The set of characters in today's Kazakh alphabet has not always been the way we know it. The alphabet has changed over the course of history and acquired new symbols. Historical events, literary figures and revolutionaries stood in his way.
Reference
Alphabet (Greek alphabetos, from the name of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: alpha and beta, modern Greek - vita), a system of written signs of a certain language that convey the sound image of words through symbols depicting individual sound elements. The invention of the alphabet by the West Semitic peoples in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC made it possible to record any texts without referring to their meaning, contributed to the spread of literacy, and played an important role in the development of civilization.
Modern Encyclopedia, 2000
The alphabet is the latest development in the history of writing. This name denotes a series of written characters arranged in a certain constant order and conveying approximately completely and accurately all the individual sound elements of which a given language is composed. The alphabet first appeared among the Phoenicians when they occupied the Nile Delta and became acquainted with Egyptian writing. This could have happened 2000 years before R. Chr.; but the oldest Phoenician written monument dates back to c. 1000 years BC, when the Sidonian king Ashmanozar reigned; others consider the inscription of the Moabite king Menia to be the most ancient monument.
Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907
Runic writing
To reveal the secrets of writing, they first of all turn to rock paintings, since not all paper sources survive to this day due to natural aging, natural disasters, wars and fires. Any stone painting is a great find for an archaeologist: the signs on the stone are almost never erased, and the age of the fossil can be judged from the stone itself. The first stone sources testify to the runic writing used in Central Asia.
An example of such written monuments are Talas stones, the first of which was discovered by Vasily Kallaur in 1896. The stone belongs to the 5th-7th centuries. Now stored in the State Hermitage (St. Petersburg, Russia), four lines of runic inscriptions have been preserved on it:
- Arranging their possessions (?); my heroic name is Udun, I separated from you (i.e. died)
- His wife was left a widow in her sadness.
- His younger brothers are Kara-bars and Ogul-bars.
- in relation to his comrades (separated)
Fragments of runic writing
Middle Ages
This era is divided into two segments: the era of the Karakhanids and the era of the Golden Horde. The Arab culture that dominated Central Asia left a big imprint in the formation of the region's written language. The language included such words as “gylym”, “makhabbat”, “garysh”. The influence of Arabic writing is growing everywhere.
The Kazakh Arabic alphabet has 29 letters and the so-called upper hamza, which is placed at the beginning of a word to indicate all soft vowels in it. This set of signs began to be used in the X century.
In the period from the X to the XV centuries. monumental works appear: “The basis of prosperity is knowledge” by Yusup Balasaguni, “The collection of Turkic dialects” by Mahmud Kashgari, the book by Ahmet Igneki “Respect for truth”, “The Book of Wisdom” by Ahmet Yassavi.
It was the works of that era that contributed to the formation of vocabulary. Many words were borrowed by more than one further generation of Kazakh poets and singers.
The Arabic alphabet is still used by Kazakhs living in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and a number of countries where Arabic script is used.
New Turkic period (XV century). The origin of the national language
The formation of the Kazakh language began in the 15th century. The language began to be filled with stable syllables and new phrases. Writing was formed on the basis of Arabic script, which was in use until the beginning of the 20th century. At first, writing was used mainly for diplomatic correspondence. The works of Makhambet Utemisov, the letters of Abulkhair Khan and the reports of Chokan Valikhanov can be cited as ancient examples of Kazakh writing of that time.
Further genre development of the language took place under the influence of Abai and Ybyray Altynsarin. It was they who became the founders of prose, scientific language and journalism.
In the 20th century, Kazakh becomes the language of education, it is used in all spheres of life. With the help of writers, poets and scientists, it was possible to develop grammatical and stylistic norms of the language. Scientists and linguists faced a new task - to reorganize the Arabic alphabet, taking into account the phonetics of the Kazakh language. Akhmet Baitursynov became the main ideologist of the project for the reform of Kazakh writing. He excluded unused Arabic letters and introduced new ones to describe the specific sounds of the Kazakh language. The alphabet was called “Tote Zhazu”, it was used until the 1930s, but Kazakhs living in Arab countries still continue to use it. Under the publishing house of Baitursynov, anthologies and textbooks on grammar and speech development were also published.
From 1929 to 1940, the Latin alphabet was used in Kazakhstan, it was called "Yanalif". It was developed by the Committee on the New Alphabet at the Central Executive Committee of the SSR. Kazakh specific characters were also introduced into the alphabet. Used by Kazakhs living in Turkey.
New time. After 1940
In 1940, a new Kazakh alphabet was formed based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The project was led by Sarsen Amanzholov, a Turkologist and linguist. He developed new foundations of grammar, introduced new terminology, and deduced the basic rules of the new writing system. The alphabet is still used in Kazakhstan, as well as in the territories of Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan adjacent to Kazakhstan.
What's next?
After gaining independence, discussions began in Kazakhstan about the need for a new language reform. Experts and politicians have proposed many variations and modifications, but the main controversy is around the transition (or return?) to the Latin alphabet.
In 2006, at the XII session of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan, President Nazarbayev raised this issue in his speech: “... we need to return to the issue of switching to the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh alphabet. We put it off at the time. Nevertheless, the Latin script dominates today in the communication space. And it is no coincidence that many countries, including post-Soviet ones, have switched to the Latin alphabet.
Thus, the supporters of the transition argue, the status of the language will rise, it will become independent, and receive the necessary impetus in evolution. On the other hand, this means a loss of connection with the Russian world and its cultural heritage.
To be continued, of course...
“Ozіnshe” is translated as “business”, or “all of myself”, or “all of myself business”. This phrase is usually pronounced in the tone of grandmothers at the entrance, who do not discuss except the Higgs boson when two protons collide. And that’s because the Higgs boson just hasn’t passed them yet in nylon tights at minus 15. That is, if you were told “neg ozіnshe bolyp zhүrsіn?” (why are you all so businesslike?) ”or“ ozіnshe bolmashy (be simpler) ”, so this is a hint that maybe it’s time to change and become simpler. Maybe not? Otherwise, everyone considers himself an “ozinshe” expert who can advise everyone on what to be and what not to be.
In general, of course, “ozinshe” is a harmless word that can still be translated as “in your own way”. For example, “Ozіnshe tүsіndi – understood in his own way”, “Ozіnshe zhasada – did it in his own way”.
"Koishy!"
This phrase translates as “stop” or “enough” and is spoken by a man, mom, dad, children, old people and all other people except wives and girls. "Koishy!" wives and girls is translated as "oh, everything!". That is, if you suddenly say to her “ozіnshe bolmashy”, and she will answer you “oh, koishy!” (and she will certainly answer that way), then further conversation is useless.
By the way, the same word can be used as a noun. Then it is translated as "shepherd of sheep."
"Bismilyah"
No, this phrase does not translate as “The detonator will work in 13 seconds, buddy. You can still get away." "Bismilyah" does not translate from Kazakh at all. This is an original Arabic phrase, which is used by absolutely all Kazakhs - believers and non-believers. A Kazakh may not pray, not believe in God, and generally be an atheist, but when a plane hits a turbulence zone at an altitude of 9000 meters, he says "bissmiles." From this it is clear that this phrase is usually used in cases where something scared the Kazakh. So if a Kazakh said “bissmiles!” at the sight of you, then at least you look bad. A warm shower and sound sleep will help you.
In general, the phrase can be translated as “with the name of Allah”, and it is customary to start any action (sleep, meal, new beginning, etc.) with it so that it is successful.
"Base!"
“Base” is translated as “Oh, there it is! And I thought…” There is also a second version of the translation, it sounds like this: “there it is! I thought so!". At the same time, the Kazakh who pronounces this phrase must pretend that he himself thought of what he thought about afterwards.
Both options differ in tone, as well as in the confused look of the speaker in the first case and in an excitedly confident facial expression.- in the second.
"Bazaar zhok"
“Bazaar zhok” is approval or consent. If the question "how do you like my dress?" the Kazakh answered “bazaar zhok!”, which means that the dress is stunning. If he didn’t answer and frowned, then he ran after the ruler. Here, either the neckline exceeds the standard of 2 cm, or the length of the skirt has gone beyond the accepted norms. Norm - ankle. Joke.
By the way, if the Kazakhs answered your joke “zhoq bazaar!”, It means that the joke was very funny and it makes sense to try out at the Comedy Club. Literally translated as "no market".
"Kudai kalasa"
“Kudai kalasa” is a prefix to any action in the future that has not yet occurred, but is expected. For example, “Kudai qalasa, dollar 6 tenge bolada” - “God willing, the dollar will be 6 tenge”. Bad example, right? Well, or then: “Kudai kalasa, kelesi zhyly inflation bolmaydy” - “God willing, next year there will be no inflation.” Another bad example, right? Well, in general, the meaning of the phrase, I think, is clear. It can also be used as a standalone phrase. For example, if a girl gets bored with the question “when will we finally get married, go to Paris, buy a car (underline the necessary)?”, Then you can safely answer “Kudai kalasa”. That is, you did not specify the terms, but, most importantly, you did not refuse.
Instead of "Kudai kalasa", the Kazakhs sometimes use the expression "Alla zhazsa", which is equal in meaning. It translates as "God willing" or "If the Almighty pleases."
“Karyndas / tәte / apai!”
These are words of appeal to the representatives of the female sex. "Karyndas" is usually said to young girls. Literally translated as "sister". So if a dark-skinned parking attendant, who is definitely not your brother, suddenly turns to you with the phrase “Karyndas, you can’t park here,” you don’t need to make a scandal.
A scandal can be arranged if you are “tate” (young woman), and the parking attendant turned to you “apai” (aged woman). Although here, too, you need to understand that in different regions of the country “tәte” and “apai” can mean the same thing. The main thing is that in the south and in the west you should not be called “tate”, as they call an uncle in these regions.
"Zhanym sol!"
“Zhanym sol” is an endearing phrase. Literally, my soul. Ideally, it should be said to very close and beloved people. But in real life, the “habitat” of this phrase is very wide: from your own child and beloved husband to a close friend and beloved dog.
By the way, Son Pascal has a song of the same name, have you heard? Beautiful song.
"Solay"
"Solay" is a universal word. It translates as "like this", but depending on what comes after it, it changes its meaning. And this word has so many meanings. Therefore, it is used very often. For example, "solai de" fills a void in a conversation. That is, when you have nothing more to say, you can leave on the phrase "solaaaaay de." The letter "a" here must certainly be stretched out to show the interlocutor that the conversation has dragged on, there is nothing more to say, and let's wrap it up.
Here are some more derivatives of the word “solai”: “solai goy?–like that?”, “solai ma? – so?”, “solai emes ne edі? - is not it?".
"Okasy zhok"
A couple of years ago, I would not have added this phrase to this rating. For what? Few people knew its meaning, but even fewer were those who actually used this phrase in life. Now the situation has changed - many people began to use this phrase in their speech, but the number of those who know its meaning is still extremely small. Now “okasy zhok” is said in response to the gratitude “rahmet!”, That is, they use it as an analogue of “nothing!” and "you're welcome!".
But in fact, "okasy zhok"–it means "no guilt, nothing to worry about." That is, if you stepped on your foot and apologized, then you can answer “okasy zhok”, thereby making it clear that nothing terrible happened. Usephrases as a response to "thank you"–its incorrect use.
Russian-Kazakh phrasebook: how to explain yourself in an unfamiliar country. Popular phrases and expressions for travelers.
- Hot tours Worldwide
The Kazakh language is spoken by 12 million people who mostly live in Kazakhstan. Kazakh writing has undergone many changes: at first they used the runic alphabet, then the Arabic-Muslim script, the Latin alphabet, and during the years of Soviet power - the Cyrillic alphabet. At the moment, the country uses the Cyrillic alphabet, but by 2025 there should be a transition to the Latin alphabet. The Kazakh language is considered one of the richest and most beautiful languages, because its dictionary contains more than 160 thousand words. The peculiarity of the language is that it does not use the category of gender, in most words the stress should be placed on the last syllable, it is also worth paying attention that there are no prepositions in Kazakh.
The longest word in the Kazakh language consists of 33 letters - "қanaғattandyrylmagandyқtaryңyzdan". In translation, it will sound like "because of your discontent." This word is used when respectfully addressing some people.
Greetings, common expressions |
|
| Good morning! | Kaiyrly tan! |
| Good afternoon | Kaiyrly kun! |
| Good evening! | Kaiyrly cash! |
| Hello! | Salemetsiz be |
| Hello! | Salem! |
| How are you? | Kalynyz Kalay? |
| Thanks, very good | Rakhmet, jakses |
| How are you feeling? | Konil-kuyiniz kalay? |
| Everything is fine | Bari jacks |
| Goodbye! | Sau Bolyniz! |
| See you soon | Kezdeskenshe sau bolyniz! |
| Till tomorrow! | Erten Kezdeskenshe |
| I have to go | Men ketuim kerek |
| I'm sorry you're leaving | Ketetininіz kandai ekіnіshі |
| Yes | Ya |
| No | Jock |
| Fine | Zharaids |
| I'm against | Men karsymyn |
| Thank you | Rakhmet |
| Thank you very much | Kop rahmet |
Acquaintance, the beginning of a conversation |
|
| Allow me to present to | In - we are tanystyruga ruksat etiniz |
| I want to introduce you to... | Sizdi... men tanystyrayyn dep edim |
| Very nice | Ote kuanyshtymyn |
| My name is... | Menin esimim... |
| Sorry... | Keshiriniz... |
| I would like to talk to you | Sizben saleseyin dep eat |
| Are you very busy right now? | Kazir uakytynyz tygyz ba? |
| May I ask you? | Sizden surauga bola ma? |
| Can you help me? | Magan kemek bere alasyz ba? |
| Can I speak to...? | ...Salesuime bola ma? |
| I'm looking for... | Men...Izdep zhurmin |
| Who can I ask? | Kimnen surauyma boladas? |
| Where can I find it? | Are they kai zherden tabuga boladas? |
| What's happened? | Not Boldy? |
| I need to call | My phone soguym kere |
Numbers and numbers |
|
| One | Baer |
| Two | Yeke |
| Three | yosh |
| Four | Cake |
| Five | Bes |
| Six | Alty |
| Seven | gete |
| Eight | Segyz |
| Nine | Togyz |
| Ten | He |
| Twenty | Zhyyyrma |
| Thirty | Otyz |
| Fourty | kryk |
| Fifty | Yelu |
| Sixty | Alpys |
| Seventy | Jetpes |
| Eighty | Sexen |
| Ninety | Toksan |
| One hundred | Zhus |
| Thousand | We N |
| Million | Million |
Months |
|
| January | Kantar |
| February | Akpan |
| March | Nauryz |
| April | Saur |
| May | Mamyr |
| June | Mausym |
| July | Shelde |
| August | Tamyz |
| September | Kirkuek |
| October | Kazan |
| November | Kara |
Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language characterized by vowel harmony.
In October 2017, Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that by 2025 the government would switch from using the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. On February 19, 2018, President Nazarbayev signed an amendment to Decree No. 569 dated October 26, 2017 “On the transfer of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet.” The modified alphabet uses S and C for the Kazakh sounds "Sh" and "Ch" and eliminates the use of apostrophes. Common phrases in the Kazakh language often include these sounds, so choosing the right letters to convey them has been a major problem for government philologists and linguists.
Spread of the language
Native speakers of the Kazakh language (mostly Kazakhs) live on a vast territory from the Tien Shan to the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The Kazakh language is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with about 10 million speakers (based on information from the World Factbook Encyclopedia on Population and Number of Kazakhs). In China, more than a million ethnic Kazakhs live in the Ili Autonomous Region of Xinjiang.
Story
The oldest known written records in languages closely related to Kazakhstan were written in the Old Turkic alphabet, although it is not currently believed that any of these Old Turkic dialects were a direct predecessor of Kazakh. The modern complex Kazakh language appeared in 1929. This happened after the Soviet authorities introduced the Latin alphabet and then the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. Prior to this, the Kazakh language was difficult to distinguish from Arabic, Persian or Ottoman, since it also used the Arabic script.
Presenting the strategic plan in April 2017, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev described the twentieth century as a period during which "the Kazakh language and culture were devastated." Nazarbayev ordered the Kazakh authorities to create the Latin Kazakh alphabet by the end of 2017 so that the process of switching to it could begin as early as 2018.
As of 2018, Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Mongolia, Latin in Kazakhstan, and more than a million Kazakhs in China use an Arabic alphabet similar to that used in Uyghur.
Reason for changing the alphabet
The decision to romanize the Kazakh language is complex and ambiguous. It was justified by the need to revive the Kazakh culture after the difficult Soviet period and facilitate the use of the latest digital technology, entirely using the Latin alphabet. However, the initial decision to introduce a new spelling using apostrophes caused controversy, as it would have made it difficult to use many popular search and writing tools. The alphabet was revised the following year by Presidential Decree No. 637 of February 19, 2018, and the use of apostrophes was abolished - they were replaced by diacritics.
Presidential swings
Nazarbayev first raised the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of Cyrillic as the official development program for the Kazakh language in October 2006. A Kazakh government study published in September 2007 stated that switching to the Latin alphabet within 10-12 years would be feasible at a cost of $300 million. On December 13, 2007, the transition was temporarily suspended, with President Nazarbayev stating: “For 70 years, Kazakhs have been reading and writing Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state, so we need stability and peace. We should not be in a hurry to transform the alphabet." However, on January 30, 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports, Arystanbek Mukhamedyuly, announced that a transitional plan was being developed, with specialists working on spelling, to take into account the phonological aspects of the language.
Language Features
The Kazakh language exhibits vowel harmony and contains many words borrowed from related and neighboring languages - usually of Russian or Arabic origin. There is also a system of harmonization of sounds, which resembles the one in the Kyrgyz language, but which is not used so often and is not reflected in orthography.
The Kazakh language has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ usually only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but appear afterwards as allophonic sounds.
According to the philologist Vaida, the quality of the front/back vowels is actually related to the neutral or reduced roots of the language.
Phonetic values are combined with the corresponding character in the Kazakh Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.
Kazakh can express various combinations of tension, aspect, and mood through various verbal morphologies or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which are better referred to as light verbs. The present time is a prime example of this phenomenon. Progressive time in the Kazakh language is formed with one of four possible auxiliary language turns. These auxiliary expressions, such as “otyr” (sitting), “tur” (standing), “zhur” (going) and “zhat” (lying), encode various shades of meaning in how an action is performed, and also interact with lexical semantics. root verbs.
Comparison with Japanese
In addition to the complexities of progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-convertible pairs that encode a number of aspects - modal, volitional, evidentiary, and action modifications. For example, the pattern -yp koru with the auxiliary verb koru indicates that the subject of the verb has tried or is trying to do something. This can be compared to a similar construction in Japanese, てみる temiru. Thanks to these features, many people believe that the Kazakh language is complex.
Kazakh language in Kazakhstan
The official languages of Kazakhstan are Kazakh with 5,290,000 speakers throughout the country and Russian with 6,230,000 speakers. Kazakh and Russian are used throughout the country on an equal footing. Other spoken languages in the country are German (30,400 speakers), Tajik, Tatar (328,000 speakers), Turkish, Ukrainian (898,000 speakers), Uyghur (300,000 speakers), and Uzbek. All of them are officially recognized by the 1997 Language Law No. 151-1. Other languages in Kazakhstan are Dungan, Ili Turkic, Ingush, Sinti and Romani. A translator of the Kazakh language into Russian is a profession that is in demand only among the representatives of the older generation of Kazakhstanis who still do not speak the state language.
Recently, many speakers of other languages have appeared in the country, such as Belarusian, Korean, Azerbaijani and Greek.
Conclusion
The vocabulary of the Kazakh language is very diverse, this language is interesting, original and unusual. Every year the number of its carriers increases. A translator of the Kazakh language is already a profession in demand, and not only within Kazakhstan itself. Since the beginning of the 90s, an intensified campaign has been conducted in the country to promote the Kazakh language in all spheres of life - in office work, education, art and culture. Many Russians living in both Kazakhstan and Russia are frightened by this trend - some, like the Russian writer and politician Eduard Limonov, speak openly about the cultural genocide of Russians in Kazakhstan and call for Russia's annexation of Northern Kazakhstan (Semirechye), known for its settlements with a densely populated Russian population. These fears stem from the fact that Russians in that country are usually forced to learn the Kazakh language, which is perceived by some as a national humiliation.
The language of the Kazakhs (See Kazakhs), the indigenous population of the Kazakh SSR. The number of speakers within the USSR is 5193 thousand people. (1970, census). On K. I. also speak Kazakhs living in the PRC (509 thousand people, 1953, census), the MPR (43 thousand people, 1963, estimate) ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
KAZAKH LANGUAGE- refers to the Turkic languages (Kypchak group). Official language of Kazakhstan. Writing based on the Russian alphabet ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Kazakh language- The Kazakh language is one of the Turkic languages. It is distributed in the Kazakh SSR and in certain regions of the neighboring regions of the RSFSR, as well as in certain regions of the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR and the Kirghiz SSR. Abroad in China, Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Kazakh language- refers to the Turkic languages (Kypchak group). Official language of Kazakhstan. Writing based on the Russian alphabet. * * * KAZAKH LANGUAGE KAZAKH LANGUAGE refers to the Turkic languages (see TURKIC LANGUAGES) (Kypchak group). Official language… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Kazakh- language Self-name: Kazakh tili, قازاق ٴتىلى Countries: Kazakhstan, China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, etc. Official status: Kazakhstan, Or Kazakh Autonomous Okrug ... Wikipedia
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Books
- Kazakh language. Self-instruction manual, K. T. Shakhatova Category: Language textbooks Publisher: Living Language, Manufacturer: Living language, Buy for 1119 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Kazakh language. Self-instruction manual, Shakhatova Kamshat Tlekovna, This self-instruction manual is intended for those who independently study the Kazakh language. It allows you to develop the speech skills necessary for communication and reading simple literature, and master ... Category: Other languages Series: Tutorial Publisher: