The introduction prepares the reader for the whole essay, so it should be carefully considered. The task of the writer of the introduction is to lead to the topic in such a way that it is logical to proceed to the presentation of the arguments. That is why it depends on a well-thought-out introduction in which direction the writer will develop his reasoning.
The introduction is an important compositional part of the essay, organizing the entire text. Among the most important features of the introduction, we will name: 1) conciseness (when writing a mini-essay, this is especially important); 2) connection with the topic; 3) the presence of a formulated thesis; 4) connection with the conclusion.
1) Definition of the topic of the text. The loneliness of a genius. For centuries, this topic has been exciting and inspiring poets, artists, and musicians. The image of Prometheus, forgotten by people, since the time of Sophocles, appears in our imagination when comprehending the role of the individual in history. Is it only in the impossibility of understanding that the reason for the loneliness of a genius lies? This question is raised by the author in this text.
2) The formulation of the main problems that the author of the source text raises or touches on. What is debt? What is responsibility? What force helps a person to go to the end, even if no one understands him? It is these questions that arise after reading the text of V. Laptev.
3) A statement of the writer's own position on the issues that were raised by the author of the original text. I think that A. Kondratov’s text raises exceptionally important issues: the influence of the past on the understanding and understanding of the present, the significance of history as a science, the assertion of a humanistic view of the world around us, the role of historical memory in the formation and development of an individual, a nation, humanity as a whole.
4) A brief note about the author of the text, about the main problems that he touched upon in his works, and about the connection of the problem raised in the text with the general direction of the writer's or publicist's work. V. Laptev is one of those writers who are always interested in historical events. With amazing accuracy, he reveals the characters of his heroes, their inner world. His statements about people are expressive, emotional. V. Laptev often raises the topic of a person's fate, his faith in the future.
5) Lyrical reflection related to the theme of the text. The life of every person is filled with unexpected meetings, acquaintances, new impressions... In the first minutes of communication, without thinking at all, we give a mental assessment of the interlocutor: his appearance, manner of speaking and dressing. However, we forget about the main thing: to see the inner world, to find out the true face of a person. D. Granin writes about such a situation.
6) The nominal sentence in the beginning should contain the basic concept or the name of the person, which is described in the source text. Barclay de Tolly. This name of the great commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, is well known to everyone who is familiar with the history of Russia. The commander-in-chief of the Russian troops, Barclay de Tolly, is a man of honor and duty. It is these personal qualities of the commander that V. Laptev reveals in his text.
7) Question-answer unity. Dialogue will make the introduction more energetic. What is true human culture? I think that this is one of the most difficult questions that Shakespeare wrote about in his sonnets. In our view, a cultured person is an educated person, with good manners and taste, competent speech ... But after all, a truly cultured person can be hidden behind outward silence, discreetness. This is what D. Granin writes about in his article.
8) A rhetorical question is an interrogative in form and affirmative in meaning sentence. Which of us has not come across people like the heroes of D. Granin, who, behind external gloss, behind ostentatious erudition, “behind superficial knowledge, hide inner lack of culture, ignorance? The insecurity of such people is alarming. The carpenter Yermakov, who initially did not attract the attention of the author, is not like that.
9) Quote as an introduction. The quoted fragment should not be very voluminous, it should be directly related to the topic. The quotation can be taken either from the text or from another source. “The main thing in a war is not to die with honor, but to win,” thought the commander Barclay de Tolly. The mind, talent, foresight of a great man saved the lives of many soldiers. Deprived of fame, he believed in the correctness of his decision.
10) A chain of interrogative sentences. Several interrogative sentences in the beginning are designed to fix attention on the key concepts of the source text, to highlight the main thing in it. Who are the great people? What is their greatness? How should a person live, how should he act in order to leave a mark in the hearts of people, in the history of the country, of the entire world community? Such questions involuntarily arise after reading the text of V. Laptev about the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, M. B. Barclay de Tolly.
11) Appeal to the historical characteristics. The problems of friendship, betrayal, mutual assistance excite a person in any era. And in the history of mankind we meet many examples of both great selfless friendship and terrible betrayal. These are eternal questions, these are eternal themes that will always be reflected in modern literature. This is the text of M. Khudyakov.
12) Dialogue with an imaginary interlocutor. Let's talk about childhood, about what we will remember. What memories will remain in our memory - bright, bright or those that cause shame, horror, regret? To find the answer to the question of interest, we can refer to the text of M. Khudyakov.
13) Reasoning about the title. "Scar" is the name I would give to this text. What M. Khudyakov writes about has forever remained in his memory as a bleeding wound. Physical pain passes, wounds heal, and mental pain inflicted in childhood always reminds of itself.
14) Comparison (past and present, concepts and works). It is so arranged that life, like human relationships, is very complex. Sometimes the same person can be capable of both a heroic deed and a vile betrayal. Just such a case is described in the story of M. Khudyakov.
15) Connection with modernity. The problem of the relationship of adolescents is especially relevant in our time. We often ask ourselves: why are today's teenagers so cruel towards someone of their peers? And this is not only physical cruelty, but also mental. There are many examples proving this: they write about it in the newspapers and show it on TV. About this and the text of M. Khudyakov.
In conclusion, the main conclusions from what has been said are summarized, a brief summary is made, a generalized conclusion is formulated, one's attitude to the problem is expressed, if this has not been done before, and the position of the author of the original text in relation to the problems under consideration can also be generalized. The final part of the work can generalize the micro-conclusions of the previous parts, such a composition makes the work complete.
1) The conclusion can be written in the form of a quotation if it is a final judgment reflecting the idea or problematics of the text. E. Asadov expressed the relationship between friends in his poem “A Conversation with a Friend”: And then it flashed: isn’t it that I sometimes praise someone who is not a scoundrel? But how many true hearts are there? And are they all really friends? These lines make you think about the question: is it possible to be one hundred percent sure in your friends?
2) In the final part of the essay, everything that has been said is summed up, a generalization is made. V. Laptev's reasoning about the fate of great people did not leave me indifferent either, I agree with the author that many great people constantly endured adversity, but they sincerely and honestly served their Fatherland. We must know the history of Russia and remember the heroes from whom we can take an example.
3) The conclusion can be written in the form of a vivid example, a generalizing judgment. I read a legend about Danko, who passionately wanted to help people. For the sake of saving people, he pulled out a flaming heart from his chest, lighting the way for them. The crowd quickly forgot their savior. Are we not repeating this mistake, trying to erase the feeling of gratitude from our memory?
4) The conclusion can be written in the form of an argument with an imaginary interlocutor. Not everyone will probably agree with Laptev's position, there will be those who will say: "Why remember the war of 1812?" But patriotic feelings must be developed in each of us. We must know our history, our heroes, be proud of our Motherland - Russia.
5) In the conclusion, the thought expressed in the introduction can be expanded. M. Khudyakov's text about two thirteen-year-old boys did not leave me indifferent. Just like the author, I was struck by the behavior of Seryozhka Leontiev. How to understand his behavior? How to forgive? These questions haunt me.
6) A short expressive saying containing a generalizing conclusion (ending - aphorism). After reading this text, I remembered the proverb: “If you break an arm, a leg, it will get along, but if you break a friend, it won’t get along.” Folk wisdom teaches that one must live according to one's conscience. Conscience makes us think about the dire consequences of our actions.
7) An energetic response to the question posed at the beginning of the essay (the ending is the answer). Why is it that a person who is unshakably faithful to his calling often finds himself alone? Why are his actions incomprehensible to contemporaries? I am far from idealizing the personality of Barclay de Tolly, but I am talking about those qualities of his character that determined his authority. He had great life experience, military wisdom; haughtily despised the hated enemy who thought to break him. No doubt he was truly great. After all, the big is seen from a distance.
Thus, the problem of the Russian literary language as the basis of the speech culture of the Russian people remains open. It will be solved only when everyone learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes a person, when it does not matter what position he holds, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation.
Improving the culture of oral and written speech, taking care of the correctness and purity of speech should be mandatory for a person speaking in public. Particular attention should be paid to the culture of verbal communication in everyday life. It is important to always speak correctly, accurately, clearly and understandably, to be able to clearly articulate thoughts, figuratively and emotionally express your attitude to the subject of speech.
If a person, for example, is accustomed to incorrectly stressing a word in everyday speech, then he will most likely pronounce it incorrectly on the podium out of habit, even if there is an accent sign in the text of the speech in this word.
I recommend that all people (and you can and should learn at any age) actively participate in business conversations, conversations, discussions of various problems among friends, colleagues, relatives, speak more often in classes, seminars and practical classes, take the floor in debates, discussions, write letters, articles...
Thus, having studied the actual problems of the culture of speech, having determined the place of the Russian language in the modern multinational world, having studied the normative, communicative, ethical aspects of the culture of speech, I came to the conclusion that Russian literary language is the basis of the culture of speech of every person.
List of used literature:
Barlas, L. G. Russian language: Stylistics / L. G. Barlas. – M.: Enlightenment, 1978.
Golovin, B. N. Fundamentals of speech culture / B. N. Golovin. – M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
Gorbachevich, K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language / K. S. Gorbachevich. – M.: Enlightenment, 1990.
The conclusion is a relatively small part of the essay. But don't underestimate her. No points are awarded for withdrawal. But it is an important part of the work, giving it integrity, improving logical perception and raising the overall level of the essay. These few sentences should be as capacious as possible, have a serious semantic load. Do you want to know how to achieve this?
Withdrawal volume
It is enough to write 2-3 sentences. It makes no sense to give free rein to fantasy in a limited time. And because of stress, which to a greater or lesser extent affects the body, in the text of an impressive volume there is a great chance to make grammatical, punctuation, and factual errors.
Ways to write output
Appeal to readers: Express your opinion on a problematic issue in the form of an appeal. For example, you can call on people to protect nature. It is necessary to briefly explain why this is necessary, why you think this way. With the same success, you can turn to people with a request to treat elders with respect, protect cultural heritage, and strive for improvement. The main thing is not to express a too radical point of view in a harsh form. Write neutral.
Generalization of ideas expressed in the course of reasoning: the most logical conclusion of the essay. Briefly, without repeating, tell about the main content of the essay. Summarize. You can start with the phrase: "Thus, we came to the conclusion: ...". With the same success, you can use all the phrases from.
A rhetorical question: very bright, expressive way. But it must be used skillfully, with care. It is important to revisit the issue by making the answer to the question obvious. For example: "Is it necessary to protect the cultural heritage? The answer is obvious." It can be further explained why this point of view is irrefutable.
Citation: not the most common way. Refer to him only if you are completely sure of the correctness of the selected material. Quotations of a general nature should be selected. Moreover, their content must fully coincide with your point of view, otherwise everything will be meaningless.
About the same, but in different words: The easiest way. Just rephrase your most clear and conclusive reasoning. You can repeat or (if you agree with it) in other words.
Do not devote much time to the conclusion of the USE essay. You have so little of it.
Don't treat the conclusion as if it doesn't matter. Remember: bad completion can spoil the work.
Strive not for beauty, but for brevity, accuracy, conciseness. Too little is not always bad, too much is not always good.
1. Introduction. General provisions . 3 2. The role of the Russian language in the world . 5
3. The Russian language is one of the world's leading languages. 7
4. Russian language in international communication. 9 5. Will the Russian language be among the world languages in the future. 14
6. Conclusion. 16
7. List of used literature. 17
Introduction. General provisions .
Russian is the official language of the Russian Federation. It belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages that are part of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of the UN. It is used as a language of interethnic communication in the former Soviet republics of the USSR. The number of Russian-speaking St. 250 million people.
The invaluable wealth of the nation is the language - a kind of gene pool of national culture. The language in the life of the people performs ethno-differentiating and ethno-integrating functions, occupying not a secondary, secondary place somewhere on the periphery, but one of the leading ones, as it acts as the bearer of the spiritual independence of the nation. The loss of language for her is the loss of mutual understanding not only outside but also inside her.
Language is the main spiritual territory of the people. Those who call it the backbone of national culture are right. In Ancient Rus', the word "language" also had a second meaning - "people". To cherish one's native speech is a high moral sign of loyalty to the Motherland and the nation. These feelings were expressed with great artistic power during the Great Patriotic War by Anna Akhmatova.
“It’s not scary to lie down dead with bullets,
It's not bitter to stay white
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word
We'll carry you free and clean
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
The words of the Avar Rasul Gamzatov echo the feelings of the Russian poetess:
"And if tomorrow the language disappears,
I'm ready to die today »
Despite the widespread national Russian bilingualism (the proportion of those fluent in Russian as a second language increased from 80.1% in 1970 to 83% in 1979), all nationalities use their native language (93.1% of the total population) .
The Russian language is a familiar and convenient tool for spiritual communication. Pushkin bequeathed to the Russian language a dual mission - the mission of unity and the mission of preserving other languages and cultures. In the current conditions, it is the most important lever for the rapprochement of independent states. One remarkable fact should be recalled. In 1948, during the Cold War, Allen Dulles taught: to destroy the USSR, you don’t need an atomic bomb, you just need to inspire its peoples that they can do without knowing the Russian language. Economic, cultural and other ties are broken. The state will cease to exist.
THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD
The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's languages. According to estimates, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (500 million people, including more than 300 million abroad) ranks third in the world after Chinese (over 1 billion) and English (750 million). It is the official or working language in most authoritative international organizations (UN, IAEA, UNESCO, WHO, etc.).
At the end of the last century in the field of the functioning of the Russian language as a world language in a number of countries and regions, for various reasons, alarming trends emerged.
The Russian language found itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it.
On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically in a generation, as the process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space is underway (it has recently slowed down, but has not been stopped), the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Reduced opportunities for education on it. Less attention is paid to the study of the Russian language in general education and vocational schools, where teaching is conducted in the languages of the titular nations.
The narrowing of the scope of the Russian language deeply affects, firstly, the rights of millions of our compatriots who ended up abroad as a result of the collapse of the USSR, and secondly, this does not meet the national interests of the newly independent states. An erroneous language policy can cause serious difficulties in the development of cooperation both within the CIS (economic and scientific and technical integration, the formation of a single educational space, etc.), and in the sphere of mutual bilateral relations.
The problem of giving the Russian language a special status in the CIS and Baltic countries has acquired particular relevance and importance. This is a key factor in maintaining its position.
In the field of spreading the Russian language abroad, the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr) under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the State Institute of the Russian Language and Literature. A.S. Pushkin, Center for the Development of the Russian Language and the Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (ROPRYAL).
Of course, in the field of promoting the Russian language abroad, the problem of resources remains the most acute. Despite the emerging, as noted above, some positive developments, financial opportunities remain very limited. Currently, the issue of creating a fund to support the Russian language abroad, which could partially solve these problems, is being worked out.
Russian is one of the world's leading languages
The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's leading languages. According to the latest data, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (and this is over half a billion people) ranks third in the world after Chinese and English. Experts note that Russian belongs to those languages, the knowledge of which is in the interests of almost all states. It is no coincidence that today in about 80 countries of the world the Russian language is considered almost mandatory for learning. For example, in the Czech Republic, more students choose Russian as the language of study than French. In China, only English is more popular among students, while in Bulgaria, Russian has moved from 14th most popular language in schools to second place. And as experts say, in the coming years, the popularity of the Russian language will only increase.
Sergei Morgunov, First Deputy Executive Director of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, agrees with this assessment: “According to our information, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular in various countries. This applies not only to people who come to work with us and have some kind of integration ties with Russia, but also to people who have some kind of relationship through family ties. This refers to our compatriots in some generations - the third or fourth and already forgetting the language. This interest is also growing due to the fact that Russia, as an active political player in recent years, is very significantly represented on the world stage. Interest in Russian culture has always been quite high, but the latest research conducted by our foundation shows a constant, active increase.”
The Russkiy Mir Foundation was established by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin to create centers of the Russian language and Russian culture around the world. To date, the Foundation has opened more than 20 Russian centers in the USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China, Estonia and Latvia. An important role in supporting the Russian language abroad, especially in the CIS, is also played by the Moscow government, which is implementing a number of programs to promote education in Russian. For example, in the Baltic countries the program "Scholarship of the Mayor of Moscow" is being implemented. During its operation, more than 500 people became scholarship holders. International Olympiads in the Russian language are held among schoolchildren from the CIS countries, and advanced training courses are organized for teachers of Russian-speaking schools in the near abroad. As a gift from Moscow, Russian-language schools in the former Soviet republics receive hundreds of thousands of textbooks every year. But, according to experts, this is still not enough. It is no coincidence that Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has repeatedly stressed that Moscow's growing role in the world arouses a logical interest in the Russian language and Russian culture. And one of the main tasks of the government is to make the Russian language one of the main languages in the world, so that in the future it will be spoken by over a billion people.
Russian language in international communication
Russian language in international communication. The Russian language is one of the most widespread and richest languages in the world, which are spoken outside the main territory of their distribution by representatives of different peoples, communicating not only with the native speakers of these languages, but also among themselves.
Just like English and some other languages used outside the countries for which they are state or official, the Russian language is widely used outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international (interstate) communication, for example. acts as a "language of science" - a means of communication between scientists from different countries, a means of coding and storing universal knowledge (60-70% of all world information is published in English and Russian). Rus. language is a necessary accessory of world communication systems (radio broadcasts, air and space communications, etc.). English, Russian and some others, i.e. world languages are characterized not only by the specifics of social functions (for example, the function of lingua franca, i.e. an intermediary in the dissemination of knowledge and equalization of their level in different countries; the function of the language of diplomacy, international trade, transport, tourism; educational function - they study young people in developing countries, etc.), but also by the conscious choice of these languages for study and use (recognition as a "foreign language", i.e. the subject of teaching in schools and universities in most countries; legal recognition as a "working language" in international organizations, primarily at the UN, at international congresses, etc.).
Rus. the language, in terms of the absolute number of those who speak it, ranks fifth in the world (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu together, English and Spanish), but this feature is not the main one in determining the "world language". For a “world language”, it is not the number of people who speak it, especially as a native language, that is essential, but the global settlement of native speakers, the coverage of different countries, the maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries (for example, scientific, technical and creative intelligentsia, administrative apparatus). Before the collapse of the USSR, Russian. the language was studied by 20-24 million schoolchildren, students, and other persons in 91 countries, ch. arr. in the Eastern countries. Europe and other former so-called. socialist states. It was also recognized as the language of interethnic communication among all the peoples of the present "near abroad", even the "second native language" non-Russian. peoples living in the USSR. In the 90s. 20th century the number of Russian students. the language in the world (excluding the former republics of the USSR) is estimated at 10-12 million people. (a decrease in the number of those studying the Russian language occurred in the countries of Eastern Europe; in developed countries and a number of other countries, the relative number of those choosing the Russian language for study has increased). Cancellation of the obligation to study Russian. language in those countries that gave high statistics, led to an improvement in the quality of mastering Russian. language by those persons who study it by free choice, without Ph.D. coercion. Improving the level of proficiency in Russian. language contributes to the liberation of his teaching from the ideological coloring of the "language of communism", from the "political and educational function." Like other languages of wide international study and use, Rus. the language entered the "club of world languages" due to the action of social and linguistic factors. Social factors are associated with the importance of the native speaker of a given language in the history of mankind and its role and authority in the modern world. Distribution of Russian. language in the countries of Europe and Asia comes from the 11th century. in an ascending line, Rus plays an important role in this process. classical 19th-century literary writer, he was promoted - often contradictory - by the events of the 20th century, including political, economic, social and other changes in Russia that began with the 2nd half. 80s 20th century
Linguistic factors are derived from historical-social, and not self-sufficient, erected to the “natural, innate superiority” of a given language (for example, to the type of its morphological structure, as adherents of the superiority of English analytic grammar believed).Rus. language and other "world languages" are highly informative, that is, the ability to store in their system the maximum experience of communication and verbal creativity, tested means and possibilities for expressing and transmitting thoughts. Information value is the quality of the elements of the language themselves, but, naturally, it is closely dependent on the quantity and quality of information presented in long language in original and translated publications. The informational value is associated with the communicative efficiency of a given language, its ease of use for speakers of other languages.
In a concrete linguistic plan, the following are significant: the development of semantics, both lexical and grammatical, especially syntactic, stylistic and other differentiation of the dictionary, in particular, the presence of special terminologies; the adaptability of language to the expression of the subtlest shades of thoughts; the stability of the generally accepted standard (lit. language) and the degree of its normalization; the relationship between book and colloquial speech, as well as the state of the oral form lit. language; the degree of internationalization of language units and the preservation of their national identity; the nature of writing, etc. The function of an international intermediary requires the language not to become similar to other or all languages, but to be able to express everything that is expressed in them (this thesis is associated with the concept of “intertranslatability”).
Rus. the language, preserving its uniqueness and identity over a vast space and a long time, absorbed the riches of the languages of the West and East, mastered Greek-Byzantine, Latin, Eastern. and st.-glory. heritage. He accepted the achievements of the new languages of the Romance and Germanic areas of Europe. However, the main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative work of Rus. people, especially generations of Russian. and everyone grew up. figures of science, politics, technology, culture and literature - rus. the language has become a highly developed, rich, revealed in its potentialities, orderly, stylistically differentiated, historically balanced language, capable of serving all needs - not only national, but also universal.
The Russian language, like other languages of wide world study and use, is especially intensively studied as a linguistic phenomenon, including from a contrastive-comparative point of view, that is, from the standpoint of the linguistic consciousness and culture of other peoples: various monographic descriptions appear all its aspects, different types of dictionaries, grammars, stylistics, theoretical and practical grammars for all categories of users, etc. (see Russian Studies). Since 1967, the International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature has been working MAPRYAL (see), since 1973 - the Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin (see) in Moscow, the journal Russian Language Abroad has been published since 1967 and other periodical educational literature in Russia and other countries.
The modern language situation is characterized by the development of processes that negatively affect the state of the Russian language:
- the spheres of functioning of the Russian language on the territory of the former USSR are being reduced, as a result of which many millions of people who speak Russian cannot fully use it in the areas of administration, education, culture, literature and computer science;
- the concept of the development of national-Russian bilingualism in the former republics of the USSR is changing, which leads to a weakening of the significance of the Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries; this, in turn, negatively affects the attitude towards the problems of bilingualism in certain regions of the Russian Federation;
- the volume of business correspondence in Russian is reduced; changes in the forms and methods of management in the context of the transition to a market economy are not supported by new standards and rules for business correspondence, office work and archives;
- the publication of books in Russian is being reduced, their circulations have significantly decreased, the book market is flawed and primitive, the production of serious scientific and artistic publications, including books on the Russian language, has sharply decreased due to the reprofiling of many publishing houses to produce opportunistic literature;
- do not fully meet the needs of modern Russian society, mainly translated information systems;
- normalizing work has lagged behind: the creation and dissemination of the norms of the Russian literary language does not fully meet the needs of modern society;
- Serious difficulties arose in teaching the Russian language and literature in schools and universities: the existing educational and methodological literature does not meet modern requirements;
- there is no well-established system of propaganda of the Russian language in the media, in secondary and higher schools, in professional fields.
Will the Russian language be among the world languages in the future.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of the Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of Russian speakers (active or passive) more than doubled to about 350 million people, of which 286 million lived in a country where Russian was the state language and for most of its inhabitants was relatives.
More than 70 million people (mainly in the Soviet Union republics of Eastern Europe, the Balkans and a number of Asian countries) knew the Russian language to one degree or another. Fourteen years after the collapse of the USSR, by 2005, the number of people who spoke Russian to varying degrees had dropped to 278 million, including 140 million in the Russian Federation itself.
At present, the Russian language is native for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics, and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel), then eat for a total of 163.8 million people.
More than 114 million people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries). In 10 years, by 2015, the number of those for whom Russian is their native language will decrease, according to our estimates, to 144 million (including 120 million in Russia itself). In addition, another 68 million people will speak it as a second or foreign language.
At present, the degree of prevalence of the Russian language still ranks fourth in the world. English is in the lead (it is estimated that for 500 million people it is a native or second language and more than 1 billion people speak it as a foreign language) and Chinese (it is spoken - almost exclusively as a native language - by more than 1350 million people (including Mandarin - more than 900 million people) The third place is occupied by Spanish (it is spoken by about 360 million people, including an estimated 335 million as their native language).
The states of Eastern Europe have traditionally been the second most important region in terms of the prevalence of the Russian language outside of Russia. The peak of interest in the Russian language and culture in the countries of Western Europe was the end of the 1980s, which was associated with the so-called perestroika and certain expectations from it.
Maintaining interest in the Russian language and culture in the countries of Western Europe, to a certain extent, can be facilitated by the Russian-speaking community, which was formed from several waves of emigration. Its population is, according to our calculations, 4.3 million people, the largest part of which lives in Germany, France, Greece, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain
Conclusion.
The problems of the Russian language are organically connected with the place of Russian culture in modern society - its great literature and painting, philosophy and history, its role in all spiritual life. They are connected with those new tasks that Russian culture is called upon to solve not only on its own national soil, but also in the context of consolidating a multinational national culture.
With all the acuteness there is a question about his protection and protection, alien words crippling him invade him. The Russian language began to deteriorate, become poorer, lose its wealth, and be washed away by the so-called language of the outskirts. In many regions, the teaching of the Russian language is weak. There is a shortage of more than five thousand Russian language teachers.
Russian is a world language. Little studied (lesser taught), but world in the sense that the entire heritage of world civilization has been translated into Russian.
List of used literature .
1. Trushkova Yu. V. Problems of description of modern sociolinguistic terminology (the term "state language") // Problems of language 2. Khaleeva II. Language will bring to Europe // gas. "Trud", February 7, 2010
3. Chelyshev E. P. "The Great and Mighty" is taken under protection // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", November 17, 2009