map of the Russian state, compiled in the second half of the 16th century. - Ural is designated as Big Stone. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. the name Belt appears, reflecting the geographical position of the mountains between two plains. There are such variants of names as Big Stone, Big Belt, Stone Belt, Big Belt Stone.
The name "Ural" was originally used only for the territory of the Southern Urals and was taken from the Bashkir language, which meant "height" or "hill". By the middle of the XVIII century. the name "Ural Mountains" is already applied to the entire mountain system.
ALL MENDELEEV'S TABLE
Such a figurative expression is resorted to whenever it is required to give a short and colorful description of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains.
The antiquity of the Ural Mountains created unique conditions for the development of minerals: as a result of prolonged destruction by erosion, the deposits literally came to the surface. The combination of energy sources and raw materials predetermined the development of the Urals as a mining region.
Iron, copper, chromium and nickel ores, potash salts, asbestos, coal, precious and semi-precious stones - Ural gems have been mined here since ancient times. Since the middle of the XX century. oil and gas fields are being developed.
Russia has long been developing the lands adjacent to the Ural Mountains, occupying the Komi-Permyak towns, annexing the Udmurt and Bashkir territories: in the middle of the 16th century. after the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, most of Bashkiria and the Kama part of Udmurtia voluntarily became part of Russia. A special role in securing Russia in the Urals was played by the Ural Cossacks, who received the highest permission to engage in free arable farming here. The merchants Stroganovs laid the foundation for the purposeful development of the wealth of the Ural Mountains, having received from Tsar Ivan IV a charter on the Ural lands "and what lies in them."
At the beginning of the XVIII century. large-scale factory construction began in the Urals, caused by the needs of both the country's economic development and the needs of the military departments. Under Peter I, copper-smelting and iron foundries were built here, and subsequently large industrial centers were formed around them: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Nizhny Tagil, Zlatoust. Gradually, the Ural Mountains found themselves in the center of the largest mining region in Russia, along with Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In the era of the USSR, the Urals became one of the industrial centers of the country, the most famous enterprises are the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant (Uralmash), the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (ChTZ), the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Magnitogorsk). During the Great Patriotic War, industrial production was exported to the Urals from the territories of the USSR occupied by the Germans.
In recent decades, the industrial significance of the Ural Mountains has noticeably decreased: many deposits are almost exhausted, the level of environmental pollution is quite high.
The bulk of the local population lives on the territory of the Ural economic region and in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the more northern regions, belonging to the Northwestern and Western Siberian economic regions, the population is extremely rare.
During the industrial development of the Ural Mountains, as well as the plowing of the surrounding lands, hunting and deforestation, the habitats of many animals were destroyed, and many species of animals and birds disappeared, among them - a wild horse, saiga, bustard, little bustard. Herds of deer, which used to graze throughout the Urals, now migrated deep into the tundra. However, the measures taken to protect and reproduce the fauna of the Urals managed to preserve the brown bear, wolf, wolverine, fox, sable, ermine, and lynx in the reserves. Where it has not yet been possible to restore populations of local species, acclimatization of imported individuals is being successfully carried out: for example, in the Ilmensky Reserve - sika deer, beaver, maral, raccoon dog, American mink.
SIGHTS OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS
Natural:
■ Pechoro-Ilychsky, Visimsky, Basegi, South Ural, Shulgan-Tash, Orenburg steppe, Bashkirsky reserves, Ilmensky mineralogical reserve.
■ Divya, Arakaevskaya, Sugomakskaya, Kungurskaya ice and Kapova caves.
■ Rocky outcrops of the Seven Brothers.
■ Chertovo Settlement and Stone Tents.
■ Bashkir National Park, Yugyd Va National Park (Komi Republic).
■ Hoffmann Glacier (Saber Ridge).
■ Azov Mountain.
■ Alikaev Stone.
■ Deer Brooks Nature Park.
■ Blue Mountains pass.
■ Revun rapids (Iset river).
■ Zhigalan waterfalls (River Zhigalan).
■ Aleksandrovskaya Sopka.
■ Taganay National Park.
■ Ustinovskiy Canyon.
■ Gumerovskoye gorge.
■ Red Key spring.
■ Sterlitamak shikhans.
■ Krasnaya Krucha.
■ The Sterlitamak shikhans in Bashkiria are ancient coral reefs that have formed on the bottom of the Perm Sea. This amazing place is located near the city of Sterlitamak and consists of several high cone-shaped hills. A unique geological monument, whose age is more than 230 million years.
■ The peoples of the Urals still use the names of the Urals in their languages: Mansi - Ner, Khanty - Kev, Komi - Iz, Nenets - Pe or Igarka Pe. In all languages it means the same thing - "stone". Among the Russians who have long lived in the north of the Urals, a tradition has also been preserved to call these mountains Kamen.
■ The bowls of the St. Petersburg Hermitage were made from Ural malachite and jasper, as well as the interior decoration and the altar of the St. Petersburg Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood.
■ Scientists have not yet found an explanation for the mysterious natural phenomenon: the Ural lakes Uvildy, Bolshoy Kisegach and Turgoyak have unusually clear water. In neighboring lakes, it is completely muddy.
■ The top of Mount Kachkanar is a collection of bizarrely shaped rocks, many of which have their own names. The most famous of them is Camel Rock.
■ In the past, the richest deposits of high-quality iron ore in the mountains of Magnitnaya, Vysoka and Blagodat, known throughout the world and listed in all textbooks on geology, are now either hidden or turned into quarries hundreds of meters deep.
■ The ethnographic appearance of the Urals people was created by three streams of settlers: Russian Old Believers who fled here in the 17th-18th centuries, peasants transferred to the Ural factories from the European part of Russia (mainly from the modern Tula and Ryazan regions) and Ukrainians, attracted as an additional labor force at the beginning of the 19th century.
■ In 1996, the Yugyd Va National Park, together with the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve, with which the park borders in the south, was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites under the name “Virgin Komi Forests”.
■ Alikaev Stone - a 50-meter rock on the Ufa River. The second name of the rock is Maryin cliff. Here they filmed the TV movie "Shadows disappear at noon" - about life in the Ural outback. It was from the Alikaev stone, according to the plot of the film, that the Menshikov brothers threw off the chairman of the collective farm, Marya Krasnaya. Since then, the stone has a second name - Maryin cliff.
■ The Zhigalan waterfalls on the Zhigalan River, on the eastern slope of the Kvarkush ridge, form a 550 m long cascade. With a river length of about 8 km, the elevation difference from source to mouth is almost 630 m.
■ Sugomak cave is the only cave in the Ural Mountains, 123 m long, formed in marble rock. There are only a few such caves on the territory of Russia.
■ The Krasny Klyuch spring is the most powerful water source in Russia and the second largest in the world after the Fontaine de Vaucluse spring in France. The water flow of the Red Key spring is 14.88 m3/sec. Landmark of Bashkiria in the status of a hydrological monument of nature of federal significance.
GENERAL INFORMATION
- Location: between the East European and West Siberian plains.
- Geographical division: Pai-Khoi ridge. Polar Urals (from Konstantinov Kamen to the headwaters of the Khulga River), Subpolar Urals (the section between the Khulga and Shchugor rivers), the Northern Urals (Voy) (from the Shchugor River to Kosvinsky Kamen and Mount Oslyanka), the Middle Urals (Shor) (from Mount Oslyanka to the Ufa River) and the Southern Urals (the southern part of the mountains below the city of Orsk), Mugodzhary (Kazakhstan).
- Economic regions: Ural, Volga, North-Western, West Siberian.
- Administrative affiliation: Russian Federation (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Arkhangelsk and Tyumen regions, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Komi), Kazakhstan (Aktobe region).
- Large cities: Yekaterinburg - 1,428,262 people. (2015), Chelyabinsk - 1,182,221 people. (2015), Ufa - 1,096,702 people. (2014), Perm - 1,036,476 people. (2015), Izhevsk - 642,024 people. (2015), Orenburg-561 279 people (2015), Magnitogorsk - 417,057 people. (2015), Nizhny Tagil - 356,744 people. (2015), Kurgan - 326,405 people. (2015).
- Languages: Russian, Bashkir, Udmurt, Komi-Permyak, Kazakh.
- Ethnic composition: Russians, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi, Kazakhs.
- Religions: Orthodoxy, Islam, traditional beliefs. Monetary unit: ruble, tenge.
- Rivers: the Caspian Sea basin (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural), the Arctic Ocean basin (Pechora with Usa; Tobol, Iset, Tura belong to the Ob system).
- Lakes: Tavatui, Argazi, Uvildy, Turgoyak, Big Pike.
CLIMATE
- Continental.
- Average January temperature: from -20°C (Polar Urals) to -15°C (Southern Urals).
- Average temperature in July: from + 9°С (Polar Urals) to +20°С (Southern Urals).
- Average annual precipitation: Subpolar and Northern Urals - 1000 mm, Southern Urals - 650-750 mm. Relative humidity: 60-70%.
ECONOMY
- Minerals: iron, copper, chromium, nickel, potassium salts, asbestos, coal, oil.
- Industry: mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fertilizers, electrical engineering.
- Hydroelectric power industry: Pavlovskaya, Yuma-guzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya HPPs. Forestry.
- Agriculture: crop production (wheat, rye, garden crops), animal husbandry (cattle, pig breeding).
- Traditional crafts: artistic processing of Ural gems, knitting of Orenburg downy shawls.
- Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.
The Ural Mountains are a unique mountain system for Russia. This is the only mountain range that crosses the country from north to south and is the border of two parts of the world.
At the core of the region Ural mountain system stretched out for more than 2500 km - from cold waters Arctic Ocean before deserts of Kazakhstan.
Geographers divided into five geographical zones: Polar, Circumpolar, Northern, Average And Southern Urals. The highest mountains in Subpolar Urals. Here on Subpolar Urals, is the highest mountain of the Urals -. But it is these northern regions Ural the most inaccessible and underdeveloped. On the contrary, the lowest mountains are on Middle Urals, it is also the most developed and densely populated.
highest peaks
- Pai Hoi- Mount Moreiz (Wesey-Pe) (423 m).
- Polar Ural- mountain (1472 m above sea level).
- Subpolar Urals- mountain (1895 m), mountain (1662 m).
- Northern Ural- Mount Telposiz (1617 m).
- Middle Ural- mountain (1119 m).
- Southern Urals- Mount Yamantau (1640 m).
- Mugodzhary- Mount Boktybay (567 m).
Minerals
They contain a wide variety of minerals and resources. Exactly on Ural discovered, and platinum reserves were the largest in the world. Many minerals were first discovered in Ural mountains.
For the eastern regions Ural the most characteristic are deposits of copper pyrite ores and skarn-magnetite ores. The largest deposits of bauxite (North Ural bauxite-bearing region) and asbestos (Bazhenovskoye) are located here. On the western slope Ural and in Urals there are deposits of coal (Pechora coal basin,), and gas (Volga-Ural oil and gas region, Orenburg gas condensate field), potassium salts (Verkhnekamsk basin).
There are also gems here - emeralds, beryls, amethysts and many others. famous all over the world and Ural malachite: bowls of St. Petersburg are made from it and jasper Hermitage, as well as interior decoration and an altar Church of the Savior on Blood.
earthquakes
Along Ural mountains passes a large geological fault -. They themselves are classified as slowly growing mountains, therefore they have low seismic activity with a magnitude of 3-6. However, .
Mountain ranges, peaks and rocks
It seems that all the surroundings around the Devil's Settlement are familiar, but the Connoisseurs of the Urals not only know interesting information unknown to many, but also share it with pleasure. White Stone is not the official name of these pretty remnants. “Not far from Chertovo Gorodische towards the Uvalovsky cordon, next to the road leading to it, there is a small stone ridge, on top of which there are two granite rocks up to 15 meters high. They are located among the clearing and are clearly visible even from a long distance.
The urban-type settlement of Suksun is famous for the world's only monument to the samovar, and there are also many historical and natural attractions. Like many other places in the Urals, this area is noted for its beauty with the epithet "Ural Switzerland". True, Alexander Radishchev himself called this area "Ural Switzerland" when he passed through Suksun more than 220 years ago...
There is in the vicinity of the village of Sarana, which is located in the Krasnoufimsky district, a unique natural monument - a 50-meter rock. It is called Alikaev stone. Not only local residents come to him to rest, but also guests from Bashkiria, Perm Territory, Izhevsk and Chelyabinsk regions ...
Mount Ezhovaya is located near the city of Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk region. This is one of the most popular ski centers in the Middle Urals. The absolute height of Mount Yezhova is 550 meters above sea level. It belongs to the Merry Mountains massif, stretching from north to south for more than 30 kilometers ...
Jade Valley - a natural monument, a landmark of the Polar Urals, located in the natural park "Polyarno-Uralsky". The route begins with a visit to the visitor center of the Polyarno-Uralsky Natural Park, located in the village of Kharp, Priuralsky District, passes in the valley of the Sob River at the foot of the Rai-Iz mountain, climbs the Nyrdvomen-Iz mountain along the Nyrdvomen-Shor stream, ends in the Rai-Iz mountain massif in the upper reaches of the Nefritovy stream (coordinates: N66 ° 57 "45.34" E65 ° 27"54.20"). Polyarno-Uralsky Nature Park The Polyarno-Uralsky Nature Park was established by the Decree of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug No. 605-P dated July 31, 2014 “On the Formation of the Polyarno-Uralsky Nature Park”, by changing the categories, regime and boundaries of the Gornokhadatinsky and Polyarno-Uralsky state reserves of regional significance and joining new territories to them, on the basis of a comprehensive environmental...
Oslyanka - the highest mountain of the Middle Urals Oslyanka - the highest mountain of the Middle Urals, is located in the north-east of the Kizelovsky district, north of the administrative border with the Gornozavodsky district. Its height reaches 1119 meters above sea level. That is why Mount Oslyanka is included in the project of Oleg Chegodaev "Crown of the Urals". Probably, the name of the mountain comes from the word "donkey" - a whetstone, a grindstone. But there is a second option: from the word "donkey" or "osledina" - a log, perhaps because of the shape of the ridge. Mount Oslyanka is the highest point of the Oslyanka ridge, which is a 16 km long ridge elongated from north to south. It has several bare peaks covered with kurums. Somewhere a mountain...
The SHATAK ridge is a plateau-like ridge crowned with rocky peaks, between which there is a real network of forest roads. In order to climb one of the peaks of the ridge, one day is enough, even for inexperienced tourists. Thousanders of the Shatak ridge Thousanders of the Shatak ridge: 1011 meters Karatash peak, the farthest northern spur of the ridge, 1039 meters - Yaryktash peak, located southwest of Karatash, 1271 meters - Big Shatak, the main peak of the ridge, at the top there is a rocky ridge composed of shale rocks, 1142 meters - Big Tashtyrt (M ayak), is located in the southeast of 1271 m, is distinguished by the presence of inclined rock slabs, 1206 meters is a plateau, located southwest of 1271, small rocks are scattered here and there, ...
My Big Bitch I climbed the Big Bitch Ridge once. And our way to the ridge, as I understand now, was very non-standard. Firstly, the conductor Ivan Susanin led us. So it was written on his T-shirt and he quite seriously claimed that his name was Vanya, and his last name was Susanin, and being a guide in the Ural taiga was his vocation. I hope you understand what feelings took over me when I, in company with our German financial director, with my beloved nephew and a 17-year-old German boy who came to practice in Russia and for whose safety his father instructed me to personally answer, approached the shore for some reason ...
Mount Bakhmur is the highest point of the Ashinsky region. It is located not far, just 30 km from the city of Ashi. It is located in the upper reaches of the Ati River to the west of the Baskak Range, on the western slope of the Ural Mountains. "Mount Bakhmur is one of the best, most interesting and eventful routes in the collection of the project "From Ufa for the Weekend"! Nobody but Valery Kuznetsov leads there, to this Berendeyevo kingdom. This is truly a reserved place. Fabulous, dense and very beautiful. with overcoming three fords across the river ...
The Urals is a unique geographical region, along which the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - passes. Several dozens of monuments and commemorative signs have been erected on this border for more than two thousand kilometers.
Ural map
The region is based on the Ural mountain system. The Ural Mountains stretch for more than 2500 km - from the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean to the deserts of Kazakhstan.
Geographers divided the Ural Mountains into five geographical zones: Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern Urals. The highest mountains in the Subpolar Urals. Here, in the Subpolar Urals, is the highest mountain in the Urals - Mount Narodnaya. But it is these northern regions of the Urals that are the most inaccessible and underdeveloped. On the contrary, the lowest mountains are located in the Middle Urals, which is also the most developed and densely populated.
The Urals include such administrative territories of Russia: Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, Perm Territory, Bashkortostan, as well as the eastern parts of the Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk region and the western part of the Tyumen region. In Kazakhstan, the Ural Mountains can be traced in the Aktobe and Kustanai regions.
Interestingly, the term "Ural" did not exist until the 18th century. We owe the appearance of this name to Vasily Tatishchev. And until that moment, only Russia and Siberia existed in the minds of the inhabitants of the country. The Urals were then attributed to Siberia.
Where did the toponym "Ural" come from? There are several versions of this, but the most likely is that the word "Ural" came from the Bashkir language. Of all the peoples living in this territory, only the Bashkirs from ancient times used the word "Ural" ("belt"). Moreover, the Bashkirs even have legends in which there is a "Ural". For example, the epic "Ural-batyr", which tells about the progenitors of the people of the Urals. "Ural-Batyr" absorbed the most ancient mythology that existed many millennia ago. It presents a wide range of ancient views, rooted in the bowels of the primitive communal system.
The modern history of the Urals begins with the campaign of Yermak's squad, who started to conquer Siberia. However, this does not mean at all that the Ural Mountains were nothing interesting before the arrival of the Russians. Since ancient times, people with their own special culture have lived here. Archaeologists have found thousands of ancient settlements in the Urals.
With the beginning of the Russian colonization of these territories, the Mansi who lived here were forced to leave their original places, moving further and further into the taiga.
The Bashkirs were also forced to retreat from their lands in the south of the Urals. Many Ural factories were built on Bashkir lands, bought from the Bashkirs by breeders for next to nothing.
Not surprisingly, Bashkir riots broke out from time to time. Bashkirs raided Russian settlements, burned them to the ground. It was a bitter retribution for the humiliation they experienced.
The Ural Mountains are fraught with a wide variety of minerals and minerals. It was in the Urals that the first Russian gold was discovered, and platinum reserves were the largest in the world. Many minerals were first discovered in the Ural Mountains. There are also gems here - emeralds, beryls, amethysts and many others. The Ural malachite also became famous all over the world.
Ural is famous for its beauty. There are thousands of amazing sights in the Ural Mountains. Here you can see beautiful mountains, swim in clean lakes, raft down rivers, visit caves, see interesting monuments of history and architecture...
Mount Narodnaya in the Subpolar Urals
Mount Narodnaya (emphasis on the first syllable) is the highest point of the Ural Mountains. A mountain almost two thousand meters above sea level is located in a remote area in the Subpolar Urals.
The history of the origin of the name of this key Ural attraction is not an easy one. Serious disputes have been boiling over among scientists for a long time about the name of the mountain. According to one version, the peak, discovered just on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the revolution, was named after the Soviet people - Narodnaya (with an emphasis on the second syllable).
According to another version, it was named after the Naroda River flowing at the foot of the mountain (the emphasis in the name of the peak in this case falls on the first syllable). Apparently, the discoverer of the mountain, Aleshkov, nevertheless associated it with the people and called Narodnaya, although he was repelled from the name of the river.
Professor P.L. Gorchakovsky wrote in his article in 1963: “As the late professor B.N. Gorodkov, the name of Narodnaya Mountain was derived from the Russian word for "people".
A.N. Aleshkov believed that the idea of the highest peak of a mountainous country is in harmony with this word; the name came to him only by association with the name of the Naroda River ... "
However, now it is officially customary to put stress on the first syllable - NATIONAL. Such is the contradiction.
Meanwhile, scientists have found out that the old, original Mansi name of the mountain is Poengurr.
The history of the surroundings of Mount Narodnaya due to the inaccessibility of this area (hundreds of kilometers from settlements) is very poor. The first scientific expedition visited these parts in 1843-45.
It was headed by the Hungarian researcher Antal Reguli. Here Reguli studied the life and language of the Mansi, their traditions and beliefs. It was Antal Reguli who first proved the kinship of the Hungarian, Finnish, Mansi and Khanty languages!
Then, in 1847-50, a comprehensive geographical expedition led by geologist E.K. Hoffmann.
Narodnaya Mountain itself was first explored and described only in 1927. That summer, the Ural Mountains were studied by the North Ural Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Uralplan under the guidance of Professor B.N. Gorodkov. The expedition consisted of several detachments.
It is curious that before this expedition it was believed that the highest point of the Ural Mountains was Mount Telposiz (Mount Saber also claimed the championship in height). But the detachment of postgraduate geologist A.N. Aleshkov during the expedition in 1927 proved that the highest mountains of the Urals are located in the circumpolar part.
It was Aleshkov who gave the mountain the name Narodnaya and for the first time in history measured its height, which he determined at 1870 meters.
Later, more accurate measurements showed that Aleshkov "underestimated" the height of the mountain a little. It is currently known that its height is 1895 meters above sea level. Nowhere does the Ural reach great heights, as on this Mount Narodnaya.
Mount Narodnaya and its environs became a popular tourist route only from the late 1950s and early 1960s. At the same time, the appearance of the main peak of the Ural Mountains began to change. Signs, commemorative signs began to appear here, and even a bust of Lenin appeared. Also, among tourists, the custom has taken root to leave notes on the top of the mountain. In 1998, a worship cross with the inscription "Save and save" was installed here. A year later, the Orthodox went even further - they organized a religious procession to the highest point of the Urals.
Mount Narodnaya is surrounded by peaks named after geologists Karpinsky and Didkovsky. Among the truly grandiose mountains of this part of the Urals, Mount Narodnaya stands out only for its height and dark rock.
On the slopes of the mountain there are many kars - natural bowl-shaped depressions filled with clear transparent water and ice. There are glaciers and snowfields here. The slopes of the mountain are covered with large boulders.
The relief in this part of the Urals is mountainous, with steep slopes and deep gorges. You have to be very careful not to get hurt. Moreover, it is very far from housing.
You can climb the highest point of the Ural Mountains along the ridge from the west, but rocky steeps and karts complicate the ascent. The easiest way to climb is from the north - along the spurs of the mountain. The eastern slope of Mount Narodnaya, on the contrary, breaks off with sheer walls and gorges.
Climbing equipment is not required to climb the highest point of the Ural Mountains. Nevertheless, to make a hike in this wild and mountainous area, it is worth having a good sports shape, and if you have insufficient tourist experience, it is better to use the services of an experienced guide.
Keep in mind that the climate in the Subpolar Urals is harsh. Even in summer, the weather is cold and changeable.
The most favorable period for hiking is from July to mid-August. The trip will take about a week. There is no housing here and you can only spend the night in tents.
Geographically, Mount Narodnaya belongs to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Relatively close to Narodnaya there is a less high, but very beautiful Mount Manaraga.
Konzhakovsky Stone in the Northern Urals
Konzhakovsky Stone is the highest mountain in the Sverdlovsk region, a popular tourist attraction. This peak is located in the Northern Urals, near the village of Kytlym. Sverdlovsk region
The mountain got its name from the name of the hunter Konzhakov, a representative of the Mansi people, who previously lived in a yurt at the base of the mountain. Tourists usually call Konzhakovsky Stone simply Konzhak.
The height of the Konzhakovsky Stone is 1569 meters above sea level. The rock mass is composed of pyroxenites, dunites and gabbro. It consists of several peaks: Trapeze (1253 meters), South Job (1311 meters), North Job (1263 meters), Konzhakovsky Stone (1570 meters), Sharp Kosva (1403 meters) and others.
Interesting is the Iovskoye plateau, which is located at an altitude of 1100-1200 meters. It has a small lake (at an altitude of 1125 meters). From the east, the plateau abruptly breaks off into the valley of the Poludnevaya river by the Iovskiy failure.
The Konzhakovka, Katysher, Serebryanka (1, 2 and 3), Iov and Poludnevaya rivers originate from the Konzhakovsky Stone massif.
The highest point of the mountain at an altitude of 1569 meters is marked with a metal tripod with various pennants, flags and other memorable signs.
Altitudinal zoning is well traced on the Konzhakovsky stone. A coniferous forest grows in the lower part of the stone. Further, the taiga is replaced by the forest-tundra. From a height of 900-1000 meters, a zone of mountain tundra begins with stone placers - kurums. There is snow on top of the stone even in summer.
The unforgettable view from the top and slopes of the Konzhakovsky stone will impress anyone. From here you can see the most beautiful mountain ranges, taiga. The view of Kosvinsky Kamen is especially beautiful. There is a great environment, clean air.
The path to the top of the Konzhakovsky stone is best to start from the Karpinsk-Kytlym route, where the so-called “marathon” runs - a marathon trail with markings and kilometer markings. Thanks to her, you won't get lost here. The length of the path in one direction is 21 kilometers.
Konzhakovsky Stone is good both for not very experienced tourists and sportsmen. Quite complex categorical hikes are also possible here. It is best to go to Konjac for a few days with a tent. You can stop at the "artists' clearing" in the Konzhakovka river valley.
Since 1996, every year on the first Saturday of July, the international mountain marathon "Konzhak" has been held here, gathering many participants from all over the Urals, from other regions of Russia and even from abroad. The number of participants reaches several thousand. Both champions and ordinary travel enthusiasts, young and old, participate.
Devil's Settlement in the Middle Urals
Devil's Settlement is a majestic rock on top of the mountain of the same name, 6 kilometers southwest of the village of Iset. The top of the Devil's Settlement rises 347 meters above sea level. Of these, the last 20 meters is a mighty granite ridge. The jagged ridge of granite towers-outliers is elongated from the southeast to the northwest. From the north, the Settlement is cut off by an impregnable wall, and from the south, the rock is more gentle and you can climb it along giant stone steps. The southern part of the Settlement is being destroyed quite intensively. This is evidenced by stone placers on the southern slope of the mountain. This is due to sharp temperature fluctuations on the southern slope well-lit by the sun.
A wooden staircase installed there helps to climb to the highest point of the cliff. From the top you can see a wide panorama of the surrounding mountains, forests, and lakes.
The mound has a mattress-like structure, giving the false impression that it is made of flat slabs. The origin of "stone cities" refers to the distant past of the Ural Mountains. The granites that make up the rocks are of volcanic origin and formed about 300 million years ago. During this solid time, the mountain has undergone severe destruction under the influence of temperature extremes, water and wind. As a result, such a bizarre natural formation was formed.
On both sides of the main granite mass (at some distance) you can see small stone tents. The most interesting stone tent to the west of the main massif. It reaches a height of 7 m, the mattress-like structure is very clearly visible here.
Almost all the surrounding mountains are also dotted with stone tents. Devil's Settlement is located in the center of the so-called Upper Iset granite massif, but of the hundreds of other rocky outcrops, it is certainly the most grandiose!
Below, under the mountain is a cordon. The Semipalatinka River, a tributary of the Iset River, also flows there. Devil's Settlement is great for training climbers. The area is dominated by beautiful pine forests, with many berries in summer.
As for the origin of the name, it is quite obvious. These rocks appear too unnatural to the satellite - as if they were built by an unclean force. However, there is another, rather original hypothesis of the origin of the toponym. The fact is that the word "Chortan", more precisely "Sortan", can be decomposed into components "Sart-tan". Translated from the Mansi language, this is “front trade”. These words, when perceived by Russians, were transformed - Sartan - Chertyn - Devil. So it turned out Devil's Settlement - the settlement of the front trade.
As archaeologists have established, people have been present in the area of Devil's Settlement since ancient times. During the excavations at the foot of the rocks, many shards of pottery and pieces of sheet copper were found. They also found copper pendants-amulets. The finds date back to the Iron Age.
Our distant ancestors deeply revered the Settlement. They considered them to be the refuge of spirits and made sacrifices to them. Thus, people tried to appease the higher powers so that everything would be safe.
We owe the first scientific description of the "stone city" to the members of the Ural Society of Natural Science Lovers (UOLE).
On May 26, 1861, a campaign took place, initiated by a resident of the Verkh-Isetsky plant, Vladimir Zakharovich Zemlyanitsyn, a priest, a full member of the WOLE. He invited his acquaintances (also members of the UOLE) - the bookseller Pavel Alexandrovich Naumov and the teacher of the Yekaterinburg gymnasium Ippolit Andreevich Mashanov.
« One of the permanent residents of the Verkh-Isetsky plant V.Z.Z. I decided to visit the Devil's Settlement with my acquaintance, having heard from local old-timers about (its) existence near Lake Isetskoye<…>. From Verkh-Isetsk, they drove first to the north-west along the winter Verkh-Nevinsky road to the village of Koptyaki, lying on the south-west of the shore of Lake Iset. In Koptyaki, the travelers spent the night in the house of elder Balin. In the evening we went to the shore of Lake Isetskoye, admired the view of the lake and the spurs of the Ural Mountains on the opposite shore, and the slightly noticeable village of Murzinka on the northern shore. On the lake in the distance, the Solovetsky Islands were visible - schismatic sketes existed on them. The next day, May 27, the travelers left, admonished by the advice of the elder Balin. According to him: "Unclean Force" painfully plays near the "Settlement" and often leads the Orthodox astray. The travelers went to the “dam”, located two versts from Koptyakov<…>.
Leaving the horses at the watchman's dam and asking again about the road to the Settlement, the travelers decided to set off alone, without a guide, having only a compass with them.<…>Finally, passing the swamp, they went through the mountains to a wide clearing. The clearing rested on an isthmus that connected two low mountains. Three giant larches grew between the mountains, which later served as beacons for those going to the "Gorodishche". They are hiding in the forest on the right mountain. Then there was a climb up the mountain, first through thick grass, then through brown, and, finally, along the so-called "Devil's Mane" among the people. However, this "mane" greatly facilitates the ascent to the "Devil's Settlement", because you walk on granite slabs, as if on steps. One of the travelers was the first to reach the "Devil's Mane" and shouted: "Hurrah! It must be close! Indeed, among the pine forest<…>some whitened<…>weight. It was "Devil's Town".
Mashanov took samples of granite from Devil's Settlement and handed them over to the Uole Museum.
In 1874, members of the UOL organized a second excursion to the Devil's Settlement. This time, Onisim Yegorovich Kler himself took part in it. The cliffs of the Devil's Settlement made such a strong impression on him that he wrote: “But aren’t these cyclopean structures of ancient people? ..”
The artist Terekhov took a very clear image of these rocks. He made 990 photographs free of charge for the Notes of the Wole and requested that these photographs be credited to him as a lifetime contribution to the Wole. His request was granted.
The next excursion took place on August 20, 1889. Members of WOLES S.I. went to it. Sergeev, A.Ya. Ponomarev and others. They set off from the newly built Iset station. We walked several kilometers along the railway track and turned towards the mountains.
But their campaign did not work out. On the first day they could not find the Devil's Settlement and spent the whole day wandering in the swamps in the floodplain of the Kedrovka River. Then we accidentally met people sent by the head of the Iset station to search for them and returned to the station, where we spent the night. Only the next day they found the Devil's Settlement and climbed to the top of the rocks.
At present, Chertovo Gorodishche is the most visited rock mass in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. Unfortunately, more than a hundred years of mass visits could not but affect the ecological situation and the appearance of the rock massif.