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Hello dear readers! In this article I would like to talk about how the development of science and technology on Earth took place. What are the development paths for this ...

The development of civilization is associated with scientific and technological progress. Separate periods of deep and rapid changes in productive forces are singled out. This process is based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force of society. Such periods are called scientific and technological revolution (NTR) .

The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution dates back to the middle of the 20th century, in which, as a rule, 4 main features are distinguished.

First, it's versatility. This revolution concerns all spheres of human activity and covers almost all branches of the national economy. Such concepts as television, nuclear power plant, spacecraft, jet aircraft, computer, etc. are associated with modern scientific and technological revolution.

Secondly, it is the rapid development of technology and science. The distance from a fundamental discovery to its application in practice has sharply decreased. 102 years have passed since the discovery of the principle of photography to the first photograph, and for example, for a laser, this period has been reduced to only 5 years.

Thirdly, it is a change in the human role in the production process. Requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources are increased in the process of scientific and technological revolution. Part of mental labor, of course, increases in these conditions.

Fourthly, the modern scientific and technological revolution was born during the Second World War, as a military-technical one, and in many ways continued to remain so throughout the entire period after the war.

Today, the modern scientific and technological revolution is a complex system that consists of four interacting parts: 1) the science; 2) technology and technique; 3) production; 4) management.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, science is a very complex component of knowledge. This is a large area of ​​human activity, which employs many people around the world. The connection between production and science has especially increased. Production has become more scientific, that is, the level of costs for scientific research in the production of products increases.

The cost of science in developed countries becomes 2 - 3% of GDP. And in developing countries, these costs are only fractions of a percent.

The development of technology and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution takes place along two paths - revolutionary and evolutionary.

revolutionary path- the main one in the development of technology and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The essence of this path lies in the transition to a fundamentally new technology and technique. The second wave of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 1970s, is often called the “microelectronic revolution” for a reason.

The transition to the latest technologies is also of great importance. At the level with the traditional ways of improving production, the newest directions of production are intensively developing, of which 6 main directions can be distinguished.

1. Electronization. This is the saturation of electronic computing technology in all areas of activity.

2. Integrated automation or the use of robotics, and the creation of new flexible production systems, automatic plants.

3. Restructuring of the energy sector. It is based on the conservation of energy, the use of new energy sources, and the improvement of the structure of the fuel and energy balance.

4. Production of fundamentally new materials, for example, titanium, lithium, optical fiber, beryllium, composite, ceramic materials, semiconductor.

5. Accelerated development of biotechnology.

6. Cosmization and the emergence of the aerospace industry, which contributed to the emergence of new alloys, machines, devices.

evolutionary path It is manifested in an increase in the carrying capacity of vehicles, in an increase in the capacity of the productivity of equipment and machines, as well as in the constant improvement of technology and technology.

For example, the largest offshore tanker, in the early 50s, could hold 50,000 tons of oil, and in the 70s, they began to build super tankers that could hold 500,000 tons or more.

The modern stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management. Modern humanity is going through a period of information revolution, which began with the transition from conventional (paper) to electronic (computer) information.

One of the newest science-intensive industries has become the production of various information technology. Informatics, in this situation, is of great importance. Computer science is the science of collecting, processing and using information.

Thus, the scientific and technological revolution is not in vain bears such a name. It, like any other revolution, brings all kinds of changes: in production, science and technology, it greatly helps modern humanity in development, and is already an integral part of everyday life.

The term "scientific and technological revolution" has been around for quite a few years now. More than half a century has passed since the process denoted by this term began. And so far, discussions about it do not subside. The reason for this is the fact that it continues. What this process includes, what are its signs and what it can lead to, we will just talk in this article.

The concept of scientific and technological revolution

The scientific and technological revolution is a process of abrupt transformation of all aspects of the life of society, which is based on the achievements of science and technology. Many believe that it began in the 40-50s of the last century. However, it is not. Many authors (D. Bell, E. Toffler and others) spoke about its beginning. a long time ago.

So, for example, Professor A.I. Rakitov said that starting with the invention of language and writing, the process of scientific and technological revolution had already begun. Writing has truly changed every aspect of people's lives. It has transformed people's ideas about time. After all, now it has become possible to read the words written by the ancestors. Writing made it possible to communicate with people over long distances.

Next, Rakitov has another important stage - the invention of printing, then the telephone and telegraph, and then the computer and the Internet. It is easy to see that the criterion for development, revolutions is the transformation of the way information is transmitted.

Of course, this is an important aspect of any scientific and technological revolution. But it's not just about him. If we understand this revolution only as a change in the ways of transmitting information, then we will inevitably simplify reality and imagine it one-sidedly. For example, the gopnik wrote a swear word on the fence, trolled other people on the Internet, and then published a swear book. Is this progress or what? Somehow, probably not.

Other authors (D. Bell and E. Toffler) in their works draw parallels between the concepts of "scientific and technological revolution" and "modernization". At the same time, they have a broader idea of ​​the content of the process we are considering.

D. Bell (1919 - 2011)

I must say right away that you need to understand what modernization is. This is, roughly speaking, bringing something into line with something, but simply borrowing Western forms of labor and production. Is it possible to consider the process under consideration as a purely Western phenomenon? Of course not. Then we deny the whole world development.

So. The first stage of scientific and technical progress, according to these authors, began with the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century. In fact, this invention turned the whole life of people upside down. Previously, several hundred people worked at the plant, but now a couple of dozen are enough. Unemployment is the first thing any such thing leads to.

Further, according to Bell and Toffler, the second stage of scientific and technological revolution was the invention of electricity. In fact, electricity has turned life upside down. Previously, people were sure that it was impossible to see in the dark, it was impossible to move around the world faster than a horse, it was impossible to listen to other people from a distance or communicate with them - but now all this has become possible. Children who grew up with the already invented telephone could not understand their parents in any way, why do they still correspond with letters? There is also a telephone, a telegraph and other benefits of civilization.

Or before you bought expensive tickets for a match, and now you can listen to it on the radio for free! That's where the real freebie is. Life has become more fun.

However, it was not electricity that finished off society, but computers. In fact, not even computers, but two people, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. During their youth, no one thought that computers (computers - electronic computers) could be personal. By the way, I didn’t think about it either in my childhood, because I saw personal computers and communicators only on the covers of very expensive magazines.

The first Soviet supercomputer

So these two people truly made a scientific and technological revolution - they gave a computer to everyone who can speak, like Prometheus, who gave people fire. And what did people do with this gift? Believe it or not, true STD is only happening now that computer technology has truly become available to everyone. And it turns out that the real comes only now.

However, in my opinion, all these arguments are unconvincing. I realize that I am not a great thinker. But the advent of computers also cannot be considered a full-fledged scientific and technological revolution. Why? Because people use computers in different ways. Only 1% of users use them for the job they are designed for: computer simulations, really serious calculations. But after all, the remaining 99% of people use a computer as a typewriter, but for surfing the Internet. And in this network, people do not create their own sites ... no - they consume information: they watch movies, play games, read something.

Personally, I think that the criterion of scientific and technological progress is the number of scientific discoveries introduced into production. The higher this indicator, the greater the coefficient of a post-industrial society for a given society. How many scientific discoveries are made in Russia per year, and how many are put into production? How much of the same is done in the USA, Japan, China? When there is an answer to this question, then we will get a complete picture.

Signs of NTR

Versatility. The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution cover all spheres of society: political, economic, spiritual, social. Science has changed everything: now there is some kind of stability and security from hunger, of course, if the existing climatic conditions are more or less favorable.

Accelerating change. The further this process develops, the less time remains between scientific discovery and its implementation. In fact, when I was 8 years old, I dreamed that I would have my own personal computer and that I would work on it. Now you can work on a tablet or even a phone: typing, drawing, reading, surfing the Internet. And it's only been 20 years. And what will happen in another 20?

The need for continuous professional development. For example, you received an education 10 years ago: what kind of floor coverings are there and how to lay them down. And now everything is different: both the laying technology and the coatings themselves have changed: there are more varieties. So it turns out that the requirements for employees are increasing.

Progress Communications. We talked about this above: earlier you could write a swear word on a fence and be satisfied with your resourcefulness, and now you can send everyone an indefinite number of letters to Youtube. That is, EVERYONE!

I hope it became clearer about the scientific and technological revolution. Like, share with friends on social networks, subscribe to our news, and generally feel at home, but do not forget that you are visiting! 🙂

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

At present, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, the scientists of many countries seriously think how to know this world. In my opinion, the main point here consists in a keen understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution which happened in the 20 th century, and its impact on the modern world. It is a key to understanding why the modern world entered a globalization era as well as to developmental problems and tendencies.

Today, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, scientists from many countries are seriously thinking about how to know this world. In my opinion, the central issue here is a deep understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the twentieth century, and the impact that it had on the modern world. This is the key to understanding why the modern world has entered the era of globalization, as well as the challenges it faces and its development trends.

I.New scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century

20th century - this is the age when science and technology received a revolutionary development, which began with physics and is based on new results achieved during the revolution in it. And when the twentieth century called the "age of physics", this is true. In the 19th century and even earlier, the knowledge of the material world basically remained at the level of matter, the most representative in this respect was Newton's mechanics (of course, Galileo's physics existed even before it). Thanks to the law of universal gravitation, as well as the three great laws of mechanics, she gave a satisfactory explanation for the interaction of bodies of objective nature, as well as the changes occurring under its influence. At the end of the XIX century. many scientists have come to the conclusion that research in the field of physics has reached its limit and nothing can be discovered in this field of science. However, at that time it was discovered that some material objects can emit previously unknown rays, and their mass can decrease. The realization came that the previous knowledge about the material world is unreliable.

There was a contradiction with the teachings of classical physics. According to the ideas of the latter, the world consists of atoms, which are indivisible, atoms have mass, matter is indestructible. Within the framework of such a theoretical understanding, the discovery of radioactivity meant that atoms could be annihilated, and therefore matter could also be annihilated. This problem has stimulated the study of the structure of the atom by many physicists. In the 30s. The twentieth century opened a new "brick of the cosmos" - elementary particles; the structure of the atom was discovered, it was found that it consists of a nucleus and electrons rotating at high speed around it, carrying electricity; in turn, the nucleus of an atom consists of protons that carry positive electricity, and neutrons that do not possess it; as a result, the newest physical theory appeared - quantum physics.

It was a revolution in the history of the development of physics, it deepened the ideas of scientists about the material world. Previously, research was carried out at the level of matter, later - at the level of the atom, now, after the discovery of the structure of the atom and the creation of quantum physics, they have moved to a deeper level than the atom, the level of elementary particles. This not only led to a significant deepening of ideas about the world, for example, knowledge of the material unity of the world, the origin and evolution of the Universe. More importantly, this revolutionary development of physical theory significantly increased the ability of mankind to use and transform the material world (including the ability to transform atoms, moreover, create new ones), led to a revolution in the field of technology. It manifested itself mainly in three significant results.

First- Creation of the atomic bomb.

In early 1945, the United States created the atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 7 and 9 of the same year. The enormous destructive power of the atomic bomb shocked the world and contributed greatly to the end of World War II. The creation of an atomic bomb with enormous power is directly related to the new knowledge of scientists about the structure of matter, obtained by them during the revolution in physics. One of the main representatives of quantum physics, the initiator of the creation of the atomic bomb A. Einstein was frightened by its enormous destructive power. A. Einstein is a great physicist, as well as an outstanding thinker and philosopher. Being a shrewd man, he realized that for the first time in history, humanity began to possess the power to destroy the entire world. Since that moment, the ability of mankind to transform nature has risen to an unprecedented height.

Second the invention and use of computers.

During the Second World War, in order to create new weapons, American scientists began to study the latest computer technology. The mathematician von Neumann in 1946 created a project for a computer, which appeared in 1949.

The invention and use of computers led to the rapid progress of computer and information technology that began in the second half of the 20th century and continues to this day. The success in building computers is also the result of a revolution in physics. Thanks to the fact that physics in its knowledge of matter was able to reach a level smaller than an atom, electronics was created and it became possible to use its achievements to collect, process and disseminate information. The new technique made it possible to partially replace the abilities of the human brain; it greatly increased human capabilities in the speed of counting operations. Thanks to this, humanity has acquired an important tool for studying complex theoretical and technical issues and mastering them, expanded the space for research, and significantly increased the ability of mankind to understand and transform the world.

Third– detection of the DNA double helix structure.

In the study of heredity, it has long been discovered that human life is determined by hereditary genes that contain deoxyribonucleic acid located in the chromosome of the cell nucleus, that is, DNA. However, the structure of the DNA double helix molecule was discovered only in 1953 by D. Watson and F. Crick. The revolution in physics also served as a prerequisite for this discovery. The revolutionary development of physics has led to the emergence of different types of microscopes and other experimental equipment, thanks to which, for research in the field of biology and chemistry, scientists have received such an effective toolkit that they could not imagine before. The discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix was the result of the use of precisely this toolkit. This discovery made it possible to conduct research in the field of biology at the molecular level, on this basis bionics, biotechnology - genetic engineering appeared. This means that humanity has mastered the secrets of life and that it can consciously transform biological species at will, moreover, it can create living beings that did not previously exist in nature in the laboratory. Life is the most complex thing in the world; thanks to the discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA, the ability of people to know and transform the world has risen to unthinkable heights, since a person has the opportunity to create a new life; in a certain sense it can be said that he became an "emperor".

In the twentieth century, a large number of other important technical inventions were made, for example, the emergence of new materials and space technology, etc., all of them are somehow connected with the revolutionary development of physics, made it possible to overcome the limited possibilities of man in relation to nature and opened up space for him to new development.

II. The impact of the new scientific and technological revolution in the twentieth century

The new scientific and technological revolution had an extremely great impact on the development of the world community in the twentieth century. This influence can be approached from three angles.

First of all its most direct influence is that science and technology become the first productive force, or, in other words, production becomes the field of application of science and technology. This is because information technology, microelectronics, biotechnology, as well as new materials are becoming increasingly important in production, the results achieved by them far exceed the everyday experience of people, the experience of workers directly involved in production. Without scientific discoveries made by scientists in laboratories, new progress in engineering and technology is impossible. Today's material production is increasingly becoming a sphere of practical application of the results of science and technology, which are becoming a factor playing a decisive role in material production. The workers and peasants—the working people who directly participate in production—already play a peripheral, non-primary role in it.

Further. A direct result of the above changes is the fact that the criteria for determining the quality of the social system are changing, which causes profound social reforms in many socialist countries. Prior to the emergence of a new scientific and technological revolution, when assessing the social system, they usually proceeded from the fact that it can stimulate on a significant scale the activity of workers and peasants directly involved in material production. At that time, production was extensive, the share of science and technology was low, and therefore the size of the production potential depended on the ratio of invested living labor (production activity and consciousness of workers and peasants), as well as "dead" labor (products produced by workers and peasants before ). The reason why the Stakhanov movement during the period of industrialization in the Soviet Union was able to have a great stimulating effect on the development of the country's economy was that the social system created after the October Revolution allowed the working masses to realize themselves as the masters of the state, as a result of which an unprecedented labor enthusiasm arose. The new scientific and technological revolution leads to the application of science and technology in the production. Therefore, the ability to stimulate the development of science and technology on a large scale, as well as to turn their results into a direct productive force with the fastest speed, becomes a fundamental criterion for assessing the quality of a social system. This major change brought with it a number of profound social consequences.

On the one hand, it poured new forces into the capitalist system. Before the Second World War, it was clear at first glance which system had the superiority - the Western, capitalist, or the Soviet, socialist. Established in the late 20's and early 30's. the economic crisis in the Western world and the astonishingly rapid development of the society and economy of the Soviet Union at that time spoke best of all which system was preferable. However, the situation changed after World War II, especially in the 1970s. the last century. Since there is competition in the capitalist world, in order to gain an advantage in the market, each capitalist sought to upgrade production equipment in every possible way. He did his best to stimulate the development of science and technology. It should be added that private ownership of the means of production also facilitates the acquisition of new production techniques by the capitalist, for for this he does not need the approval of any other person, he immediately turns it into a direct productive force in his enterprise. Therefore, the capitalist world began to experience a "second youth" - there was a rapid growth of productive forces, the living standards of the population rose significantly. In addition, the narrow framework of nation-states was no longer able to meet the needs of the productive forces that had reached a high level of development. Transnational companies began to appear like spring bamboo shoots after rain, and a single world market and an international economic system with features of integration are gradually taking shape.

On the other hand, the socialist system in the Soviet Union, which had achieved brilliant results, lost its former superiority. This happened because created in the 30s. of the last century, the system had such features as a high concentration of power, public ownership of the means of production, a planned economy, and distribution according to work. Under the existing system, there was no political democracy, there was not enough freedom of thought, as well as the possibility of exchanging opinions with foreign colleagues, so it was difficult for the intelligentsia to conduct research in the field of science and technology of a creative nature. There was no market competition between enterprises, their task was only to fulfill the plan lowered from above, they did not have the need and power to develop and update technology proactively. Since enterprises were not independent in decision-making, even if new equipment and technology appeared, their application had to go through a multi-stage approval of bureaucratic authorities, so they could not become a direct productive force in time. All this led to the fact that the emerging lag of the Soviet economy from the Western one after the 70s. of the last century became large, Soviet society entered a period of stagnation and gradually found itself at a disadvantage in competition with the West. The model of Stalinist socialism with a high degree of centralization found itself in a difficult position. The new scientific and technological revolution forced all socialist countries to take the path of reforms. The real deep reasons for the reforms in the Soviet Union and China lie precisely in this. The new scientific and technological revolution has shown that the previously existing socialist system has already come to its historical end. Marx said: "Steam, electricity and self-sufficiency were incomparably more dangerous revolutionaries than even the citizens of Barbès, Rascaille and Blanqui."

Marx is right. However, in this case, the object of the social revolution, conditioned by the progress of science, was not capitalism, but the socialism of the Stalinist model.

The paths of reform in different states, such as in Russia and China, differ from each other, but their main direction is the same. It lies in the fact that the reforms being carried out in both countries are focused on turning science and technology into the first productive force, creating conditions for the development and use of science and technology, and for this it is necessary to turn the planned economy into a market economy, to move from highly centralized power to political democracy. This is clearly seen in the reforms carried out in all socialist countries. But Russia began its reforms by building a political democracy, while China made it its top priority to build a market economy and develop production. China is not only building a market economy in its own country, but is also actively entering the big world market. Back in the 80s. of the last century, using the experience of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and a number of states in Southeast Asia, choosing as his clear goal the creation of an economy based on the model of "borrowing two from outside" (capital, technology and the market from abroad), he became one of the most forces to strive to enter into a large network of the world market.

Finally, The third side of the influence of the new scientific and technological revolution on the modern world is the emergence of a wave of globalization. As we have already noted, the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the 20th century significantly deepened the knowledge of mankind about nature, which significantly increased the possibilities for its transformation. The continuous emergence of new sources of energy and new materials, the high degree of automation of the worldwide information network, the continuous renewal of vehicles, the landing of people on the moon, etc. - all this increases the capabilities of man, the globe becomes small, even the concept of a "global village" has appeared. In concentrated terms, these changes represent a revolutionary advance in relation to the productive forces of mankind. As noted above, capitalist states based on a market economy have created favorable conditions for the application of scientific and technological innovations and new achievements in the field of science and technology. They used the historical chance provided by the new scientific and technological revolution, as a result, the material productive forces began to develop rapidly. In order to find space for highly developed productive forces, these states have created a wave of economic globalization. At the same time, one by one, the former socialist states began to turn towards a market economy, in the interests of their own development they needed to connect with a large international market, and they actively joined the wave of economic globalization. As a result, the need and mutual interest that existed in the capitalist and former socialist states led to the fact that the creation of a single world large market economic system became an irresistible historical trend. At present, the wave of economic globalization has swept the whole world, it determines everything. At the same time, ties between the various states of the world in the political, cultural and other fields are also becoming ever closer.

The problems of globalization aroused the interest of people from different countries. There are many reasons for its appearance, but ultimately it all comes down to a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century.

III. New scientific and technological revolution and zigzags (kinks) of human civilization

Globalization, which we are talking about today, is based on global economic integration, it is the creation of a single market economic system on a global scale. We are dealing with an unprecedented spread on a global scale of the market economy, and the role of the main manager in this world market economic system is played by the capitalist states led by the United States. It is common knowledge that for a long period of time an equal sign was put between the market economy and capitalism. Therefore, many people believe that globalization is the victory of the capitalist system throughout the world, according to the American scientist of Japanese origin Fukuyama, this means the end of history. In fact, however, such a view is superficial. The wave of modern globalization to a large extent goes beyond the ideological confrontation between capitalism and socialism, it is a sign of a turn in human civilization, symbolizing that the industrial civilization that has existed for more than seven hundred years since the Enlightenment has come to its historical end. Both capitalism and socialism, both systems, pay attention to the development of science and technology, to their use for the development of industrial production and the increase of material wealth. The values ​​that the wave of globalization denies are the values ​​of industrial civilization.

Up to the present time, the main creative force of industrial civilization has been the bourgeoisie, whose fate is closely connected with the capitalist system. The peculiarity of this system lies in the fact that here everything is subordinated to the needs of capital, the essence of which is growth, unlimited self-growth. This is the only reason why industry, replacing agriculture, becomes the main form of material production of mankind, and the unlimited expansion of material production becomes the main feature of the capitalist system and of the entire industrial civilization. Why can a capitalist system have such properties? This is determined by the basic value orientations of people in bourgeois society.

Emerged in the fourteenth century. The Enlightenment movement criticized the suppression of human nature by Christianity in the Middle Ages, it proclaimed that man is the center of life, put forward the ideas of humanism. Humanism was inherent in the assertion of the justice and reasonableness of man's material desires and striving for material pleasures in order to satisfy them. The satisfaction of material pleasures requires the availability of a sufficient amount of money, for which it is necessary to develop production. Therefore, individual handicraft production is gradually being replaced by handicraft workshops and industrial production with extensive use of machines. The difference between industry and agriculture is that, based on the knowledge of nature, using machines, it consciously transforms it. Therefore, the formation and development of industry strongly stimulated the development of science and technology, as a result of which the role of the scientific mind of rationality significantly increased, which led to the appearance in the 18th century. enlightenment movement represented by French materialism. Under the influence of rationalistic enlightenment and bourgeois political revolutions, the history of mankind has entered a new era. From the point of view of politics and ideology, this was the era of capitalism, from the point of view of the mode of production, the era of the birth of industrial civilization. The replacement of industrial civilization with agrarian civilization is also called the era of modernization. In short, the entire history of mankind - from the Renaissance to the present day - can be seen as an era of industrial civilization. It appeared after the birth of the bourgeoisie, so it should be said that in Russia before the October Revolution, industrial civilization was practically also a capitalist civilization.

The history of capitalist civilization is the history of people, inspired by material desires, who strive with the help of scientific reason to use the development of industrial production to obtain material wealth and material pleasures. The main value orientations of the humanism of the capitalists was the pursuit of material wealth and material pleasures. The bourgeoisie and the capitalist system did not care about anything but personal gain, all their interests were connected only with it. Inspired by material desires, the pursuit of money, artisans, merchants and the whole class of capitalists that arose then continuously developed science and technology, expanded production, engaged in fierce competition, scoured everywhere, they had a great influence on the development of productive forces, and invariably for several centuries the path of capitalism accompanied by a triumphal march. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx and Engels, speaking of the bourgeoisie, first of all give a high appraisal of the revolution of thought it has accomplished in history, that is, its preaching of individualism and egoism.

As Marx and Engels said, the bourgeoisie and capitalism have played a revolutionary role in history, including the fact that they stimulated a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century and the emergence of a wave of economic globalization. However, the new scientific and technological revolution is just a consistent denial of the value orientations of the capitalist system and capitalist industrial civilization, since under the influence of these orientations capitalism approached its natural border, for the first time faced with an insurmountable obstacle.

Human desires have no limits. The self-expansion of capital, its unlimited expansion has no limits. However, such an expansion inevitably encounters obstacles in its path, it is certainly accompanied by resistance and crisis phenomena. From a historical point of view, such an expansion brought to life the third crisis of the capitalist system.

The first crisis was due to the fact that the expansion of capital and its reproduction met with the resistance of the working class, at the same time it gave rise to conflicts between the capitalists themselves. A clear demonstration of the resistance of the working class was the rapid growth of the labor movement in Western countries in the nineteenth century. and the bitter struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Conflicts between capitalists mainly manifested themselves in free competition in the market, which led to economic crises. The class struggle and economic crises testified that the capitalist system was becoming a fetter on the development of productive forces and that it had already prepared its gravedigger. Then for the first time the capitalist system was in crisis. Marxism was the product of precisely this crisis.

Under the pressure of the class struggle of the workers, the bourgeoisie was forced to change its tactics, which resulted in the mitigation of class contradictions; thanks to the emergence of Keynesianism, she found effective methods to counteract the economic crisis, and it was gradually resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The second crisis of the capitalist system is associated with two world wars caused by the movement of national capital outside its state borders and the emergence of imperialism. Before the transformation of science and technology into the first productive force, the increase in the wealth of the capitalists relied mainly on exploitation and conquest: within the country, on the exploitation of the workers; outside it, on the seizure of the colonies. The greedy desire for material wealth forced the capitalists, following the development of the productive forces, to expand the framework of nation-states, go into the outside world and pursue a varied imperialist policy. The expansion of capital associated with this inevitably leads to conflicts between the imperialist states for space for their development. Both world wars were just a manifestation of these conflicts. One after the other, they showed that the expansion of capital met with new obstacles and restrictions and that capitalism had entered a new crisis. However, the creation of the UN and the emergence of such an international organization as the WTO indicate that the bourgeoisie of various states agreed to certain common rules of the game, thanks to which this crisis was also resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The third crisis arose under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, it is associated with the crisis of the existence of mankind itself. This crisis is well known, it manifests itself in the following three points. First. The revolutionary development of the productive forces, caused by the new scientific and technological revolution, has significantly increased the possibilities and scope of human activity to transform nature. As a result, today we have a constant deterioration of the ecological situation, a decrease in natural resources, so the very further possibility of the existence of mankind and production is a serious problem. Second. The economy is rapidly globalizing, but mankind still does not have an appropriate mechanism for consciously responding to world problems of economic and political life, therefore, in the process of globalization, numerous conflicts continuously arise between different states and regions. On the one hand, this causes a large number of economic crises of a global nature, damage is done to the productive forces; on the other hand, there is a constant renewal of weapons of mass destruction, the destructive power of which is constantly increasing. These two facts together lead to the fact that international conflicts are a real threat to the existence of mankind. Third. Simultaneously with the development and use of science and technology, the acceleration of the development of productive forces and the increase in material wealth, the general alienation of man is significantly increasing. Material prosperity is accompanied by tension in the spiritual sphere, monotony and monotony of life.

The above changes inevitably lead to the thought of whether the continued existence of mankind is possible, whether it is necessary to look for a new path of development - this becomes a real, very serious problem. The farther, the more people begin to show concern for the fate of mankind, to reflect on industrial civilization and its values. Compared to the two previous crises, this - the third - crisis cannot be resolved within the framework of capitalism. The cause of this crisis is not related to any specific technical thing or specific political measures. It is rooted in the values ​​held by the bourgeoisie since the Renaissance: the unlimited increase in material wealth in order to satisfy ever-increasing material desires. It is the basis of the way of life of capitalist civilization, as well as of all industrial civilization, including the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. If one day these value orientations are discarded, then, not to mention capitalism, the entire industrial civilization will end its existence. But does humanity have another choice? No. If we do not want the disappearance of mankind, we should discard the old values, complete the industrial civilization. The facts speak in favor of this.

Industrial civilization is based on science and technology, their development leads to the fact that it reaches its historical peak, and this causes a wave of globalization and a threat to the existence of mankind. This is the self-negation of industrial civilization. An understanding of globalization should be combined with an understanding of the threats that currently threaten the existence of mankind, which, in turn, should be based on a deep understanding of the development of science and technology, in particular the new scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. The emergence of an industrial civilization is associated with the Renaissance, so the completion of this civilization will mark the same turn in the history of mankind as the Renaissance. If we fail to raise the study of the problems of globalization to the proper height, it will be purely superficial and superficial. The facts show that this is not easy to do. In the West, many people oppose globalization because it facilitates the movement of capital around the world, which leads to a decrease in the opportunities for people to find work in their countries; in a number of developing countries, for example in China, some scientists welcome globalization, since it represents a chance for the development of their own economy, they seek to find in it useful arguments for their theoretical conclusions.

Of course, there are a large number of people seriously reflecting on this significant turn of history. The end of industrial civilization, from the point of view of Marxism, means the replacement of capitalism by communism; from the point of view of China's leaders, this means the implementation of the scientific concept of development and building a harmonious society; from the point of view of academician V. Stepin - the end of technogenic civilization; from the point of view of the Russian scientist V. Inozemtsev - the arrival of a post-economic society. Speaking essentially, the description of the development trends of human civilization has long been given by the Russian philosophy of the Silver Age, among them the deepest, most brilliant work is the great work of N. Berdyaev "The Meaning of History". Although it was published over 80 years ago, what it says applies directly to the facts of today. This is the most precious contribution of the Russian nation to the history of human thought. This work should be read by every person of the modern era.

Translation by Doctor of Philosophy V. G. Burov

Marx, K., Engels, F. Poln. coll. op. - M., 1958. - T. 12. - P. 3. (Marx, K., Engels, T. The complete works. - Moscow, 1958. - Vol. 12. - P. 3).

When studying the problems of globalization, the scientific community of the Soviet Union used the concept of "global problems", in modern Russia it has been replaced by another concept taken from Western literature - "globalistics". From a certain point of view, this is a step backwards. The first concept emphasized “problems”, that is, problems brought by globalization that have a negative impact on the existence of mankind, which it needs to solve; as for the second concept, it considers globalization as a neutral, technical issue. The first concept is specifically Russian, the concept of the socialist Soviet Union, the second is current in the Western capitalist world, it is imbued with the spirit of pragmatism. The facts show that globalization, while promoting the development of material production, has simultaneously caused many serious problems, and therefore also has a serious negative effect. It is this effect that we must pay attention to, since it represents a serious threat to the very existence of mankind.

For the fifth year now, ANO STR, in partnership with MegaFon, has been implementing the interregional project “We Really Live”, in which teams of senior orphans and graduates of institutions for orphans from 22 regions of Russia took part and continue to actively operate. This year the project will start in 5 more regions.

The program has been implemented by the SUEK FOR THE REGIONS Foundation and ANO New Development Technologies since 2016. It is aimed at developing among young people a technological culture, project and entrepreneurial thinking, leadership qualities and teamwork skills, fostering a sense of responsibility for their professional self-determination and choice of life path.

It is not the first year that ANO NTR, thanks to the support of Chevron, has been leading the project "Social Entrepreneurship - a Path to Successful Integration of the Disabled in the Krasnodar Territory". We have repeatedly talked about the successful work of the School of Social Entrepreneurship, about the achievements of its graduates, about the friendly and efficient team on the pages of our website.

The program is a continuation of the 2018 project and is aimed at improving the efficiency of strategic planning and implementation of territorial development plans, through the synergy of public initiatives, government and business resources.

Krasnoyarsk hosted a regular training session of the annual School of Social Entrepreneurship program implemented by the SUEK-REGIONS Foundation and ANO New Development Technologies

During the seminar “School Ahead of Changes: School and Kindergarten Design and Research Work System”, 30 representatives of preschool and general education institutions in the territories where the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) operates reported on the work on putting into practice the knowledge already gained and continued to master modern pedagogical methods and tricks.

Participation in the first educational session was attended by 40 public sector employees and business start-ups from the settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Kemerovo Region and Khakassia - the regions where the enterprises of Siberian Coal Energy Company JSC operate.

A seminar "School ahead of change: a new vision of the place of educational institutions in the life of society" was held in Abakan, to which heads and employees of educational institutions of the territories where the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) operates were invited.

• Foreign policy of European countries in the XVIII century.
  • International relations in Europe
    • Succession Wars
    • Seven Years' War
    • Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774
    • Foreign policy of Catherine II in the 80s.
  • Colonial system of European powers
  • War of Independence in the English Colonies of North America
    • Declaration of Independence
    • US Constitution
    • International Relations
• Leading countries of the world in the XIX century.
  • Leading countries of the world in the XIX century.
  • International relations and the revolutionary movement in Europe in the 19th century
    • Defeat of the Napoleonic Empire
    • Spanish Revolution
    • Greek uprising
    • February Revolution in France
    • Revolutions in Austria, Germany, Italy
    • Formation of the German Empire
    • National Unification of Italy
  • Bourgeois revolutions in Latin America, USA, Japan
    • American Civil War
    • Japan in the 19th century
  • Formation of an industrial civilization
    • Features of the industrial revolution in various countries
    • Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
    • Ideological and political currents
    • Trade union movement and the formation of political parties
    • State monopoly capitalism
    • Agriculture
    • Financial oligarchy and concentration of production
    • Colonies and colonial policy
    • Militarization of Europe
    • State legal organization of capitalist countries
• Russia in the 19th century
  • Political and socio-economic development of Russia at the beginning of the XIX century.
    • Patriotic War of 1812
    • The position of Russia after the war. Decembrist movement
    • "Russian Truth" Pestel. "Constitution" by N. Muravyov
    • Decembrist revolt
  • Russia of the era of Nicholas I
    • Foreign policy of Nicholas I
  • Russia in the second half of the XIX century.
    • Implementation of other reforms
    • Transition to reaction
    • Post-reform development of Russia
    • Socio-political movement
• World Wars of the XX century. Causes and consequences
  • The World Historical Process and the 20th Century
  • Causes of World Wars
  • World War I
    • The beginning of the war
    • The results of the war
  • The birth of fascism. The world on the eve of World War II
  • The Second World War
    • Progress of World War II
    • Results of World War II
• major economic crises. The phenomenon of the state-monopoly economy
  • Economic crises of the first half of the XX century.
    • Formation of state-monopoly capitalism
    • The economic crisis of 1929-1933
    • Ways out of the crisis
  • Economic crises of the second half of the XX century.
    • Structural crises
    • World economic crisis 1980-1982
    • Anti-crisis state regulation
• The collapse of the colonial system. Developing countries and their role in international development
  • colonial system
  • Stages of the collapse of the colonial system
  • Third World countries
  • Newly industrialized countries
• • Formation of the world system of socialism
    • Socialist regimes in Asia
  • Stages of development of the world socialist system
  • The collapse of the world socialist system
• Third scientific and technological revolution
  • Stages of modern scientific and technological revolution
    • Achievements of scientific and technological revolution
    • Consequences of scientific and technological revolution
  • Transition to post-industrial civilization
• The main trends in world development at the present stage
  • Internationalization of the economy
    • Integration processes in Western Europe
    • Integration processes of North American countries
    • Integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region
  • Three world centers of capitalism
  • Global problems of our time
• Russia in the first half of the 20th century
  • Russia in the XX century
  • Revolutions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
    • Bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907
    • Russia's participation in the First World War
    • February Revolution of 1917
    • October armed uprising
  • The main stages in the development of the country of the Soviets in the pre-war period (X. 1917 - VI. 1941)
    • Civil war and military intervention
    • New Economic Policy (NEP)
    • Formation of the USSR
    • Accelerated construction of state socialism
    • Planned centralized management of the economy
    • Foreign policy of the USSR in the 20-30s.
  • Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)
    • War with Japan. End of World War II
• • Russia in the second half of the 20th century
  • Post-war restoration of the national economy
    • Post-war restoration of the national economy - page 2
  • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers
    • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers - page 2
    • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers - page 3
  • The collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia
    • The collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia - page 2

Consequences of scientific and technological revolution

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the social structure of capitalist society. Along with the accelerated growth of the urban population, the share of those employed in the service and trade sectors increased at an enormous pace. If the number of people employed in this area in 1950 was 33% of the total active population in capital countries, then in 1970 it was already 44%, exceeding the share of those employed in industry and transport.

The appearance of the worker was changing, his qualifications, the level of general education and professional training were growing; level of pay, and with it the level and style of life. The social status of industrial workers was increasingly approaching the indicators of the life of employees and specialists. On the basis of structural changes in the national economy, the sectoral composition of the working class changed.

There was a reduction in the number of people employed in industries with a high degree of labor intensity (mining, traditional light industries, etc.) and an increase in those employed in new industries (radio electronics, computers, nuclear power, polymer chemistry, etc.).

By the beginning of the 70s. the size of the middle strata of the population ranged from 1/4 to 1/3 of the active population. There was an increase in the share of small and medium-sized owners.

At the second stage of the NRT, which began in the 1970s, the considered processes acquire, as it were, a "second wind". An important role was played by the fact that by the mid-70s. in connection with the process of international detente, significant funds began to be released, previously directed to the military-industrial complexes (MIC) of the leading countries. The West has increasingly reoriented its economy towards social needs.

Scientific and technical programs have become more closely linked with social programs. This was not long in affecting the improvement of technical equipment and the quality of labor, the growth of working people's incomes, and the growth of per capita consumption.

In combination with the reform of the model of state regulation of the economy, such a reorientation of the economy made it possible, on the basis of the development of the scientific and technological revolution, for the capitalist countries to avoid a depressed state and begin the transition to a higher stage of social organization.

It is generally accepted that the invention of microprocessors and the development of electronic information technology, achievements in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering opened the second stage of scientific and technological revolution, the stage of improving the productive forces or "high technology society".

On the basis of the use of microprocessors, the process of complex automation of production began, accompanied by a multiple reduction in the number of machine tools and mechanics, maintenance personnel, etc. Such means of labor as automatic lines, automated sections, workshops, machine tools with numerical control, machining centers are being developed.

At the same time, the process of automation of information has spread to other areas of the economy - management, finance, design work, etc. Information technology itself is becoming a special branch of industry, and science is turning into a powerful knowledge industry.

As noted, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. there have been changes in the sectoral structure of the national economy. At its second stage, on the basis of a widespread transition to resource- and labor-saving, environmentally friendly, science-intensive industries and technologies, a deep structural restructuring of the economy of the leading countries took place.

This could not but cause profound social changes. Today, the largest number of employed (from half to 2/3 of the active population) falls on the information and services sector (tertiary type of employment), and then - industry and the agricultural sector. The working class does not now make up the majority of the population in developed countries. These changes indicate an increase in the intellectual functions of labor, an increase in the general educational level of people employed in various sectors of the economy.

However, one should also note the negative phenomena that accompany the victorious march of the scientific and technological revolution. In the field of employment, this is chronic unemployment. In particular, it is the result of rapid structural changes in the economy due to the release of large numbers of workers in old industries.

In addition, this is the result of the deepening process of the international division of labor and, as a result, the massive migration of labor, and, finally, the rationalization of production in the face of fierce competition.

At the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution, Western countries faced serious economic and socio-political crises, which caused the start of fairly deep internal transformations.

Only a combination of scientific and technological innovations and socio-political reforms allowed the capitalist countries to take full advantage of the achievement of scientific and technological progress, providing the majority of the population of their countries with material prosperity and a high level of democratic freedoms.

Thus, it can be argued with a high degree of certainty that the third scientific and technological revolution (as well as previous scientific and technological revolutions) qualitatively transformed not only the sphere of material production, but also significantly changed social relations, had a huge impact on the spiritual life of society.