According to the National Statistical Committee of Belarus, as of February 21, 2013, 151 thousand students, or 16.4% of all schoolchildren, studied in Belarusian in schools in the republic. In kindergartens, 11.4% of children studied in Belarusian, and 3.8% studied in Belarusian and Russian. In secondary education institutions, 1.4 thousand students (0.9%) studied in the Belarusian language, 22 thousand (14.6%) studied in Russian and Belarusian. At universities, 0.7 thousand students (0.2%) studied in Belarusian, 160 thousand (37.4%) studied in Russian and Belarusian.
Some sociological studies aimed at determining what language Belarusians use show that 34% of Belarusians claim to be fluent in the Belarusian language, but only about 6% of Belarusians say they constantly use the Belarusian language, almost 74% constantly use Russian, and 21% do not use the Belarusian language at all.
At the end of the 1990s, there was a decrease in the circulation of Belarusian publications (by 27.8% in 1998-1999). Over the years 2000-13, the number of books and brochures published annually in the Belarusian language in absolute terms increased from 761 to 1153 (in relative terms - from 9.9% to 10.08%), and their total circulation decreased from 5.9 to 3. 9 million copies (in relative terms - increased from 9.58% to 12.42%). The number of magazines and other periodicals in the Belarusian language over the same period increased from 111 to 133, decreasing from 31.36% to 14.44% of the total number. Their annual circulation decreased from 4.3 to 2.4 million copies, and their share in the circulation of all magazines decreased 8 times, from 25.75% to 3.17%. The number of newspapers published in the Belarusian language decreased over 2000-13 from 202 to 189 (from 33.11% to 28.9% of the total number of newspapers). Their one-time circulation decreased from 1.8 to 1.2 million copies, and their annual circulation - from 215.6 to 121.3 million copies (from 33.93% to 26.66%).
The Sociological Laboratory "Novak" in June 2014, commissioned by the Union of Belarusian Writers, conducted a study, establishing that 99.4% of respondents read fiction in Russian, prefer literature in Russian, 93.7% of respondents and 5% prefer literature in Belarusian language.
Road signs and the names of settlements on them are written mainly in Belarusian, but in some regions of the republic there are signs in Russian (for example, in the Verkhnedvinsky and Glubokoe districts of the Vitebsk region).
In 2010, the republic's leadership announced plans to expand the use of the Belarusian language. President Lukashenko stated: “The state, like no other, feels its responsibility for the development of the Belarusian language and is the guarantor of the preservation of the integrity and unity of its modern literary norms. The government has approved an action plan to popularize and expand the use of the Belarusian language in the life of society, developed taking into account proposals from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, scientists and cultural figures,” special vocabulary will be taught in the Belarusian language, events related to the Belarusian language will increase in schools and universities, Belarusian-language magazines and websites of government bodies will be created.
In 2011, due to low demand among potential applicants, a number of universities significantly reduced enrollment in specialties related to the Belarusian language (in particular, at the Belarusian State Pedagogical University, four out of six specialties in Belarusian philology were closed). It also became known that the course “Belarusian language: professional vocabulary” may be excluded from the curricula of non-philological specialties. At the beginning of 2012, Minister of Culture Pavel Latushko drew attention to the fact that the proposed measures to popularize the Belarusian language were not being fully implemented. In March 2012, an internal memo was published, which stated that, in pursuance of the president’s instructions, the chairman of the Brest Regional Executive Committee should “ take specific measures to prevent the heads of state bodies and other organizations from pursuing a policy of forced Belarussification and artificially reducing the use of the Russian language in their activities", and it was also stated that the author of this memo confirmed the authenticity of the document.
The situation with language in Belarus is sometimes compared with the situation in Ireland. This state has long gotten rid of any political dependence on Great Britain, but the main state language of Ireland is still English. Irish is also the state language, but only part of the intelligentsia supports it in this role.
In March 2009, Belarusian became an additional language in the Orla commune. In April 2009 - in the Narewka commune.
Official status
The Belarusian language is the official language in Belarus along with Russian.
International radio and television broadcasting in the Belarusian language
A number of international state radio stations use the Belarusian language in their radio broadcasts:
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The Belarusian folk dialectal language is divided by scientists into two main dialects: the northeastern dialect and the southwestern dialect, separated by transitional Central Belarusian dialects. The dialects of the Belarusian folk dialectal language differ from each other in the nature of akanya, the presence of a hard “R” in any position, or in known conditions, or the mixing of a hard “R” with a soft one, the presence or absence of diphthongs, dzekanya and tsekany, mixing “CH” and “C”, etc., and also represent mixed dialects in the neighborhood of Ukrainian, North and South Russian.
Academician of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences Evfimy Karsky made a huge contribution to the study of the peculiarities of dialects of the Belarusian language. After the end of World War II, the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, together with the Belarusian State University and pedagogical institutes of the Soviet Republic, organized a detailed and systematic study of dialects of the Belarusian language within the state borders of the BSSR. Based on the collected materials, a detailed “Dialectical Atlas of the Belarusian Language” was compiled.
A very common phenomenon is called “Trasyanka” and represents the existence of various forms of language with predominantly Russian vocabulary, but Belarusian grammar and phonetics. Trasyanka was formed as a result of mixing the folk dialectal Belarusian language with the modern Russian literary language. It is noted that from oral speech Trasyanka penetrates into journalism. Literary Belarusian is used mainly by urban intelligentsia; Most of the urban population uses Russian literary language.
Classification of Belarusian dialects
The following main groups of dialects are distinguished for the Belarusian language:
- Northeastern dialect - Vitebsk region, northeast and central part of the Mogilev region
- Polotsk group of dialects - western and central parts of the Vitebsk region and north-west of the Mogilev region
- Vitebsk-Mogilev group of dialects
- Vitebsk dialects - east of the Vitebsk region
- East Mogilev dialects - east and part of the center of the Mogilev region
- Central Belarusian dialects - a strip through the north of Grodno, the center of Minsk, southwest of Mogilev and northeast of Gomel regions
- Southwestern dialect - Grodno region, south of Minsk region and Gomel region
- Grodno-Baranovichi group of dialects - Grodno region and the north of Brest region
- Slutsk-Mozyr group of dialects
- Slutsk dialects - south and southeast of Minsk region, Gomel region
- Mozyr dialects - south of Gomel region
- Western Polesie group of dialects - southwest of the Brest region
Writing
The Belarusian language is written using the Cyrillic alphabet (see Belarusian alphabet). There is also a Belarusian Latin alphabet (Latsinka), used mainly outside Belarus, as well as on some signs and maps (in particular, Google Maps). The Tatars living in Belarus at one time wrote in Belarusian using the Belarusian Arabic alphabet.
A a B b In in G g D d (J j) (Dz dz) Her Her F Z z І і Thy K k L l Mm N n Oh oh P p R r With with T t U y Ў ў F f X x Ts ts H h Sh sh s s b b Uh uh Yu Yu I I The Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet also uses the apostrophe sign ( ’ ) (after prefixes that end in a consonant, before “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, stressed “i”. After b, v, m, p, f, back-lingual g, k, x, dental d, t and trembling r before the letters e, e, i, yu, i). It is also prohibited to replace the letter “ё” with “e” in a letter. Combinations of the letters “j” and “dz” after the last edition are considered digraphs. Two letters represent one sound. Previously, both “j” and “dz” were considered one letter.
Spelling
The phonetic principle predominates in Belarusian spelling. The main differences from the Russian language in spelling are as follows:
- “O” is preserved only under stress; in the absence of stress, “A” (akanie) is always written;
- "Yo" is a required letter. Replacing the letter E with the letter E is unacceptable;
- “E” in the first pre-stressed syllable alternates with “I” (this corresponds to phonetics - yakane), in the second, third, etc. pre-stressed syllables, as well as in the sub-stressed syllable, it remains unchanged, and from the rule of using “E” in there are a number of exceptions to stressed syllables;
- “I” is used instead of the letter “I”;
- instead of the Russian “zhi”, “shi” it is always written “zhy”, “shy”;
- the Russian “tsi” corresponds to the Belarusian spelling “tsy” - but in the Belarusian language there is also a soft “tsi”, which corresponds to the Russian “ti”;
- instead of the Russian “chi” it is always written “chy”, which reflects the hardness of Ch in the Belarusian language (instead of Russian).
The formation of the Belarusian language was influenced by the dialects of the ancient Radimichi, Dregovich, Smolensk and Polotsk Krivichi and, possibly, Northerners. The dialects of the Balts - the Yatvingians, Prussians, etc. - played a certain substrate role.
By the 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhamoit, a Western Russian literary and written language was formed, which today in Belarusian and, partially, in Russian linguistics is called the Old Belarusian language. In this form, it received the status of the official written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and retained its state status until 1696. It has a number of features that bring it closer both to Belarusian dialects, and to Ukrainian and Polish (the degree of Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian features depends on the specific monument); During its existence, it was widely known as “Russian e(ya)zyk” or “prosta mova”. In the philological and historical literature of the Soviet era and in modern Belarusian literature, it is known as the “Old Belarusian language”.
A huge corpus of texts was written in the Western Russian literary language: (1423-1438), the Statute of Kazimir Jagailovich (1468), (its first (1529), second (1566) and third (1588) editions ), Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1581), most of the documents from the almost 600-volume state archive (Metrics) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, various legal documents (wills, property rights, confirmations of nobility, inventories of noble estates, etc.) on it translated St. Scripture (Francissk Skorina, Vasily Tyapinsky, Simon Budny, etc.), pan-European fiction (The Tale of Trishchan, The Tale of Troy, The Tale of Bava, The Tale of Skanderberg, etc.) and much more.
The signing of the Union of Lublin between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland (1569) led to the gradual elimination of the Western Russian written language from state use (with replacement by Polish, which, in turn, after the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth gave way to Russian); At the same time, literary and written creativity in the Western Russian language is dying out. The folk-dialectal spoken Belarusian language continued to be the language of the rural masses and folklore, resisting two influences: Great Russian from the east and Polish from the west. In the second half of the 19th century, literary works appeared in the modern Belarusian literary language: “The Aeneid topsy-turvy” by Vikenty Ravinsky, the humorous poetic poem “Taras on Parnassus” by Konstantin Verenitsyn, literary works by Vikenty Dunin-Martsinkevich, Vincent Karatynsky, Konstantin Kalinovsky , Francis Bogushevich, Olgerd Obukhovich , Yankee Luchina, Adam Gurinovich, Alexander Elsky and others. Due to the break in the written tradition at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, the modern Belarusian literary language was created anew in the 19th century, on the basis of Belarusian oral and spoken folk dialects, without a direct connection with the literary and written tradition of the Western Russian literary and written language. The modern Belarusian literary language is based on Central Belarusian dialects, which combine individual features inherent in the neighboring dialects of the northeastern and southwestern dialects of the Belarusian folk dialectal language.
After the revolution of 1905, the authorities of the Russian Empire officially allowed the use of the Belarusian language to publish newspapers, magazines and books. In science, until the 20th century, Belarusian dialects were considered part of the Russian language, with the status of an independent dialect or not: “the Belarusian dialect spoken by Belarusians, in phonetics and morphology, is a branch of the acacia South Great Russian dialect” (S.K. Bulich, Brockhaus Encyclopedia and Efron). The modern literary language received official recognition and use in various spheres of life mainly after 1917. A grammar for uniform standardized writing in the modern Belarusian literary language was published in 1918 by Bronislav Tarashkevich, a teacher of ancient Greek and Latin at St. Petersburg University.
Linguistic characteristics
Phonetics
The modern Belarusian language has a number of differences from modern Russian in the field of phonetics:
- yakan (pre-stressed E goes into I): beach;
- in many cases there is no transition from E to O under stress before hard consonants: nyasesh, vyazesh, merznuts (along with the transition: merz), adzezha;
- sounds Y and I in place of the corresponding Russian O and E:
- alternation of letter combinations under stress -ro-, -re-, -lo-(in place of the Russians -ro-, -re-, -lo-) with unstressed -ry-, -ly-: kroў - bloody, firewood - dryvasek, fleas - flea;
- using Ў on site:
- pronunciation of unsyllabic І in place of unstressed І after a vowel: paymenny, yana[y]yon, yana[y]dze;
- pronunciation of the plosive sound G only in borrowed words ( gundal, ganak, goose) or in radical letter combinations ZG, DZG, DZH ( smear, smear, jgat), in other cases the fricative sound “h” is pronounced;
- hardness of sounds Ch and R: clean, dancing, burosa(birch), Rabina(Rowan), party(party);
- hardness of labial sounds B, P, M, F at the end of words and before [th′]: syp, sem, werf, b’yu, p’yu;
- absence of soft D and T - when softened, D and T turn into soft affricates DZ and C (dzekanye and tsekanye): gazer - gazer, ticket - biletsik, dzitsya(child), tsishynya(silence);
- the presence of affricates J and DZ - complex sounds pronounced indivisibly: jala, urajay, zen, dzivosy, medz etc.;
- the use of the F sound only in some words borrowed from foreign languages; in place of F, X, XB and P are usually used: Khurman, Khvedar, Pilip;
- pronunciation of ШЧ in place of the Russian sound Ш: shchotka, shchupak;
- long (double) Z, S, DZ, Ts, Zh, Ch, Sh, L, N, pronounced in front of vowels as one elongated sound, instead of combining these consonants with [й′] in Russian: ryzzo, kalosse, sudzia, smezce, zbozhza, lamaccha, uzvyshsha, vyaselle, umenne;
- alternation of the posterior lingual sounds G, K, X with the whistling sounds Зь, Ц, Сь, respectively: parog - on paroz, naga - on naze, raka - on race, fear - on stras;
- sporadic hardening of consonants before E: vuzdechka (anat.), sertsa;
- prefixed and inserted consonant B: vodguk, voblaka, Volga, Vosip, vukha, navuka, pavuk, uvosen, Navum, Lyavon;
- prefixed consonant G: geta, gay, Ganna;
- added A and I: arabina, arzhany, amshely, imsha, ilnyany, igrusha;
- assimilation by softness:
- the pronunciation of the combination CN is invariably as CN: [ruchn′ік]
and a number of other differences.
Morphology
Belarusian is a synthetic (inflectional, see inflection) language.
- Noun (noun)
- Adjective (prymetnik)
- Numeral name (lichebnik)
- Pronoun (borrower)
- Verb (dzeyasloў) with two special forms: participle (dzeeprymetnik) and gerund (dzeeprysloўe)
- Adverb (puff)
- Preposition (pronounced)
- Union (zluchnik)
- Particle (particle)
- Interjection (vyklychnik) and onomatopoeia (gukaperaimanni)
Names have the categories of case (slope), gender and number (lik); in the verb, the categories of time (hour), person (asoba) and number are distinguished, and in special forms: voice, gender and case.
Vocabulary
The Belarusian language has preserved many archaic Old Slavic words ( veska, vaverka, vepruk, zhykhar, pyarun). There are words common to Western Slavic languages ( zychyts, puga, agida, guzik, karak, shlyub, brama, kakhats, trimat, pitching, parkan, tsikavy, sunitsy, tsnota, tlum etc.), as well as borrowings from Latin that came through the Polish language ( color, gust, impet, arkush, kelikh, quart, meta, amatar, paper, adukatsiya, lamant, klyashtar, aley, kosht, versh, sens, tsegla, palace, fest, votsat) and German languages ( farba, bavoўna, varty, ganak, dah, lantsug, gatunak, druk, zhart, rahunak, lіkhtar, kshtalt, nyra, gandal, skoda, vaga, praising, shpak, rude).
- Northeastern dialect - Vitebsk region, northeast and central part of the Mogilev region
History of the Belarusian language
Belarusian is one of the languages of the Eastern Slavs. Today it is one of two official languages (the second is Russian).
During the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Belarusian language began its independent formation by isolating it from Old Church Slavonic. The Belarusian alphabet is mainly Cyrillic with an apostrophe, and spelling is based on the principle “as it is heard, so it is written,” which greatly simplifies the rules of Belarusian spelling.
Today there are two official languages in the country, but more than half of the population consider Belarusian their native language. Much fewer people living in Belarus can say that they speak it with their loved ones or friends. In total, about 7 million people in the country speak their native language. Having gone through a very difficult and contradictory path, the Belarusian language remains alive in modern realities. There are schools and other children's institutions in the country where education is conducted in the Belarusian language. Traveling along the roads of Belarus, you can often come across signs written in the Belarusian language.
The wealth of dialects of the Belarusian language
Perhaps it will be a discovery for some that the Belarusian language is indeed very rich. If a literary language has about 250 - 500 thousand words, then a dialect language has about two million. An important component of the Belarusian language are dialects and local dialects. An interesting fact is that sometimes scientists record dialect differences not only between neighboring villages, but even the dialects of different parts of the same village. It is believed that the main dialects of the Belarusian language are northeastern, southwestern and central Belarusian transitional. Belarusian dialects differ in the pronunciation of certain types of letters. For example, the letters “a” or “d”, “t”. Linguists refer to these pronunciation features as “akanyem”, “dzekanye” and “tsekanyem”.
In addition to the mentioned dialects, in the country there is also the so-called “Trasyanka” - a form of the Belarusian spoken language that has mixed morphology and word formation. However, these dialects do not violate the unity and integrity of the national language.
History and value of the Belarusian language
There are several stages in the history of the development of the Belarusian language. During the period when the Belarusian lands were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old Belarusian was recognized as the official language. At this time, official and private correspondence and judicial practice were conducted on it, works of literature were translated into it and used during communication. At the same time, Francis Skaryna founded printing in the Old Belarusian language.
After the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland and the creation of the state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569), the Old Belarusian language lost its importance and gave way to Polish. And already in 1696, Polish was recognized as the official language of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Old Belarusian during this period of time was mainly used among the people among peasants.
After the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the second stage of the formation and development of the Belarusian language began. At this time, Russian was the official state language in the Belarusian lands, but at the beginning of the 19th century the question of the independence of the Belarusian language arose. At the origins of the development of the literary language are the Belarusian intelligentsia: Vincent Dunin-Martinkevich, Alexander Rypinsky, J. Chachot. In the second half of the 19th century, the real flourishing of the national language began. Famous poets and writers wrote their works on it, such as F. Bogushevich, M. Bogdanovich, Y. Kolas, Y. Kupala.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Belarusian language was recognized as the state language, and it began to be used in official documentation, court cases, and in the educational sphere.
The population of our country is proud of their native language, but
Few people speak it. It is for this reason that Belarusian is included in the UNESCO Atlas of Languages: the world community believes that our language is at the initial stage of extinction. At the same time, In terms of melodic sound, it is recognized as second only to Italian.
The Belarusian language is one of the most living languages. This is the main means that opens to each of us a large and magical world of euphony and originality.
Our national language is filled with many epithets and characteristics. This is the spiritual acquisition of our people, which lives inside each of us. Perhaps there is not a single Belarusian writer who would not express his fascination with his native language. Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolos, Maxim Bogdanovich, Vasily Bykov, Vladimir Korotkevich and many other Belarusian writers played a major role in the formation of the Belarusian literary language. These authors said many sincere words about the beauty and richness of the Belarusian language. Their works are permeated with love for him, concern for his fate, they describe all the charm and beauty of him, and very subtly convey the shades of human feelings.
The Belarusian language has retained many Slavic elements and is therefore rightly considered the key to understanding other Slavic languages. It contains a huge number of words that cannot be translated literally. This is its uniqueness, uniqueness and meaning of existence.
(in Bel. Belarusian language) is one of the East Slavic languages, which has about 7.5 million speakers in Belarus. The Belarusian language is closely related to and languages. Most Belarusians are bilingual - they speak both Belarusian and Russian.
The country known today as Belarus has been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the mid-13th century. and until the end of the 18th century. An archaic form of the Belarusian language, known as the "Old Belarusian language", was the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and was originally written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Due to the dominance of the Greek Orthodox Church in this region, the written form of the Belarusian language was significantly influenced by Church Slavonic, the language of Orthodox worship.
Throughout the 16th century. The Reformation and Counter-Reformation led to the purification of Church Slavonic elements from literary Belarusian ones. Also during this period, handwritten Belarusian texts using the Latin alphabet (Lacinka) began to appear. The first known printed text in the Belarusian language using the Latin alphabet is “Witanie na Pierwszy Wiazd z Krolowca do Kadlubka Saskiego Wilenskiego” - a Jesuit, anti-Lutheran publication printed in Vilnius in 1642.
Russian conquests 1654-1667 led to the destruction of many Belarusian cities and the death of about half the population, including 80% of the urban population. By 1710, Old Belarusian was replaced by Polish, which became the official language in the region. However, the Belarusian language continued to appear in written form, albeit in a limited manner.
At the end of the 19th century. A literary form of the Belarusian language, close to the modern one, began to appear. It took many years to arrive at a single standard spelling system: some preferred an orthography based on Polish, others preferred an orthography based on Russian, and still others used an orthography based on the Belarusian version of the Latin alphabet. In the end, we came to a compromise option that combines elements of all these systems. At the same time, the Belarusian language also began to use the Cyrillic alphabet in writing.
Throughout the twentieth century. many Belarusian publications were printed using both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. After the Soviet takeover of the eastern part of Belarus in 1919-1920, it became the only officially recognized alphabet. At the same time, in the western part of Belarus, the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets continued to coexist, although after 1943 most printed materials were published in Cyrillic. A notable exception were the publications of Belarusian emigrants, who preferred the Latin alphabet.
Since Belarus declared its independence in 1991, efforts have been made to revive writing using the Latin alphabet. The problem is that it is impossible to develop a unified spelling system.
Also, to write in the Belarusian language, the Arabic alphabet was used (by the Belarusian Tatars) and the Hebrew alphabet (by the Belarusian Jews).
Cyrillic alphabet for the Belarusian language (Belarusskiy kirylichny alphabet)
The letter in parentheses is a letter that was abolished by the Soviet reform of 1933 but is still sometimes used.
Latin alphabet for the Belarusian language (Biełaruskaja łacinskaja abeceda)
Also, when writing foreign names, the letters W and X are used.
According to UNESCO, Belarusian is classified as vulnerable. This means that the use of the language is very limited, it is used mainly at the everyday level. And indeed, things are not going well for this language. But I would like to believe that this is only a temporary phenomenon.
1. Belarusian belongs to the East Slavic languages. It is used mainly in the Republic of Belarus, where it is state-owned. Also, a small number of speakers live in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic. Today, approximately 6.5 million people speak Belarusian (according to 2009 data). At the same time, the number of carriers is gradually decreasing.
2. The Belarusian language has three alphabets at once - Cyrillic and Arabic script. The first was used since the 14th century; the Latin alphabet came later, when the territory of modern Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As for Arabic writing, it arose in the 16th century, thanks to the Lithuanian Tatars, who adopted the local dialect, but retained the Arabic letters familiar to them.
3. It is believed that the process of separating Belarusian into an independent language began in the 14th century. It was then that the Western Russian literary and written language was formed, which today is called Old Belarusian. Until 1696, it was one of the official languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (along with Latin and Polish). Then, after the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Western Russian was supplanted by the Russian language.
4. For a long time, Belarusian existed exclusively as a language of the common people, surviving despite constant pressure from Russian and Polish. In the 19th century, it was actually recreated anew, through the efforts of representatives of the intelligentsia. But it became possible to use it to publish books and newspapers only after the 1905 revolution. Until this moment, Belarusian was not recognized by Russia as an independent language. It was considered just one of the Russian dialects.
6. The modern Belarusian language has two grammatical norms - official spelling and the so-called. tarashkevitsa, also known as the classical spelling. The latter appeared in 1918 through the efforts of the politician, linguist and translator B. A. Tarashkevich. The need arose in connection with Belarus gaining independence, as a result of which the Belarusian People's Republic was formed. Tarashkevitsa was officially used until 1933, when a reform of the Belarusian language was carried out, which received the unofficial name “Narkomovka”. Its distinctive feature was the forced introduction of some norms inherent in the Russian language.
7. One of the distinctive features of Belarusian is the letter Ўў (у is short or “uncommon”). Moreover, this letter has become a kind of symbol of the language; in 2003, a monument was even erected to it in Polotsk. It is also readily used as a logo by various media projects related to the Belarusian language.
8. Today, the official edition of the Belarusian language is sharply condemned by many representatives of the Belarusian intelligentsia. Many of them consider the “narkomkovka” to be imposed and poorly correspond to the realities of a living language. So although Tarashkevitsa has not been officially recognized, more and more printed materials are being published on it. Also, many classical works were translated into it. At the same time, “narkomovka” is considered inflexible and unnatural.
9. There is also such a thing as “trasyanka” - this is the name of a rough mixture of Russian and Belarusian languages. The term arose in the 80s of the last century, although such a linguistic mixture was first discussed back in the 30s. The word “trasyanka” comes from the name of low-quality hay obtained by mixing dry grass with freshly cut grass. A similar phenomenon exists in neighboring Ukraine, where the unsystematic mixing of Russian languages is called “surzhik”.
10. Today the Belarusian language is not going through the best of times. The number of speakers of it is rapidly declining, and the number of educational institutions offering instruction in this language is decreasing. And if it is still quite actively used in everyday life and in the media, then literature on it virtually does not exist. Moreover, more and more often even statements began to be heard that the Belarusian language was dying out. The main reason for such a sad state of the language is said to be the policy pursued by the country's permanent president A.G. Lukashenko. He himself prefers to use exclusively Russian.
“National language is a socio-historical category that denotes a language that is a means of communication of a nation and appears in two forms: oral and written.
N. I. is formed along with the formation of a nation, being both a prerequisite and condition for its emergence and existence, on the one hand, and a result, a product of this process, on the other."
Stepanov G.V. National language. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: SE, 1990. - P. 325-326.
Esse - Habere
or "Two worlds, two ways of life"
Amal us all movy padzyalajutstsa na dzve vyalіkіya group - movy habere("mets, mayu" lat.) and language essay("byts" in Latin). “I’m reading a book” - “I have a book.” Belarusian and Ukrainian languages are transitional.
Read more...
"Extremely bright, even as I die,
At the white house on the blue bay,
I'm not selfish, I'm writing a book
From the friend of Mr. Marcin Kukhta"
M. Bogdanovich
“I have been happy and nourished by God, and by that time I receive a gentle caress.”
F. Skorina
"And the zemstvo pisar can write a sail, letara and words in Russian, all the leaves, vypis and call pisats, and not in another language and words."
Statute ON
Prehistory
The Belarusian ethnic group emerged in the 14th-15th centuries, when all Belarusian lands were gathered into a single Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Researchers note that against the backdrop of a motley religious picture, cultural and linguistic community served as a unifying factor.
One of the first mentions of the oral use of the Old Belarusian language is - concluding peace with the Hungarian king, Keistut killed a bull (horned cattle, rogacina) and shouted in front of witnesses "Rohacin - our discord! The Lord is with us!", which was loudly repeated by the Lithwani. These words are phonetically recorded verbatim in the Dubnitsa Chronicle of 1351.
Despite all the leapfrog with the terms “Russian”, “Belarusian”, “Lithuanian”, the staff of the Ambassadorial Order of the Muscovite Kingdom in 1689 included a “translator from the Belarusian language” - see publications of the National Library of the Russian Federation
Official language
Belarusian, Polish, Russian
Belarusian or Old Belarusian. Let's not argue about the terms - you can call it Lithuanian (from Litvins) or Old Russian (Old Ukrainian) - this is a matter for linguists. This is the language in which the people of the Belarusian lands spoke and wrote their laws. For 700 years - from the 10th century to 1696 - our national language was the official language on the Belarusian lands.
[It was spoken not only by Lithuanian-Belarusians. It became native to thousands of Tatars who came to Vitovt with Tokhtamysh: they wrote their kitabs on it - texts in Belarusian in Arabic script. ]
168 years - from 1696 to 1864 - Polish and Latin.
[In 1696, the General Confederation of Estates (Confederate Sejm) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth adopted a resolution that in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania state documents should be written not in Belarusian, but in Polish and Latin]
Today it is the official Latin transliteration of the Belarusian language.
Resolution of the State Committee for Cartography of the Republic of Belarus dated November 23, 2000 No. 15 “On the transliteration of geographical names of the Republic of Belarus in letters of the Latin alphabet.” You can download the document.
Tarashkevitsa
classic spelling
- a variant of Belarusian orthography (in a broader sense - grammar or language norm), based on the literary norm of the modern Belarusian language, the first normalization of which was carried out by Bronislaw Tarashkevich in 1918 and was officially in force until the Belarusian spelling reform of 1933. In 2005, with the publication of the book “Belarusian classical spelling. Code of rules”, a modern normalization of Tarashkewitz was carried out. On April 27, 2007, the IANA assigned Tarashkevitsa its own language subtag "tarask" (full designation: be-tarask)
Narkomovka
The reform of the Belarusian language was carried out by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR (published on August 26, 1933).A set of grammar rules was introduced (published in 1934), which was in force until 1959.
Modern Belarusian philologists emphasize the fact that more than 20 new rules introduced by the 1933 reform distorted the established norms of the Belarusian literary language by artificially imposing Russian rules on them.
The day of the Belarusian language
3 beautiful (April 3) 1918
"The People's Sakrataryat of the Belarusian People's Republics are following the rule of the Abweshchanian Belarusian Movy Dzyarzhauna and Abavyazkova Mova Republic. The National Ministers of Belarus deserve their own self-interest in the Affi "All acts, documents and lists of legal regulations must be published on the Belarusian language."[BNR Archives, I, 1, p. 73. No. 0173] Geta, as they would say, uradav press release hell 3 beauty 1918. Pisany yashche para-raseisku, translation - Vintsuk Vyachorka.
Modern Belarusian language
Official language in Belarus and Podlasie (Poland). The status according to UNESCO is “vulnerable”.
What will happen next - time will tell. Let it be for now .
Artagraphic standard of Belarusian letters
"Gorad"
Angela Espinosa Ruiz
The legend is abvyashchae, that here is a city,
Spring of gold and lamb,
Winter breaks the wind like a thousand winds,
Packing drops of roofs, from which there will be flowering flowers
It is clear what kind of meetings are in bed.
Gorad, how to wash away the uspamins of the night pestilence
Those old dreams.
Dzestsi is a city, dze traba prabachats sky
For the yagonu sherasts, for the shchyrasts.
The city where smiles go to the seventh,
Dze havaezza kahanne pad belay kodray,
And paesia fell to the ground.
Gorad, who survived a hundred battles,
Riding on feathery canes.
Gorad, dze, byts mozha, long live that chalavek,
And a whole bunch of crazy, alien creatures are being destroyed by the metro,
І an hourly bachysh, і nya bachysh.
Gorad, you know what...
And htostsi, well, not that, really, what happened,
Ale velmi like adchuvanne.
Getaga dastatkova.
“I love that the Belarusian language is gentle and kind to the top. I respected this word. I know about 9-10 years ago.
There are languages in which I can easily write tops, but there are languages in which I can’t. And the Belarusian woman comes out naturally.”
Angela Espinosa Ruiz. Discovered his collection of verses “Royal la Mora”
Language for schoolchildren
A short (9 A4 pages) abstract with illustrations for schoolchildren based on the materials on the page. PDF format, the text can be easily and without encoding problems transferred to Word for editing and alteration to suit your needs. The illustrations are easy to read when printed on A4.
Belarusian theonymic vocabulary
on the philological portal Philology.ru
“The theonymic vocabulary of the Belarusian language was formed in conditions fundamentally different from those in which the theonymic vocabulary of the Russian, or, say, Polish languages was formed. The fact is that Belarusians throughout almost their entire ethnic history were not an Orthodox people, like Russians, or Catholic, like the Poles, but represented a multi-confessional Christian society, consisting of Orthodox, Catholics and Uniates. This led to the mutual influence of various cultural and religious traditions, which, in turn, was reflected in the Belarusian theonymy."
Pra Belarusian Layanka and Pavtoramoe
ad Uladzislava Ivanova, publication of the Social Communications Department of Yerevan State University
Uladzisla has chosen not the easiest linguistic language to learn: the layanka of the Belarusian language. And this yagonaya getkaya is not easy as і right ў Belarusian linguists: perakanats Belarusaў - hell paetaў і vykladchykaў yes vysvychaynykh garadzhanaў - that censoring yourself is not good for the evil life. And that diversity and pluralism are the essence of goodness.
Read more...
Shtykhov's statute
and Vais terminology
The first Belarusian Vaissky elephants were issued in the early 20s of the century. In 1920, the "Belarusian Vaisk Kamisiya" issued "Padarunak to the Belarusian citizen", as they were registered with the national troops.
In 1996, at the Deputy Ministry of the Ministry, the senior race-Belarusian Slovaks edited the candidate of Western sciences Uladzimer Yazepczyk and the candidate of filamentary sciences Mikola Kryuk.
In 1997, the ground words of Sudnik and Chyslav were published, which have 8 thousand words and words from the Vaisk and popular lexicons.
Platoon, to attention under the Banner! == Zvyaz, call to Shtandar!
Refuel! == Ryshtunak ok!
Hello comrades! == I'm in awe!
Comrade Colonel, allow me to address the captain... == Spadar palkoinik, permission of the beast and the captain...
Step by step - march! == Crocam - rush!
Read more...
Business writing
in the system of the Old Belarusian literary language
Using the example of a number of countries, I.I. Lappo showed that their common language was developed not only by writers, but also by government agencies, judges and a wide variety of officials who exercised various functions of national power in legislation, courts, offices, the army, throughout the entire territory of the state.
If we compare the role of the Old Belarusian literary language in the field of secular, artistic and religious literature with its meaning and functions in socio-political and economic life, then we inevitably have to conclude that the ancient business writing of the era of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was precisely the main, most important sphere of application of the Old Belarusian written language language.
Also significant is the question of the relationship of the assembly language to the colloquial speech of various social strata of the Old Belarusian population. The basis of the population of that time was the peasantry, all of them illiterate, and their dialect speech, naturally, was far from the written official language with its specific syntax, clerical stamps and legal terminology.
As for the intelligentsia of that time and the upper class in general, their everyday speech was largely supra-dialectal in nature and was undoubtedly closest to the form used in business writing. This has already been pointed out repeatedly and quite rightly by researchers in the past.
be-x-old.wikipedia.org
be.wikipedia.org
pl.wikipedia.org
uk.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org