The humidity coefficient is a special indicator developed by meteorologists to assess the degree of climate humidity in a particular region. At the same time, it was taken into account that the climate is a long-term characteristic of weather conditions in a given area. Therefore, it was also decided to consider the humidification coefficient in a long time frame: as a rule, this coefficient is calculated on the basis of data collected during the year.
Thus, the humidity coefficient shows how much precipitation falls during this period in the region under consideration. This, in turn, is one of the main factors determining the predominant type of vegetation in the area.
The formula for calculating the moisture coefficient is as follows: K = R / E. In this formula, the symbol K denotes the moisture coefficient itself, and the symbol R denotes the amount of precipitation that fell in a given area during the year, expressed in millimeters. Finally, the symbol E denotes the amount of precipitation that has evaporated from the surface of the earth during the same period of time.
The indicated amount of precipitation, which is also expressed in millimeters, depends on the type of soil, the temperature in a given region at a particular time period, and other factors. Therefore, despite the apparent simplicity of the above formula, the calculation of the humidification coefficient requires a large number of preliminary measurements using accurate instruments and can only be carried out by a fairly large team of meteorologists.
In turn, the value of the moisture coefficient in a particular area, which takes into account all these indicators, as a rule, makes it possible to determine with a high degree of certainty which type of vegetation is predominant in this region. So, if the moisture coefficient exceeds 1, this indicates a high level of humidity in the area, which entails the predominance of vegetation types such as taiga, tundra or forest tundra.
A sufficient level of humidity corresponds to a moisture factor of 1 and is usually characterized by the predominance of mixed or broad-leaved forests. Humidity coefficient ranging from 0.6 to 1 is typical for forest-steppe massifs, from 0.3 to 0.6 - for steppes, from 0.1 to 0.3 - for semi-desert territories, and from 0 to 0.1 - for deserts .
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Home Atmospheric Humidification
On the earth's surface, two oppositely directed processes are constantly taking place - irrigation of the area by precipitation and drying it out by evaporation. Both of these processes merge into a single and contradictory process. atmospheric humidification, which is commonly understood as the ratio of precipitation and evaporation.
There are over twenty ways of expressing atmospheric moisture. The indicators are called indices and coefficients or dryness or atmospheric moisture. The most famous are the following:
Hydrothermal coefficient G.T . Selyaninova :
HTC = 10 R / Et, where
R is the monthly amount of precipitation,
Et - sum of temperatures for the same time; it is close to the volatility index.
Radiation dryness index M.I. Budyko:
Ri = R / LE is the ratio of the radiation balance to the amount of heat, which is extremely important for the evaporation of precipitation during the year.
In the range of the radiation index of dryness from 0.35 to 1.1, there are humid zones (tudra zone and forest zones of different latitudes); from 1.1 to 2.2 - semi-humid zones (forest-steppe, savannah, steppe); from 2.2 to 3.4 - semi-deserts; over 3.4 - deserts.
Moisture coefficient of G.N.Vysotsky - N.N.Ivanov:
where R is the amount of precipitation (in mm) per month,
Ep is the monthly volatility.
It is best to express it as a percentage (٪). For example, in the tundra, precipitation is 300 mm, and evaporation is only 200 mm.
502: Bad Gateway
Consequently, precipitation exceeds evaporation by 1.5 times; atmospheric humidification is 150%, or K = 1.5.
Humidification happens redundant more than 100%, or K > 1.0, when more precipitation falls than can evaporate; sufficient at which the amount of precipitation and evaporation are approximately equal (about 100%), or K = 1.0; insufficient less than 100%, or K< 1,0, если испаряемость превосходит количество осадков; в последней градации полезно выделить ничтожное увлажнение, в котором осадки составляют ничтожную (13% и меньше, или = 0,13) долю испаряемости.
In the zone of tundra, forests of temperate latitudes and equatorial forests, moisture is excessive (from 100 to 150%).
In the forest-steppe and savannahs, it is normal - a little more or less than 100%, usually from 99 to 60%.
Humidity decreases from the forest-steppe towards the deserts of temperate latitudes and from the savannas to the tropical deserts; it is insufficient everywhere: in the steppes 60%, in dry steppes from 60 to 30%, in semi-deserts less than 30% and in deserts from 13 to 10%.
According to the degree of humidity, the zones are humid - wet with excessive moisture and arid - dry with insufficient moisture. The degree of aridity and humidity is different and is expressed by the ratio of precipitation and evaporation.
Droughts. In forest-steppe and steppe zones, where moisture content is 100% or slightly less, even a slight decrease in precipitation leads to droughts. Meanwhile, the variability of monthly precipitation here fluctuates around 50-70%, and in some places reaches 90%.
Drought - long, sometimes up to 60-70 days, spring or summer period without rain or with precipitation below the norm and with high temperature. As a result, soil moisture reserves run out, the crop decreases or dies altogether.
Distinguish atmospheric and soil drought. The first is characterized by a lack of precipitation, low humidity and high air temperature. The second is expressed in the drying up of the soil, leading to the death of plants. Soil drought can be shorter than atmospheric drought due to spring moisture reserves in the soil or its entry from the soil.
Droughts occur during years of especially intensive atmospheric circulation, when anticyclones are stable and extensive on the Voeikov Great Continental Axis, the descending air heats up and dries up.
News and Society
What is the moisture coefficient and how is it determined?
The water cycle in nature is one of the most important processes in the geographical shell. It is based on two interrelated processes: the moistening of the earth's surface by precipitation and the evaporation of moisture from it into the atmosphere. Both of these processes just determine the moisture coefficient for a particular area. What is moisture content and how is it determined? That is what this informative article will be about.
Moisture Coefficient: Definition
Humidification of the territory and evaporation of moisture from its surface all over the world occur in exactly the same way. However, the answer to the question of what is the coefficient of moisture in different countries of the planet is answered in completely different ways. And the very concept in this formulation is not accepted in all countries. For example, in the USA it is "precipitation-evaporation ratio", which can be literally translated as "index (ratio) of moisture and evaporation".
But still, what is the coefficient of moisture? This is a certain ratio between the amount of precipitation and the level of evaporation in a given area for a specific period of time. The formula for calculating this coefficient is very simple:
where O is the amount of precipitation (in millimeters);
and H is the evaporation rate (also in millimeters).
Different approaches to determining the coefficient
How to determine the moisture content? Today, about 20 different methods are known.
In our country (as well as in the post-Soviet space), the method of determination proposed by Georgy Nikolaevich Vysotsky is most often used. This is an outstanding Ukrainian scientist, geobotanist and soil scientist, the founder of forest science. During his life he wrote over 200 scientific papers.
It is worth noting that in Europe, as well as in the United States, the Torthwaite coefficient is used. However, the method of its calculation is much more complicated and has its drawbacks.
Related videos
Coefficient definition
It is not at all difficult to determine this indicator for a particular area. Let's consider this technique in the following example.
Given the area for which you need to calculate the coefficient of moisture. At the same time, it is known that this territory receives 900 mm of atmospheric precipitation per year, and 600 mm evaporates from it over the same period of time. To calculate the coefficient, you should divide the amount of precipitation by evaporation, that is, 900/600 mm. As a result, we will get a value of 1.5. This will be the moisture coefficient for this area.
The Ivanov-Vysotsky humidification coefficient can be equal to one, be lower or higher than 1. Moreover, if:
- K = 0, then humidification for the given territory is considered sufficient;
- To more than 1, then the moisture is excessive;
- To less than 1, then moisture is insufficient.
The value of this indicator, of course, will directly depend on the temperature regime in a particular area, as well as on the amount of precipitation falling during the year.
What is the moisture factor used for?
The Ivanov-Vysotsky coefficient is an extremely important climatic indicator.
After all, he is able to give a picture of the provision of the area with water resources. This coefficient is simply necessary for the development of agriculture, as well as for the general economic planning of the territory.
It also determines the level of dryness of the climate: the higher it is, the wetter the climate. In areas with excessive moisture, there is always an abundance of lakes and wetlands. The vegetation cover is dominated by meadow and forest vegetation.
The maximum values of the coefficient are typical for high mountain regions (above 1000-1200 meters). Here, as a rule, there is an excess of moisture, which can reach 300-500 millimeters per year! The steppe zone receives the same amount of atmospheric moisture per year. The moisture coefficient in mountainous regions reaches its maximum values: 1.8-2.4.
Excessive moisture is also observed in the natural zone of the taiga, tundra, forest-tundra, as well as temperate broad-leaved forests. In these areas, the coefficient is not more than 1.5. In the forest-steppe zone, it ranges from 0.7 to 1.0, but in the steppe zone, insufficient moistening of the territory is already observed (K = 0.3-0.6).
The minimum moisture values are typical for the semi-desert zone (about 0.2-0.3 in total), as well as for the desert zone (up to 0.1).
Moisture coefficient in Russia
Russia is a huge country, which is characterized by a wide variety of climatic conditions. If we talk about the moisture coefficient, then its values within Russia vary widely from 0.3 to 1.5. The poorest moisture is observed in the Caspian Sea (about 0.3). In the steppe and forest-steppe zone, it is somewhat higher - 0.5-0.8. Maximum moisture is typical for the forest-tundra zone, as well as for the high-mountain regions of the Caucasus, Altai, and the Ural Mountains.
Now you know what the moisture coefficient is. This is a rather important indicator, which plays a very important role for the development of the national economy and the agro-industrial complex. This coefficient depends on two values: on the amount of precipitation and on the volume of evaporation over a certain period of time.
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HUMIDIFICATION COEFFICIENT
| www.asyan.org | 1 2 3 Group work
Mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes
Steppes, semi-deserts and deserts
|
Fill in the table using the text of the textbook
Work in pairs
Exercise 1
- determine the change in temperature, precipitation, evaporation in Western Siberia from west to east.
- what is the reason for the increase in precipitation in the eastern part?
Task 2
- Determine the change in temperature, precipitation and evaporation in Western Siberia from north to south.
- In what part of the plain is excessive moisture?
- Geographical position
- Relief
- Minerals
- Climate (average temperatures in January, July, annual precipitation, humidity)
- Waters - rivers, lakes, permafrost
- natural area
- Occupations of the population (hunting, fishing, mining…)
- Problems and ways to solve them
Mark the following objects on the map:
Altai, Western Sayan, Eastern Sayan, Salair Ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, Baikal, Khoma-Daban, Borshchovochny Ridge, Stanovoy, Yablonovy.
Highlands: Patom, Aldan
Peaks: Belukha
Basins: Kuznetsk, Minusinsk, Tuva.
Fill the table
Describe PTC
- Karelia
- Yamal Peninsula
- Altai
- Volga Upland
- Northern Ural
- Taimyr Peninsula
- Sakhalin island
| № | Question | score (for correct answer) |
| 1 | Geographical location (which region of Russia it belongs to, position on the territory of the region) | 5 |
| 2 | Geological structure and relief (age of the territory, nature of the earth's crust, mountainous or flat relief) Dominant height and highest height. The influence of external processes on the formation of relief (glacier, water erosion, anthropogenic influence…) |
5 |
| 3 | Minerals (why exactly like this) | 5 |
| 4 | Climatic (zone, climate type, average January and July temperatures, precipitation, winds, special phenomena) | 5 |
| 5 | Water (rivers, lakes, swamps, permafrost, groundwater). Features of rivers - pool, ocean, food, mode) | 4 |
| 6 | Natural areas, their use protection | 4 |
| 7 | Soils | 4 |
| 8 | Plants and animals | 3 |
| 9 | Environmental problems of the territory | 5 |
- Kamchatka
- Chukotka
- Sakhalin
- Commander Islands
- Geographical position
- who studied the territory
- Terrain (mountains, plains, volcanoes, earthquakes)
- Minerals
- Climate (type of climate, when is the best time to visit?)
- What to wear, what to bring
- Natural wonders - what to see?
- Things to do - fishing, climbing, hunting ...
- steppe people
- Pomors
- Do you live in taiga
- Do you live in the tundra
- Highlanders
- The main occupation of the population
- Additional classes (fishing, crafts)
- Where are settlements located?
- What is the dwelling made of?
- What are clothes made from?
- Means of transport
- What do they buy and sell from residents of neighboring areas?
Fill the table
Presentation
Ecological situation in Russia
- Acid rain and its consequences
- Water pollution
- Soil pollution
What is the moisture coefficient and how to calculate it
Moisture coefficient is an indicator used to determine climate parameters. It can be calculated by having information on precipitation in the region over a sufficiently long period.
Moisture coefficient
The humidity coefficient is a special indicator developed by meteorologists to assess the degree of climate humidity in a particular region. At the same time, it was taken into account that the climate is a long-term characteristic of weather conditions in a given area. Therefore, it was also decided to consider the moisture coefficient in a long time frame: as a rule, this coefficient is calculated on the basis of data collected during the year. Thus, the moisture coefficient shows how much precipitation falls during this period in the region under consideration. This, in turn, is one of the main factors determining the predominant type of vegetation in the area.
Moisture factor calculation
The formula for calculating the moisture coefficient is as follows: K = R / E. In this formula, the symbol K denotes the moisture coefficient itself, and the symbol R denotes the amount of precipitation that fell in a given area during the year, expressed in millimeters. Finally, the symbol E denotes the amount of precipitation that has evaporated from the surface of the earth during the same period of time. The indicated amount of precipitation, which is also expressed in millimeters, depends on the type of soil, the temperature in a given region at a particular time period, and other factors. Therefore, despite the apparent simplicity of the above formula, the calculation of the moisture coefficient requires a large number of preliminary measurements using accurate instruments and can only be carried out by a fairly large team of meteorologists. In turn, the value of the moisture coefficient in a particular area, taking into account all these indicators, as a rule , allows you to determine with a high degree of certainty which type of vegetation is predominant in this region.
Moisture coefficient
So, if the moisture coefficient exceeds 1, this indicates a high level of humidity in the area, which entails the predominance of vegetation types such as taiga, tundra or forest tundra. A sufficient level of humidity corresponds to a moisture factor of 1 and is usually characterized by the predominance of mixed or broad-leaved forests. Humidity coefficient ranging from 0.6 to 1 is typical for forest-steppe massifs, from 0.3 to 0.6 - for steppes, from 0.1 to 0.3 - for semi-desert territories, and from 0 to 0.1 - for deserts .
Moisture coefficient
Moisture coefficient - the ratio of the average annual rainfall to the average annual evaporation. Evaporation is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from a surface. Both precipitation and evaporation are measured in millimetres. You can find out the volatility empirically - set a wide open container with water and constantly note how much water evaporates in a certain time. So during the entire frost-free period. In fact, evaporation comes from the surface of the snow. Methods for its calculation exist, they are studied by the science of ice - glaciology.
Moisture coefficient, abbreviated as K uvl., is an important geographical indicator. If there is more precipitation than moisture can evaporate (K uvl. > 1), then excess water accumulates on the surface of the earth and swamping will occur in depressions. This is what happens, for example, in such natural areas as the tundra and taiga. If the amount of precipitation is equal to the evapotranspiration (Kwl. = 1), then theoretically all precipitation can evaporate. These are the best conditions for plants - there is enough moisture, but there is no stagnation. This is typical for the zone of mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests. If precipitation is less than evaporation (K uvl.< 1), значит в году будут сезоны, более или менее продолжительные, когда влаги хватать не будет. Для растений это не очень хорошо. На территории России такие условия характерны для природных зон, находящихся южнее смешанных лесов — лесостепи, степи и полупустыни.
Full name of the teacher: Barinova Anzhela Alexandrovna.
Place of employment: Petropol branch of MBOU "Zarevskaya OOSh".
Subject: geography
Lesson type: combined with a practice-oriented approach, problematic.
Topic: "The distribution of heat and moisture in Russia."
Purpose: to determine the patterns of distribution of the main climatic indicators on the territory of Russia.
1. Repeat the complex of previously studied concepts and terms: solar radiation, total radiation, air mass, atmospheric front, cyclone, anticyclone;
2. Continue to form an idea of the formation of ideas about the climatic features of Russia;
3. To form knowledge about volatility and moisture coefficient;
4. Continue developing the ability to work with climate maps (determining air temperature and precipitation);
5. Promote the development of cognitive activity and interest in geography through problematic issues;
6. Contribute to the formation of work skills individually, in a group;
7. Contribute to the formation of a natural-science picture of the world on the example of studying the climatic features of the territory of Russia.
Personal UUD: summing up the lesson, the use of literary works in the lesson
Regulatory UUD: the ability to set goals and learning objectives of the lesson, plan their activities, achieve results in the process of learning activities, adjust activities during the lesson, analyze emotional states obtained from successful or unsuccessful activities, evaluate their impact on a person’s mood.
Communicative UUD: to perceive the text taking into account the task, to find in the text the information necessary to solve the task, to find the necessary information on the map. the ability to communicate and interact with each other.
Cognitive UUD: identify patterns, systematize information, look for ways to solve a problem situation, master the skills of analysis and synthesis, record the results in a workbook, draw conclusions.
Planned results
Personal:: awareness of the values of geographical knowledge as an essential component of the scientific picture of the world, observe the rules of conduct in the classroom, motivate their actions, show patience and kindness, compare different points of view, apply the rules of business cooperation
Metasubject: the ability to organize one's activities, determine its goals and objectives, the ability to conduct an independent search, analysis, selection of information, the ability to interact with people and work in a team. Make statements that are supported by facts. Mastering elementary practical skills of working with a textbook and an atlas for research.
Subject: know the patterns of heat and moisture distribution in Russia (average January and July temperatures, precipitation, evaporation, evaporation, moisture coefficient). To be able to perform practical work under the guidance of a teacher, to be able to draw it up, draw conclusions, navigate in the text of the textbook and in atlas maps, work with tables, diagrams, handouts, listen to someone else's opinion, observe discipline in the lesson.
Basic concepts: moisture coefficient, evaporation.
Resources: Internet resources
Main: UMK V.P. Dronov
Forms of organization of educational activities: frontal, individual-group
Technology: system-activity approach.
Technological map with didactic lesson structure
Didactic lesson structure* | Teacher activity | Student activities | ||||||||
Organizing time | Greeting students, checking students' readiness for the lesson | Teacher greeting | ||||||||
Checking homework | Use your knowledge to match. (Slide 2). | Demonstrate knowledge of the material covered. (R, P) | ||||||||
Learning new material | Slide show or Internet “Oymyakon. Map of Russia. | View slide. Learn interesting facts (P). Formulate the title of the topic and the objectives of the lesson. (P) | ||||||||
Problematic question: How do climate-forming factors affect the distribution of heat and moisture in Russia? (Slide 11). Offers to work according to the instructions. Instruction 1. Features of the distribution of air temperature in January and July. (Slide 12-13) What are isotherms? Determine the course of the isotherms on the maps of Fig. 34.35, pp. 87.88. In the table, write down the average monthly temperature in January and July for the cities: Arkhangelsk, Salekhard and Oymyakon (slide 12) Why are the isotherms of January and July not the same? Find the answer in the textbook on pages 86-87. On the maps, determine where in our country the areas with the lowest and highest temperatures in January are located. On the map, determine how the July isotherm + 10C passes. Explain the reason for the deviation of the isotherm to the south in a number of regions of the country. What are the reasons for the closed position of isotherms in the south of Siberia and the north of the Far East? On the map in the atlas p.14-15, determine where in Russia the coldest winters, the warmest summer? What is temperature range? Determine the annual temperature range in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Salekhard and Oymyakon. Record the data in a table. What does an increase in temperature amplitude mean? Offers to draw conclusion 1 by filling in the gaps. (Slide 14) Instruction 2. Reasons for uneven distribution of precipitation. (Slide 15.16) Analyze the map fig.36.p 89. How is precipitation distributed throughout the country? What are the reasons that affect the amount of precipitation. Find the answer in the textbook pp. 87-88. Determine the annual rainfall for the cities listed in the table. How can the decrease in rainfall from west to east be explained? In what regions of Russia does the maximum amount of precipitation fall, why? Which areas receive the least rainfall and why? Consider the reasons. (Slide) Offers to draw a conclusion 2 by filling in the gaps. (Slide 17) Instruction 3. Humidification coefficient. (Slide 18) Look at p.89 fig.36 and determine how much precipitation falls in the tundra, and then in the Lower Volga region. What is the reason? Let's turn to another indicator of climate - moisture factor. Let's turn to the textbook p.88-90. How is the moisture coefficient? What is evaporation? What is the difference between evaporation and evaporation? When is moisture considered sufficient? insufficient and excessive? Using the map in Fig. 37 p. 90 and the data in the table, determine the evaporation and calculate the moisture coefficient for these cities. Analyze your results. Offers to draw a conclusion 3 by filling in the gaps. (Slide 19) | answer at the end of the lesson Read the instructions and complete the task, answer the questions and fill in the table Formulate a concept. (P) Working with cards, filling in the table. (P). Working with maps and analyzing them, solve the problem, demonstrating knowledge. (K) The reasoning of students (L), the identification of cause-and-effect relationships (P). Formulate a concept. (R) Work with a map, table. (P) Identification of causal relationships (P), conclusion Work with an atlas map, analyze and draw a conclusion. (P, P) Work with the text of the textbook, select information. (P) Table analysis.(P) work with the table, analyze the table, perform logical actions. (P) Work with text (P), formulate an answer using the knowledge gained. (P) Solve a problem by demonstrating their knowledge (K); identification of cause-and-effect relationships (P). Work with the text of the textbook, select information. (P) Analysis of maps and tables (P), application of acquired knowledge. (P) Application of acquired knowledge (P) Work with text (P), formulate an answer using the knowledge gained. (P) | |||||||||
Physical education minute | We've been working hard and now it's time to play. T. Koteneva’s poem “Rain.” will help us in this. If a sparrow hides rather, Umbrellas open like flowers And hurry up the tram, catch up! There is vanity on the boulevards - beauty! And in the hallways, tightness, boredom! In puddles, in puddles, bubbles, look! It means it's raining. Here. | Children's Choice Movements | ||||||||
Anchoring | ||||||||||
Based on the data in the table, which settlement, in your opinion, has more favorable conditions for human life and economic activity? Why? So, at the beginning of the lesson, you were faced with the question: how climate-forming factors affect the distribution of heat and moisture in Russia. You have drawn the appropriate conclusions. Now let's check if your opinion has changed (filling in the yes-no table, checking answers) (Slide 20) | Formulate an answer using the knowledge gained. (P) | |||||||||
Reflection | Homework paragraph 18 from 86-90. Puts the video "Rain Waltz". After a minute, he invites you to express your opinion about the lesson. Guys, continue with the following sentences: 1. Today at the lesson I ... .. 2. Today's lesson showed me... 3. Most of all I liked the lesson. | Evaluate the work in the lesson of the whole class (L); write down homework (K); Students complete sentences to the music. | ||||||||
Appendix 1.
Before starting to study new material, I suggest reading 6 statements and choosing those with which you agree:
Applications2
(Instructions on tables or via presentation, depending on the number of students and conditions)
Instruction1
What are isotherms? (lines with the same temperature readings)
Determine the course of isotherms according to the maps of fig. 29, 30, pp. 62, 63. (January isotherms are elongated in a submeridional direction from northwest to southeast, July isotherms in a latitudinal direction) In the table, write down the average monthly temperature in January and July for the cities: Arkhangelsk, Salekhard and Oymyakon:
Why are the isotherms of January and July not the same? Find the answer in the textbook on p.61-62.
On the maps, determine where in our country the areas with the lowest and highest temperatures in January are located. (0- -5 0 C - Kaliningrad, Ciscaucasia and -40 - -50 0 C in Yakutia)
On the map, determine how the July isotherm +10 0 C passes. Explain the reason for the deviation of the isotherm to the south in a number of regions of the country. (terrain change - mountains, temperature decreases with height)
What are the reasons for the closed position of isotherms in the south of Siberia and the north of the Far East? (there are mountains)
On the map in the atlas p.14-15, determine where in Russia the coldest winters, the warmest summer? (Oymyakon - -71 0 S, Verkhoyansk - -68 0 WITH; Caspian lowland, North Caucasus - +25 0 WITH)
What is temperature range? (difference between maximum and minimum temperatures)
Determine the annual temperature range in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Salekhard and Oymyakon. Write the data in a table
What does the increase in temperature amplitude mean? (about continental climate)
Conclusion 1:(fill the gaps)
In winter, the distribution of air t is greatly influenced by circulation processes, especially winds .... …. (western transfer) with …. (Atlantic) ocean. Continental climate .... (rising) from west to east.
In summer, … has a decisive influence on the distribution of t. ….. (solar radiation), so t air ….. (increasing) from North to South.
Instruction 2.
2) Reasons for uneven distribution of precipitation.
Analyze the map in Fig. 31, p. 65. How is precipitation distributed across the country? (uneven)
List the causes that affect the amount of precipitation. Find the answer in the textbook p.62-63. (circulation of air masses, relief features, air temperature, proximity to the ocean)
Determine the annual rainfall for the cities shown in the table?
How can the decrease in rainfall from west to east be explained?
In what regions of Russia does the maximum amount of precipitation fall, why? (Mountains of the Caucasus, Altai, in the south of the Far East - windward slopes, as well as the forest zone of the V-E plains - the influence of the Atlantic Ocean)
Which areas receive the least rainfall and why? (semi-deserts of the Caspian lowland - the influence of continental VMs)
Consider the reasons:
Conclusion 2:(fill the gaps)
The greatest amount of precipitation on the Pacific coast is associated with the summer monsoon and relief; a large amount of precipitation in western Russia in the temperate zone is explained by the dominance of sea air from the Atlantic and active cyclonic activity. There is little precipitation in the north due to the presence of dry arctic air. Inside the mainland, in the southeast of the Russian Plain, on the Central Siberian Plateau, there is little precipitation due to the dominance of continental air and anticyclonic weather.
Instruction 3.
Moisture coefficient
The amount of precipitation does not give a complete picture of the moistening of the territory. For example, 300 mm falls in the tundra, and 300 mm in the Lower Volga region, only for the tundra this is an excess of moisture, and in the Lower Volga region there is clearly not enough moisture. What is the reason?
Let's turn to another indicator of climate - the coefficient of moisture.
Let's turn to the textbook p.64. What is the moisture coefficient? (C=O/I)
What is the difference between volatility and evaporation? (evapotranspiration - the amount of moisture that can evaporate under given atmospheric conditions; evaporation - the amount of moisture that actually evaporates cannot be more than precipitation)
In which case is moisture considered sufficient, insufficient and excessive? (K=1, K<1, К>1)
Using the map in Fig.32 p.66 and the data in the table, determine the volatility and calculate the moisture coefficient for these cities.
Analyze the results. (the amount of precipitation from west to east decreases, evaporation decreases, therefore, in all settlements K uvl. approximately the same - excessive moisture)
Conclusion 3:(fill the gaps)
Humidity of the territory depends on the amount of falling ... .. (precipitation) and .... (evaporability).
Appendix 3
Checking homework.
Materials used:
1. Geography of Russia. 8th grade. Ed. V.P. Dronova. Authors V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova et al., M, Drofa, 2009
The relationship between the amount of precipitation and evaporation (or temperature, since evaporation depends on the latter). With excessive moisture, precipitation exceeds evaporation and part of the fallen water is removed from the area by underground and river runoff. With insufficient moisture, precipitation falls less than it can evaporate.[ ...]
Humidity coefficient in the southern part of the zone is 0.25-0.30, in the central part - 0.30-0.35, in the northern part - 0.35-0.45. In the driest years in the summer months, the relative humidity of the air drops sharply. Dry winds are frequent, having a detrimental effect on the development of vegetation.[ ...]
HUMIDIFICATION COEFFICIENT - the ratio of the annual amount of precipitation to the possible annual evaporation (from the open surface of fresh waters): K \u003d R / E, where R is the annual amount of precipitation, E is the possible annual evaporation. Expressed in %.[ ...]
The boundaries between the moisture series are marked by the values of the Vysotsky moisture coefficient. So, for example, the hydroseries O is a series of balanced moisture. Rows SB and B are limited by moisture coefficients of 0.60 and 0.99. The moisture coefficient of the steppe zone is in the range of 0.5-1.0. Accordingly, the range of chernozem-steppe soils is located in the hydroseries of CO and O.[ ...]
In the eastern regions of precipitation is even less - 200-300 mm. The moisture coefficient in different parts of the zone from south to north ranges from 0.25 to 0.45. The water regime is non-flushing.[ ...]
The ratio of the annual precipitation to the annual evaporation is called the moisture coefficient (KU). In different natural zones, the KU ranges from 3 to OD.[ ...]
The modulus of elasticity of dry-method boards is 3650 MPa on average. Assuming moisture coefficients of 0.7 and operating conditions of 0.9, we get B = 0.9-0.7-3650 = 2300 MPa.[ ...]
Of the agro-climatic indicators, the most closely related to the yield are the sum of temperatures > 10 ° С, the moisture coefficient (according to Vysotsky-Ivanov), in some cases the hydrothermal coefficient (according to Selyaninov), the degree of continental climate.[ ...]
Evaporation in the landscapes of the dry and desert steppe significantly exceeds the amount of precipitation, the moisture coefficient is about 0.33-0.5. Strong winds further dry out the soil and cause vigorous erosion.[ ...]
Possessing relative radiation-thermal homogeneity, the type of climate - and, accordingly, the climatic zone - is divided into subtypes according to the conditions of moisture: humid, dry, semi-dry. In the humid subtype, the Dokuchaev-Vysotsky moistening coefficient is greater than 1 (precipitation is greater than evaporation), in the semi-dry - from 1 to 0.5, in the dry - less than 0.5. The ranges of subtypes form climatic zones in the latitudinal direction, climatic regions in the meridional direction.[ ...]
Of the characteristics of the water regime, the most important are the average annual precipitation, their fluctuation, seasonal distribution, moisture coefficient or hydrothermal coefficient, the presence of dry periods, their duration and frequency, frequency, depth, the time of establishment and destruction of snow cover, seasonal dynamics of air humidity, the presence dry winds, dust storms and other favorable natural phenomena.[ ...]
The climate is characterized by a complex of indicators, but only a few are used to understand the processes of soil formation in soil science: annual precipitation, soil moisture coefficient, average annual air temperature, average long-term temperatures in January and July, the sum of average daily air temperatures for a period with temperatures above 10 ° C, the duration of this period, the length of the growing season.[ ...]
The degree of supply of the area with moisture necessary for the development of vegetation, natural and cultural. It is characterized by the ratio between precipitation and evaporation (humidity coefficient of N. N. Ivanov) or between precipitation and the radiation balance of the earth's surface (dryness index of M. I. Budyko), or between precipitation and temperature sums (hydrothermal coefficient of G. T. Selyaninov) .[ ...]
When compiling the table, I. I. Karmanov found correlations of yields with soil properties and with three agro-climatic indicators (the sum of temperatures for the growing season, the moisture coefficient according to Vysotsky-Ivanov and the coefficient of continentality) and built empirical formulas for calculations. Since the bonitet scores for low and high levels of farming were calculated according to independent hundred-point systems, the previously used concept of the yield price of a point (in kg/ha) was introduced. Table 113 shows the change in the degree of growth in yields during the transition from low to high intensity of agriculture for the main types of soils in the agricultural zone of the USSR and for the five main provincial sectors.[ ...]
The completeness of the use of incoming solar energy for soil formation is determined by the ratio of the total energy consumption for soil formation to the radiation balance. This ratio depends on the degree of moisture. Under arid conditions, with small values of the moisture coefficient, the degree of use of solar energy for soil formation is very small. In well-moistened landscapes, the degree of use of solar energy for soil formation increases sharply, reaching 70-80%. As follows from Fig. 41, with an increase in the moisture coefficient, the use of solar energy increases, however, with a moisture coefficient of more than two, the completeness of energy use increases much more slowly than the increase in landscape moisture. The completeness of the use of solar energy in soil formation does not reach one.[ ...]
To create optimal conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants, it is necessary to strive to equalize the amount of moisture entering the soil with its consumption for transpiration and physical evaporation, that is, to create a moisture coefficient close to unity.[ ...]
Each zonal-ecological group is characterized by the type of vegetation (taiga-forest, forest-steppe, steppe, etc.), the sum of soil temperatures at a depth of 20 cm from the surface, the duration of soil freezing at the same depth in months, and the moisture coefficient.[ ... ]
Thermal and water balances play a decisive role in the formation of landscape biota. A partial solution gives the moisture balance - the difference between precipitation and evaporation over a certain period of time. Both precipitation and evaporation are measured in millimeters, but the second value represents the heat balance here, since the potential (maximum) evaporation in a given place depends primarily on thermal conditions. In forest zones and tundra, the moisture balance is positive (precipitation exceeds evaporation), in steppes and deserts it is negative (precipitation is less than evaporation). In the north of the forest-steppe, the moisture balance is close to neutral. The moisture balance can be translated into a moisture coefficient, which means the ratio of atmospheric precipitation to the evaporation rate for a known period of time. To the north of the forest-steppe, the moisture coefficient is higher than one, to the south it is less than one.[ ...]
To the south of the northern taiga, there is enough heat everywhere to form a powerful biostrome, but here another controlling factor of its development comes into play - the ratio of heat and moisture. The biostrome reaches its maximum development with forest landscapes in places with an optimal ratio of heat and moisture, where the Vysotsky-Ivanov moisture coefficient and the radiation dryness index of M. I. Budyko are close to unity.[ ...]
The differences are due to the geographical and climatic unevenness of precipitation. There are places on the planet where not a drop of moisture falls (the Aswan region), and places where it rains almost incessantly, giving a huge annual rainfall - up to 12500 mm (the Cherrapunji region in India). 60% of the world's population lives in areas with a moisture coefficient less than one.[ ...]
The main indicators characterizing the influence of climate on soil formation are the average annual temperatures of air and soil, the sum of active temperatures is more than 0; 5; 10 °C, annual amplitude of fluctuations in soil and air temperature, frost-free period, radiation balance, precipitation (average monthly, average annual, for warm and cold periods), degree of continentality, evapotranspiration, moisture coefficient, dryness radiation index, etc. In addition to those listed indicators, there are a number of parameters that characterize precipitation and wind speed, which determine the manifestation of water and wind erosion.[ ...]
In recent years, a soil-ecological assessment has been developed and widely used (Shishov, Durmanov, Karmanov et al., 1991). The technique makes it possible to determine the soil-ecological indicators and soil quality ratings of different lands, at any level - a specific site, region, zone, country as a whole. For this purpose, the following are calculated: soil indices (taking into account washout, deflation, gravelly, etc.), average humus content, agrochemical indicators (coefficients for the content of nutrients, soil acidity, etc.), climatic indicators (sum of temperatures, moisture coefficients, etc. .). They also calculate the final indicators (soil, agrochemical, climatic) and, in general, the final soil-ecological index.[ ...]
In practice, the nature of the water regime is determined by the ratio between the amount of precipitation according to average long-term data and evaporation per year. Evaporation is the maximum amount of moisture that can evaporate from an open water surface or from the surface of a constantly waterlogged soil under given climatic conditions for a certain period of time, expressed in mm. The ratio of the annual precipitation to the annual evaporation is called the moisture coefficient (KU). In various natural zones, CU ranges from 3 to 0.1.
The amount of precipitation without taking into account landscape conditions is an abstract value, because it does not determine the conditions for moistening the territory. So, in the tundra of Yamal and the semi-deserts of the Caspian lowland, the same amount of precipitation falls - about 300 mm, but in the first case, moisture is excessive, swampiness is high, in the second case, moisture is insufficient, the vegetation here is dry-loving, xerophytic.
Under humidification of the territory understand the relationship between the amount of precipitation (/?) falling in a given area and evaporation (E n) for the same period (year, season, month). This ratio, expressed as a percentage, or as a fraction of a unit, is called moisture coefficient (Ku = K / E n)(according to N. N. Ivanov). The coefficient of humidification shows either excessive moisture (/С uv >1), if precipitation exceeds the evaporation possible at a given temperature, or various degrees of insufficient moisture (/С uv<1), если осадки меньше испаряемости.
The nature of moisture, that is, the ratio of heat and moisture in the atmosphere, is the main reason for the existence of natural vegetation zones on Earth.
According to hydrothermal conditions, several types of territories are distinguished:
1. Areas with excessive moisture - /С SW more than 1, i.e. 100-150%. These are zones of tundra and forest-tundra, and with sufficient heat - forests of temperate, tropical and equatorial latitudes. Such waterlogged territories are called humid, and swampy - extra-humid I lat. Nit1(1&8- wet) 1 .
2. Territories of optimal (sufficient) moisture
are narrow areas
where K uv is about 1 (about 100%). In their pre
cases, there is a proportionality between the amount of precipitation and evaporation. These are narrow strips of deciduous forests, sparse
variable-moist forests and wet savannahs.
The conditions here are favorable for the growth of mesophilic plants.
3. Territories of moderately insufficient (unstable) moisture.
There are different degrees of unstable moisture: territories with A "uv -1-0.6 (100-60%)
meadow steppes (forest-steppes) and savannahs are characteristic, with /C uv \u003d 0.6-0.3 (60-30%) - dry steppes, dry savannahs. They have a dry season
which hinders agricultural development due to
for frequent droughts.
4. Areas of insufficient moisture.
Allocate arid zones (lat. aridis-
dry) with Kw = 0.3-0.1 (30 - 10%), semi-deserts are typical here, and extraarid zones with K SW less than 0.1 (less than 10%) - deserts.
In areas with excessive moisture, the abundance of moisture adversely affects the processes of aeration (ventilation) of the soil, i.e., the gas exchange of soil air with atmospheric air. The lack of oxygen in the soil is formed due to the filling of the pores with water, which is why air does not enter there. This disrupts the biological aerobic processes in the soil, the normal development of many plants is disrupted or even stops. In such areas, hygrophyte plants grow and hygrophilic animals live, which are adapted to damp and humid habitats.
1 The terms "humid" and "arid" were proposed by the German scientist A. Penk.
niyam. In order to involve territories with excessive moisture in the economic, primarily agricultural, circulation, drainage reclamation is necessary, that is, measures aimed at improving the water regime of the territory, removing excess water (drainage).
There are more areas with insufficient moisture on Earth than waterlogged ones. In arid zones, agriculture without irrigation is impossible. The main reclamation event in them is irrigation- artificial replenishment of moisture reserves in the soil for the normal development of plants and flooding- creation of sources of moisture (ponds, wells and other reservoirs) for domestic and household needs and watering of livestock.
Under natural conditions, plants adapted to dryness grow in deserts and semi-deserts - xerophytes. They usually have a powerful root system capable of extracting moisture from the ground, small leaves, sometimes turned into needles and thorns, in order to evaporate less moisture, the stems and leaves are often covered with a wax coating. A special group of plants among them is formed by succulents, which accumulate moisture in stems or leaves (cacti, agaves, aloe). Succulents grow only in warm tropical deserts, where there are no negative air temperatures. Desert animals - xerophiles are also adapted to dryness in different ways, for example, they hibernate for the driest period (ground squirrels), are content with the moisture contained in food (some rodents).
Droughts are inherent in areas with insufficient moisture. In deserts and semi-deserts, these are annual phenomena. In the steppes, which are often called the arid zone, and in the forest-steppes, droughts occur in the summer once every few years, sometimes they capture the end of spring - the beginning of autumn. Drought- this is a long (1-3 months) period without rain or with very little precipitation, with
high temperature and low absolute and relative humidity of air and soil. Distinguish between atmospheric and soil droughts. atmospheric drought comes earlier. Due to high temperatures and a large moisture deficit, plant transpiration increases sharply, the roots do not have time to supply moisture to the leaves, and they wither. soil drought It is expressed in the drying up of the soil, because of which the normal vital activity of plants is completely disrupted and they die. Soil drought is shorter than atmospheric drought due to spring moisture reserves in the soil and groundwater. Droughts are caused by the anticyclonic weather regime. In anticyclones, the air descends, heats up adiabatically and dries up. Winds are possible along the periphery of anticyclones - dry winds with high temperature and low relative humidity (up to 10-15%), which increase evaporation and have an even more detrimental effect on plants.
In the steppes, irrigation is most effective with sufficient river flow. Additional measures are snow accumulation- preserved stubble in the fields and planting shrubs along the edge of the beams so that snow is not blown into them, and snow retention- rolling snow, creating snow banks, covering snow with straw in order to increase the duration of snowmelt and replenish groundwater reserves. Also effective forest shelterbelts, which delay the runoff of melted snow water and lengthen the period of snowmelt. Windbreak (windbreak) forest strips of great length, planted in several rows, weaken the speed of winds, including dry winds, and thereby reduce the evaporation of moisture.
In addition to the above moisture coefficient, other coefficients are also used to characterize the humidification of territories, in particular, the radiation dryness index, which will be discussed later in connection with the zoning of the geographic envelope.
The amount of precipitation does not yet give a complete picture of the moisture supply of the territory, since part of it evaporates from the surface, and the other part seeps into.
At different temperatures, different amounts of moisture evaporate from the surface. The amount of moisture that can evaporate from a water surface at a given temperature is called the volatility. It is measured in millimeters of the evaporated water layer. Evaporation characterizes the possible evaporation. The actual evaporation cannot be more than the annual amount of precipitation. Therefore, in Central Asia it is no more than 150-200 mm per year, although evaporation here is 6-12 times higher. To the north, evaporation increases, reaching 450 mm in the southern part and 500-550 mm in the Russian part. Further north of this strip, evaporation again decreases to 100-150 mm in coastal areas. In the northern part of the country, evaporation is limited not by the amount of precipitation, as in deserts, but by the amount of evaporation.
To characterize the provision of the territory with moisture, the moistening coefficient is used - the ratio of the annual precipitation to evaporation for the same period: k \u003d O / U
The lower the moisture coefficient, the drier.
Near the northern border, the amount of precipitation is approximately equal to the annual evaporation. The moisture coefficient here is close to unity. Such moisture is considered sufficient. Humidification of the forest-steppe zone and the southern part of the zone fluctuates from year to year in the direction of either increase or decrease, therefore it is unstable. If the moisture coefficient is less than one, the humidification is considered insufficient (zone). In the northern part of the country (taiga, tundra), the amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation. The moisture coefficient here is greater than unity. Such moisture is called excessive.