Anatomy of the chest. Natalya Koroleva. Thorax and Breathing Functions of the pectoralis major muscle

Warm up

As always, let's start with a warm-up. In oriental dance classes, it is of great importance. Today we are adding to the warm-up exercises for the hands that we have learned.

Left and right hip movements
Movement of the hips back and forth
Circular movements of the hips, first to the right, then to the left
Chest movements up and down
Chest movements left and right
Circular movements of the chest to the right - up - left - down, then in the opposite direction
Head movements left and right
Tilts of the head in the direction to the right - back - left - forward two times in each direction
Rotation of the head to the right - back - left - forward, and in the opposite direction
Stretching. We make inclinations first to the toe of the left foot, then to the toe of the right foot
Movement of the right wrist up and down
Movement of the right elbow up and down
Circular movements of the right shoulder back
Movement of the left wrist up and down
Movement of the left elbow up and down
Circular movements of the left shoulder back
Movements with both hands alternately. IP: we spread our arms to the sides. We make circular movements with the shoulder of the right hand, the elbow of the right hand, the wrist of the right hand, then with the shoulder of the left hand, the elbow of the left hand and the wrist of the left hand.

Key

Today we will look at one of the basic movements of belly dance, which is called the key. The key is hip movement.

Almost all hip strikes are performed using the knees. Therefore, make sure that the knee is straightened as much as possible. In this movement, it is necessary to simultaneously tighten (tighten) the stomach.

1. Simple key

IP: We become sideways, raise the right hand up, take the left hand to the side. We take the shoulders back, raise the chin, follow the posture. We put the left foot on the toe, thereby lifting the left thigh up. The supporting (right) leg does not bend.
One: leaving the left leg on the toe, bend it at the knee, lower the left thigh down.
Two: Straighten the left leg - the thigh rises again.

We repeat the movement several times.

We turn the other side, raise the left hand up, take the right hand to the side. We take the shoulders back, raise the chin, follow the posture.

Repeat the same movement now for the right leg.

2. We complicate the key by adding a leg lunge to it

IP: We become sideways, raise the right hand up, take the left hand to the side. We take the shoulders back, raise the chin, follow the posture. We put the left leg bent at the knee on the toe.
One: straighten the leg, pulling the thigh up.
Two: lower the hip down.
Three: lift up.
Four: lower the thigh down, throwing the leg forward - tear off the toe from the floor and stretch the leg forward in front of you.

We turn the other side, raise the left hand up, take the right hand to the side.

We take the shoulders back, raise the chin, follow the posture. Repeat the same movement now for the right leg.

3. Let's further complicate the key by adding a squat to it

This movement will enter our dance.

IP: the same, we start with the left leg. One: raise the thigh up.
Two: lower the thigh down and at the same time sit down on the supporting leg, slightly bending the knee.
Three: stand up, straightening the knee of the supporting leg and lifting the left thigh.
Four: lower the hip and throw the leg forward.

Repeat the same movement for the right leg.

Bundle. Key + chest movement

Let's analyze the bundle, which includes the key with squatting and throwing out the leg and the movement of the chest.

We start with the right thigh.

We make a key with squatting and throwing out legs. We turn straight, both hands are transferred to the position to the sides and we make the movement of the chest up and down 2 times.

Then we turn to the left side, make a key with the left thigh with a squat and throw out the leg, turn straight again - arms to the sides, move the chest up and down 2 times.

Don't get frustrated if something doesn't work right away. Continue to persistently perform simple belly dance movements, collecting them into learned patterns, and victory is not far off.

If you want to lose weight without harm to health, order
nutrition correction for weight loss (consultation + nutrition plan)

The complex is aimed at exploring your breathing habits and expanding the set of breathing patterns. It can be used to improve the sound of the voice, correct posture, to teach separate control of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, etc.

In most cases, the chest appears to us as something whole and inactive. Meanwhile, if we take a closer look, we will see a structure that is very dynamic in nature: 12 thoracic vertebrae and 24 joints between them, 12 pairs of ribs and 48 joints in 2 rows along the spine and a dozen more between the ribs and the sternum. All this makes the chest able to adapt to breathing in a variety of postures, while providing a soft connection between the head and the pelvis.

The following small exercises are designed to explore your breathing habits and expand your breathing patterns.

1.
Starting position: lying on the floor, knees bent, feet on the floor. Breathing is calm and free. Watch your chest move as you inhale and exhale. Does the sternum move in relation to the spine? What happens to the spine at this time? Does it follow the sternum upward or does it press against the floor? How do the lower ribs behave? Maybe the chest is generally motionless and all breathing is concentrated in the stomach?

Roll over onto your stomach and watch your breath in this position. What has changed in the movement of the ribs, sternum, spine?

Roll over on your side and repeat the examination on your side.

Get back on your back. Try to repeat the breathing movements several times, but without inhaling and exhaling air.

2.
Hands lie lightly on the stomach, slightly below the navel. Take a shallow breath and, without exhaling air, squeeze your chest so as to increase the pressure in your abdomen. Raise your arms as your belly expands. Make sure that the pressure in the abdomen is distributed evenly in all directions, including down to the floor. Now contract your stomach and expand your chest. On one delay, you can make several such oscillatory movements. It is important not to be too zealous and not bring yourself to a state of discomfort, because the lung tissue is very delicate, it must be protected. Relax, and repeat several times, at different speeds. Relax, straighten your arms and legs and see how your breathing has changed.

3.
Roll over onto your stomach, stretch your arms over your head with your hands apart, stretch your legs with your feet apart, and repeat this movement. Get back on your back and rest. See if anything has changed in your breathing.

4.
Starting position as in paragraph 3. Try to make an oscillatory movement "obliquely" - from the right side of the chest to the left thigh. Repeat several times and change the "diagonal". Get back on your back, rest, see how your breathing has changed.

5.
Lean on your forearms, chin resting on your chest. Make oscillatory movements, observing the movement of the upper chest

6.
Starting position as in paragraph 5, the head hangs back. Compare your feelings during the movement with those that arose in the previous exercise.

7.
Get on your knees, knees wide apart, the top of your head is on the floor, your hands rest on the floor with your palms, supporting the body and protecting the head from excessive pressure. Make several oscillatory movements at different speeds. Rest on your back, note the changes that occurred when your back touched the floor, changes in breathing.

8.
Sitting on the floor, put your feet together with your feet. Hug your shoulders, lower your head to your chest and repeat the exercise in this position.

Relax lying on your back. Get up. How has your posture changed? Breath? The sound of a voice? Sometimes the changes are so significant that it's hard to believe.

In this complex, we consistently limited the movements of the chest from different sides, allowing others to move more clearly. As a result of this differentiation, the function of breathing as a whole is noticeably improved - it becomes lighter and deeper. Along with breathing, posture and voice change. In practice, we can see that a change in one part entails a change in the whole.

The muscles located in the thoracic region of the human body perform a lot of voluntary and involuntary functions. Consider their diversity, location and main tasks.

pectoral muscles

There are four types of chest muscles in the human body:

The pectoralis major muscle is the most prominent. This is the muscular array of the chest, which forms its appearance. It helps in breathing, brings the hand to the body, is responsible for turning it inward.
The pectoralis minor is not visible visually, because it is located behind the large one. Involved in the process of breathing, and it is she who pulls the shoulder blades forward and down.
The subclavian muscle, located between the uppermost rib and the collarbone, moves the collarbone inward and downward, strengthens the sternoclavicular joint, and lifts the first pair of ribs.
The serratus anterior is located on the side of the chest. By its location, this is the lowest pectoral muscle. Together with the rhomboid, it forms a fairly powerful muscle mass that covers the entire human body and presses the shoulder blade against it.

Own muscles of the sternum

Do not forget about your own muscles of the chest:

The diaphragm is the main muscle in the process of breathing. It is a muscular-tendon septum between the thoracic and abdominal regions. It helps to increase intra-abdominal pressure, contracting along with the abdominal muscles.
Subcostal muscles involved in the act of inhalation. Located on the back surfaces of the lower pairs of ribs. Their bundles seem to be thrown over one edge.
The external and internal intercostal muscles are participants in the "inhale-exhale" process. Their beginning is different costal edges.

pectoralis major muscle: location

Steam room wide Pectoralis major muscle located in the anterior region of the chest. Engages the shoulder joint. Its place of attachment is the flat tendon of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Muscle location:

The upper part (another name is clavicular) - from the medial line to the anterior clavicular surface. Here it forms the clavicular fossa and the deltoid-pectoral groove.
Next, the median part of the muscle is observed - the sternocostal. It begins at the anterior surface of the sternum and ends in the region of the 2nd-7th pair of ribs.
The lowest and most weakly expressed is the abdominal. It starts from the anterior vaginal wall of the rectus abdominis muscles.

Functions of the pectoralis major muscle

This pectoral muscle performs the following tasks:

adduction and rotation of the shoulder inward;
bringing to the sagittal position (left or right) of the hand raised horizontally;
pronation - rotation of the limb inward;
arm flexion;
help expand the chest during the respiratory process.

Location of the small muscle of the sternum

Flat triangular steam room pectoralis minor muscle located directly under the large pectoral muscles. It is attached to the coracoid process of the scapula with a short tendon. The pectoralis minor controls the joints from the shoulder blade to the ribs. The location of this component of the muscles in the human body:

Beginning - separate teeth in the region of the 2nd-5th pair of ribs, in the immediate vicinity of the junction of their bone and cartilage tissue.
Further, the muscle stretches upward in the lateral direction. At the same time, its beams converge.

Functions of the pectoralis minor

Tasks performed by the small muscle of the sternum:

movement of the scapula up and down;
abduction (adduction) of the shoulder blades;
an auxiliary function during breathing - with a stably strengthened shoulder blade, the muscle lifts the ribs in this process.

Location of the serratus anterior

Wide flat steam room Serratus anterior muscle located in the anterolateral region of the sternum. Its upper part, like the small pectoral muscle, is hidden under the large muscle of the sternum. The lower surface is located under the thoracic fascia. Together, the serratus anterior muscles protect the outer costal surface, and then go under the scapula. Here it is attached to the lower corner of the scapular triangle along its medial edge. Here, it should be noted, the most developed bundles of this muscle are located. Location - 2 start:

The outer surface of the 8th-9th pair of ribs (8-9 teeth of the muscle).
From the tendinous arch passing between the 1st-11th pairs of ribs.

Functions of the serratus anterior

This pectoral muscle performs the following set of functions:

pulling the shoulder blades away from the spinal column;
lateral (lateral) displacement of the lower angle of the scapula;
rotation of the scapula along the sagittal axis;
fixing the position of the scapula, adjoining it to the chest (in tandem with the rhomboid muscle);
auxiliary respiratory function (when inhaling) - with the condition that the belt of the upper limbs remains motionless.

Location and function of the subclavian muscle

A small oblong steam room Subclavius muscle is almost parallel to the clavicle, located slightly below it. Its surface is hidden by an extensive large muscle of the sternum. In the lateral and vertical direction, this musculature is attached to the lower acromial clavicular region. The subclavian muscle performs the following functions and tasks in the body:

movement of the clavicle down and towards the medial line;
raising the upper pair of ribs;
retention of the clavicle in the sternoclavicular joint;
auxiliary function in the respiratory process;

Thus, all four types of paired pectoral muscles (large, small, anterior serratus and subclavian) perform a large set of functions - various movements of the limbs, shoulder blades, collarbone, participation in the respiratory process. The quality of performing arbitrary tasks, the appearance (concerning the pectoralis major muscle) depends on the sports behavior of a person.

3305 0

Movements at the level of the thoracic spine have features. They lie in the fact that the amplitude of movements is small due to the close connection of the thoracic spine with the chest, which limits the amount of motor activity. However, the thoracic spine and rib cage, which make up a single whole, are involved in breathing. Therefore, respiratory movements are a mandatory attribute of the thoracic spine. It should be noted that, functionally, movements up to the ThV level are carried out in combination with movements of the cervical spine, and below the ThV level - in combination with movements of the lumbar spine.

The following physiological movements are characteristic of the thoracic spine: around the frontal axis - extension and flexion, around the sagittal axis - lateral tilt to the right and left, around the vertical axis - rotation in one direction and the other. These movements are also noted at the level of the lumbar spine. The thoracic region also has respiratory movements, which are not present in other parts of the spine. Muscles are involved in ensuring the movements of the thoracic spine. Consider their functional role in this.

Extension:

transverse spinous muscle (m. transversospinalis).

bending:

The abdominal muscles belong to the muscles of the ventral surface at the level of the lumbosacral spine, but they produce flexion of the thoracic spine with bilateral contraction.

Lateral Tilt:

rectifier of the spine (m. erector spinae);
transverse muscles (m. intertransversaria);
external oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus externus abdominis);
internal oblique abdominal muscle (m.obliquus internus abdominis);
rectus abdominis (m. rectus abdominis).

Lateral tilt of the thoracic spine occurs when the muscles of the dorsal surface at the level of the chest and the ventral surface at the level of the lumbosacral spine (abdominal muscles) contract on one side, on which the muscles contract.

rotation:

transverse spinous muscle (m. transversospinalis);
external oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus externus abdominis);
internal oblique muscle of the abdomen (m.obliquus internus abdominis).

Rotation is carried out by muscles that have an oblique direction of the fibers. Moreover, the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus internus abdominis) is reduced on the side where the rotation occurs, and the external oblique muscle of the abdomen (m. obliquus externus abdominis) - on the opposite.

Breathing movements:

rectifier of the spine (m. erector spinae);
rib lifters (mm. levatores costarum);
latissimus dorsi (m. latissimus dorsi);
serratus posterior superior (m. serratus posterior superior);
posterior lower serratus muscle (m. serratus posterior inferior);
pectoralis minor (m. pectoralis minor);
external intercostal muscles (m. intercostales externi);
internal intercostal muscles (mm. intercostales interni);
hypochondrium muscles (mm. subcostales);
transverse muscle of the chest (m. transversus thoracis).

Krasnoyarova N.A.

Anatomical and physiological features of skeletal muscles and tests for their study

When the two thoracic vertebrae are extended, they come together from behind and compress the back of the disc. At the same time, the disc is compressed posteriorly and expanded anteriorly, and the nucleus pulposus advances.

Extension is limited by the articular processes (1) and the spinous processes (2), which, being directed back and down, almost touch. The anterior longitudinal ligament (3) is stretched, while the posterior longitudinal ligament, yellow ligaments, and interspinous ligaments are relaxed.

When flexed, the space between the two vertebrae is open posteriorly and the nucleus is displaced posteriorly.

The articular surfaces slide upward, and the lower articular processes of the overlying vertebrae tend to hang over the upper articular processes of the underlying vertebrae. Flexion is limited by tension on the interspinous ligament (4), the yellow ligaments, the capsules of the facet joints (5), and the posterior longitudinal ligament (6). Conversely, the anterior longitudinal ligament is relaxed.

With a lateral tilt (Fig. 6, rear view), the articular surfaces of the processes of two adjacent vertebrae slide one relative to the other:

On the opposite side, the articular surfaces slide, as in flexion, i.e. up (red arrow);

On the lean side, they slide like during extension, i.e. down (blue arrow).

The line connecting the two transverse processes of the overlying vertebra (mm") and the corresponding line of the underlying vertebra (pp") make an angle equivalent to the angle of inclination (i).

Tilt limited:

Contiguous articular processes on the side of the inclination;

Tension of the yellow ligament and intertransverse ligaments of the opposite side.

It would be incorrect to describe the movement of the thoracic spine in relation to only one segment. In fact, the thoracic region is connected to the thorax, or chest (Fig. 7), by numerous joints, and all the bony, cartilaginous, and articular components of the thorax play a role in orienting and limiting the mobility of the thorax. In general, the mobility of the thoracic spine, isolated from the thorax in a corpse, is much higher than in connection with it. Therefore, it is necessary to study changes in the chest associated with movements of the thoracic spine.

With a lateral tilt of the thoracic spine on the opposite side, the chest rises (1), the intercostal spaces expand (3). The chest increases in volume (5), and the costocartilaginous angle of the tenth rib opens (7). On the tilt side, the opposite occurs: the ribcage descends (2) and decreases (6), the intercostal spaces narrow (4), and the costochondral angle becomes smaller (8).

When the thoracic spine is flexed, all angles between the various segments of the chest and between the chest and spine open, i.e. costovertebral angle (1), upper (2) and lower (3) sternocostal angles and costochondral angle (4). Conversely, when unbending, all these angles become smaller.

Axial rotation of the thoracic spine

How does the elementary rotation of one vertebra relative to another occur in the thoracic spine? The mechanism of axial rotation at the chest level differs from that at the lumbar level. In fact (front view), the joints between the articular processes have a completely different orientation. The shape of the articular space corresponds to the surface of the cylinder (dotted circle), but the center of this cylinder lies more or less in the center of the body of each vertebra (O).

During rotation of one vertebra relative to another, the articular surfaces of the processes slide one over the other, which leads to rotation of one vertebral body relative to another around a common axis.

This is followed by rotation and torsion of the intervertebral disc, rather than shifting of the disc as in the lumbar region. This rotation and torsion of the disc occurs to a greater extent, especially the net rotation of the thoracic vertebrae, which is at least three times greater than in the lumbar region.

However, this rotation could be greater if the thoracic spine were not connected to the chest. In fact, any movement at any level of the spinal column induces the same movement of the corresponding ribs, but the sliding of one pair of ribs over another is limited by the presence of the sternum, to which all the ribs are attached by means of costal cartilages.

Consequently, the rotation of a vertebra leads to stretching of the corresponding pair of ribs due to their elasticity, especially the elasticity of the cartilage.

The following changes take place:

Increased rib curvature on the side of rotation (1) and flattened rib curvature on the opposite side (2);

Increased costochondral flexure on the side opposite to rotation of the spine (3) and flattening of the flexure of the costochondral angle on the side of rotation (4).

During this movement, the sternum is under the influence of shear forces and passes into an oblique position, as if following the rotation of the vertebral bodies.

This "skew" of the sternum is very small and does not manifest itself clinically; it is also difficult to show it radiographically because of the superimposition of bone elements on top of each other (superposition).

The mechanical resistance of the thorax therefore plays a role in significantly limiting the mobility of the thoracic spine. When the chest is still flexible, as in youth, the movements of the thoracic spine occur in a significant amount, but with age, the costal cartilages ossify, which reduces the costocartilaginous elasticity. As a result, in the elderly, the chest is almost completely rigid, and mobility is correspondingly limited.