>>Russian language 2nd grade >>Russian language: Separating soft sign (ь)

Separating soft character(s)

The role and meaning of the soft sign in Russian

Today in the Russian language lesson we will study a special letter, which is called a soft sign. Such a letter, as a soft sign, does not have or indicate any sound, but its role is to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in the letter.

For example: bathhouse, stranded, coal, seal, laziness, pity, horse.

But, in addition to the fact that the soft sign is an indicator of the softness of consonant sounds, it can also be dividing.

And so, now we can sum up the results and conclude that such a letter as a soft sign is used in the Russian language:

To soften the preceding consonant;
As a separator;
To indicate certain grammatical forms.

We have already determined when it is necessary to write a soft sign in words to soften consonants. Now let's try to understand the separating soft sign and find out why a soft sign is also called a separating sign, in which cases a soft sign is a separating sign, and how words with a separating soft sign are written.

In order to better understand this topic and understand the difference between a soft sign, which serves to soften consonant sounds, and a dividing soft sign, let’s try to consider this issue with an example.

For example: Seed and family

Read these words carefully. Now pay attention to how the last syllable sounds in the first word - seed. In this word “seed” the sound [m"] has a soft sound, since the letter I gives it softness, and in this syllable the vowel and consonant are pronounced together.

Now let's look at the next word. The word “family” is [sem "ya]. In this case, we see that the consonant and the vowel following it are pronounced separately. Such a separate pronunciation between a vowel and a consonant in writing is indicated using a soft sign, which is called a separating soft sign.

For example: Kolya - stakes, salt - salt, flight - pouring.

Therefore, we can already conclude that the separating soft sign indicates that the consonant and vowel sounds are pronounced separately.

Rules for writing a soft separating character

The separating ь (soft sign) is written:

Firstly, in the middle of the word before the vowels: e, e, yu, i. For example: blizzard, terrier, monkey, health, linen, leaves.

Secondly, in words of foreign origin before the letter O. For example: champignons, postman, broth.

Thirdly, the separating soft sign is written at the roots of words, after consonants. For example: December, barley, sparrows, steppe, night.

Also, you need to remember that the separating soft sign is never written:

First, the words come first;
Secondly, after the consoles.

Now let's carefully look at the picture and try to compare the difference between the soft sign, which serves to soften the consonant and the dividing soft sign:

Homework

1. Read carefully the words with a soft sign and first write down only those in which the soft sign is an indicator of softness, and then - words with a separating soft sign.

Moth, dress, family, skates, day, chairs, wool, streams, stakes, ice hole, laziness, despondency, housing, friends, bathhouse, health, jelly, coat, autumn, letter, downpour, computer, corduroy, Daria, happiness, fun, sadness.

2. Choose antonyms for these words and say what role does the soft sign play in them?

Cleanliness, boredom, work, harm, light, enemies, sugar.

3. Write down the words in the plural:

Friend, leaf, wing, branch, log, tree.

4. When writing a separator, what sound do you hear in the words?
5. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Questions for the crossword:

1. What else can you call a snowstorm?
2. Where do bees live?
3. Dad, mom, I are friendly….
4. An animal that loves to climb trees.
5. Carlson’s favorite treat.

Letter ъ written only before e, Yu, I in the following cases:

1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, expression of will, inter-tier.

2. In complex words after numerals two-, three-, four-, For example: three-tier.

3. In foreign words after foreign prefixes ab-, hell-, design, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, about-, sub-, trance- and after the initial particle pan-, For example: adjutant, disjunction, injection, injection, market conditions, counter tier, an object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

Letter b written inside a word, not after prefixes to separate the consonant from those following it in pronunciation And, e, Yu, I, For example: career, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.

Note. Letter b before O written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, bouillon, guillotine, Carmagnole, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

Letter b written to indicate softness of a consonant, except h, sch, at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nurse, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant that comes before another soft consonant, b is written in the following cases:

If, when a word is changed, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies(nurse), wedding(wedding), eight(eighth).

To indicate softness l, For example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, sch, letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, babysit, tip, mason.

Note. Between two soft ones l letter b is not written, for example: illusion, boisterous.

Letter b also written in the following cases:

In formed from numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts are declined, for example: fifty(fifty, fifty) sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, But: fifteen(fifteen, fifteen) sixteen and so on.

In creative forms. pad. plural h., for example: children, people, Also four.

In an indefinite form before -xia and in the imperative mood before -xia And -those, For example: drink — get drunk; fix it — mend your ways, fix it; suspension — weigh yourself, weigh.

Letter b not written:

In adjectives with suffix -sk- formed from nouns in b, For example: Kazan(Kazan), Kemsky(Kem), Siberian(Siberia), brutal(beast), January(January).

Note. Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day(day-day) are written with b; Adjectives derived from Chinese names are also written in the same way. -ny, For example: Yunnanese(from Yunnan).

In the family pad. plural h. from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them using the suffix -To- diminutives, for example: cherry — cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse — slaughterhouse; reading room — reading room; But: bathhouse — baths, bathhouse; Apple tree — apple trees, apple tree; Also village — villages, village; young lady — young ladies; kitchen — kitchens, kitchenette.

After sizzling ( and, h, w, sch) letter b written only in the following cases:

At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine pad. units h., for example: rye, night, mouse.

At the end of the 2nd person unit. h. present and future tense of the verb after the final w, For example: you're carrying — rushing, you wear — rushing around, will you accept — you'll get started.

At the end of the verb in singular. part of the imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved before -xia, For example: ointment — smear yourself; hide — hide; eat.

In plural h. imperative mood before -those, - be careful, For example: smear — smear yourself; hide — hide; eat.

At the end of a verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b written before -xia, For example: cut, get a haircut.

In all adverbs after final ones w And h, For example: completely, gallop, away, and also in the adverb wide open.

At the end of the particles: you see, I mean, only, look.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation 1956

Size: px

Start showing from the page:

Transcript

1 17. USING b and b SIGNS. Table 17 Dividing b: Dividing b: b to denote softness: 1. After consonant prefixes (Russian and borrowed) before a root that begins with E, Yo, Yu, Ya: ate, rise, explained, anniversary, adjutant, subject. 2. In complex words after the first part of two-, three-, four-, super-, inter-: two-tier, trilingual, inter-tier. 3. At the root of the foreign word courier (vojenský kurýr). 1. It is always written in the middle of a word (i.e. in roots, suffixes and endings) after a soft consonant letter before the vowels E, E, Yu, Ya, I: play [p yes], linen [b i e l yo], leaves [l ist ya], lyu [l yu], sparrows [varλb yi], 2. In words borrowed for the Russian language in the combination ЁО (not Ё!!!): broth, pavilion, medallion, postman, champignon. 1. At the end of words as an indicator of the softness of consonants: fire, dictionary, door, pain 2. In the middle of a word: A) After a soft L, standing before any consonant (hard or soft) lioness, linen, waltz, only B) After a soft consonant , standing before a hard consonant: Kuzma, struggle, request, letter. 3. In numerals only once: five, six, eleven, fifty, seventy, six hundred, nine hundred. 4. In some forms of the instrumental case (7. p.) of nouns: mother by mother, horse by horse, 5. In the infinitive of the verb: read, write, ride, sing, sit, study, wash. 109

2 18. USE b AFTER EFFECTS. Table 18 b WRITTEN: At the end of the noun. and. R. in Im. (1.r.) and Vin. (4.r.) pad. singular: youth, dryness, quiet, rye, trifle, In the infinitive of verbs: take care, take care, cut, cut your hair, entertain, have fun, burn, bake, lie down, In the verb of the 2nd l. units hours present and bud. simple vr.: if you write, you will write, if you draw, you will draw, if you read, you will read, if you return, you will return. In the imperative mood: hide, hide, hide, hide, smear, smear, smear, smear. In adverbs after hissing Zh, Sh, Ch: exactly, backwards, away, wide open. backhand. Exception: already married, unbearable. At the end of the particles: just, I mean, see. b NOT WRITTEN: 1. In noun. m.r. 2nd declension: key, brick, lily of the valley, comrade, luggage. 2. In the form of birth. p.m. h. (2. r.) noun. with base to sizzling: roof (without) roofs, cloud (without) clouds. 3. In the form of birth. p.m. h. (2. r.) noun. na nya: a song without songs, a massacre without a slaughterhouse, BUT: a nanny without nannies. Exceptions: a young lady without young ladies, a village without villages, a hawthorn without hawthorns, a kitchen without kitchens. 4. In short adjectives: prickly prickly, fresh fresh, skinny skinny, hot hot. 5. Attached. with the suffix -SK-, if they are formed from noun. on b: Tyumen Tyumen, brutal beast, Kazan Kazan, BUT: day after day. 6. In combinations CHK, CHN, LF, NSCH, SHCHN, NN, ZHN, RF, RSH: girl, night, nurse, driver, assistant, shoemaker, early, pepper (from pepper), lamplighter. 110

3 EXCEPTION: the word January. January JANUARY February February March March April April May May June June July July August August September September October October November November December - December EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Insert the letters b or b where necessary, explain your choice. February in the south and January frosts, a crane, he goes to the village to visit his sick grandmother, he writes an announcement, he drinks tea, he is a serious postman, he fell into a medal, a seed of an unknown plant, in all health this very strong beast, on Sunday will take place with the teacher, it is impossible to postpone the primer, happiness in misfortune, monkeys and furs, request, explanation, third capacious association, Olenka , the patient received an injection. Exercise 2. Insert b where necessary after sibilants in nouns. Explain the spelling. Stupid kid, came to the rescue, bought a ball, a good doctor, a leak in the boat, brought a brick, baked a kalach, oral speech, steel sword, drove into the garage., fragrant lily of the valley (konvalinka), dark night, black carcass, the orchestra played carcasses ( fanfáru), heavy luggage, new thing, red pencil, beautiful daughter, thick ivy (břečťan), first finger, old watchman, impassable wilderness (divočina, zapadlé místo), Russian stove, faithful comrade, golden face, sunbeam, change the ruble for small things, modern youth, black grass snake (užovka), steppe wasteland (pustina), thick reeds (rákosí), white mouse, sharp knife, the patient is trembling (zimnice), construction drawing. Exercise 3. Write it down, inserting b or b where necessary. Explain the spelling General's adjutant, objective review, non-nuclear zone, in the garden Buryan (plevel), car racer, radio interview, from yan material, beg (prosit) sweets, company company, postal courier, eight hundred million, vast expanses, to burn (napálit důvěřivé) the buyer, a manifest (notorický) liar, present documents, provide for everything, voluminous portfolio, before the autumn 111

4th period, won honor, before anniversary preparations, pan-European route, angry lion (rozzuřený), super poisonous substance, saving money, super natural phenomena, three-language dictionary, two-story house. Exercise 4. Explain the spelling of words and create phrases with them. If you have any difficulties, consult dictionaries. Explanation obligation, three-tier three-story, wolf wolf, nuclear-free, counter-game counter-tier, teach declare, disunite disunite, inter-tier inter-story, family seed, two-anchor bilingual, injection instruction, inter-institution interlingual, Pan-American Pan-Japanese, untie enrage Exercise 5. Rewrite, opening the brackets and forming new words (adjectives, verbs, etc.) with prefixes. Use b or b where necessary. Explain the spelling. Without - (accident, language, appeal, core); about - (appear, teach, go, fuss*); from - (examine, study, travel); times - (unite, ride, communicate, ardent, decorate); over - (bright, natural, regular, regular). * declare - (colloquial, ošálit, ošidit) Exercise 6. Place the words in brackets in the instrumental case (7. p.). Explain the spelling of the formed words. Get carried away by playing with (children), come late (night), meet interesting people (people), stop in front of a closed (door), the clock will strike (midnight), talk with (daughter), a barrel of salty (herring), see a doctor with toothache (toothache), meet with (mother), ask for (help), meet guests with (joy), dress with (brooch), go on vacation with (family). Exercise 7. Change the words according to the example and write them down. Explain the absence of the letter Ъ or ь in the words. Sample: daughter daughter. We do not write b in the word daughter, since we do not indicate the softness of Ch in writing, and in the combinations CHK, CHN, ShchN, NN, NC, NSCH, RF, RSH the soft sign (b) is not written. Daughter daughter; night, oven The age is eternal; east, luck. Racing racer; stone, deception. 112

5 Exercise 8. Insert the missing letters where necessary. Write the words in three columns: 1) with a hard sign; 2) with a soft sign; 3) without b and b signs. Explain your choice. Unfathomable, nanny, stove maker, medal he, marry, beg, mighty (from mighty), cloak, cut those, weaver, integral, seventeen, seven ten, fox, (without) his dog, mouse, pan-European, zealous (horlivý), rider, furious, lamplighter, super natural, Kazan, add those, trilingual, illuminator. Ъ ь Without Ъ and ь Exercise 10. Explain why b is written in some words and not written in others. Quiet, bathing, key, dousing yourself, wilderness, (without) dwellings, burn, rye, backhand, broth, with children, eight, brick, eat, December, hide, picker, married, only, completely, crying, don’t cry, unbearable , you see, bath attendant, have fun, young people, you say, lie down. Exercise 13. Replace the expressions with one word. Explain its spelling. 1. A strong snowstorm with wind 2. Injecting medicine into a living organism 3. A dramatic work for a theatrical performance 4. A neck decoration with pendants on the front 5. A decoction of meat (as well as fish, vegetables, mushrooms) 6. An animal closest to humans in body structure 7. A text written on paper and sent to someone 8. Show documents to an official upon request 9. A strip of land along the seashore 10. A common name for tall weeds 11. Damage, deficiency 12. Very large, vast Words for reference: coast, necklace, flaw, monkey, present, weeds, immense, blizzard, play // performance, broth, letter, injection. 113

Developed by teacher-speech therapist Alexander Aleksandrovich Lementuev 2014 0 Errors in the depiction of word patterns. Write down the word. Draw the correct sound diagram of the word, coloring all parts. Errors in the selection of synonyms.

MEMO FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Russian language. Working on mistakes 1. Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence Write the sentence correctly. Come up with and write another sentence. Underline the capital letter.

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LESSON IN 4TH GRADE Primary school teacher: V. A. Sheiko Subject: Russian Language Lesson topic: “Soft sign (s) after hissing letters at the end of feminine nouns” Lesson type: Opening lesson

Instructions for working on errors in the Russian language. Read the sentence in which there is a mistake, find out the meaning of each word. 1. Errors in constructing and writing sentences. Write without errors

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PROGRAM Scope of requirements for the Russian language At the entrance examination in the Russian language, the applicant must show: spelling and punctuation literacy, knowledge of the relevant

Subdivision Name of equipment Quantity 1 Supporting diagrams 59 1. Complex sentences. 2. Phonetics. 3. Complex sentences. 4.Vocabulary. 5.Complex sentence. 6. Members of the proposal. 7.Synonyms, antonyms,

Lesson a 1 Interlocutors. Dialogue 2 Interlocutors. Dialogue 3 Interlocutors. Dialogue 4 Interlocutors. Dialogue. Incoming write-off. Calendar and thematic planning in the Russian language, grade 3 Lesson topic Control

1 A, D, E are incorrect. We check every statement of Petya. A) At the end of the word “kalach” you should write b, since the sound [h] is soft. There is a rule: the b sign at the end of a word after sibilants is written in feminine nouns

Lesson Topic of the lesson Our speech (4 hours) Number of hours Introduction to the textbook. What kind of speech is there? What can you learn about a person from his speech? 3 How to distinguish a dialogue from a monologue? 4 Knowledge test Text (5h) 5 What is

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF EDUCATION Experimental materials for 4th grade students RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (1) Option 2 School Class 4 Last name, first name last name, first name of the student INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS To complete the work

Demonstration version of the final work in the Russian language for grade 4 Appendix 7 Part 1 Final dictation It’s a wonderful May. How nice it is all around this spring! The gentle sun warms the earth with its

Lesson notes on the Russian language in grade 5 were developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard using modern educational technologies (problem-based learning technology, group technology

Approximate planning of Russian language lessons in 7th grade Textbook: “Russian language. Textbook for 7th grade" (authors: Natalya Beresneva, Natalya Nechunaeva). *Planning is based on

Passport of the Study Room 132 2013-2014 academic year Full name head of the office Gomershmidt Inga Nikolaevna Inventory of property and documentation of the office name Number of items Name 1 Teacher's desk

FINAL WORK ON THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FOR 3rd GRADE (2012/2013 academic year) Option 1 School Class 3 Last name, first name In your work you will encounter different tasks: in some you will need to choose answers from several

Explanatory note. The program is based on the program of special (correctional) general education institutions of the VIII type, edited by V.V. Voronkova in the subject “Grammar, spelling

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Private educational institution of higher professional education "Kama Institute" Admissions Committee Approved by the Rector of the Private Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kama Institute"

Development of a Russian language lesson Full name teacher Rybakonenko E.A. Class 3 UMK “Primary school of the XXI century” Lesson topic “Spelling a soft sign after hissing nouns” The purpose of the lesson is to derive an algorithm

MOSCOW ACADEMY OF ECONOMICS AND LAW Karlova T.A. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Entrance test program for applicants to the Moscow Academy of Economics and Law Thematic plan for the Russian language 2 Name

Russian language lesson. Topic: “Soft sign after sibilants in verbs.” Goal: To develop the ability to write ь after sibilants in all verb forms. Objectives: 1.Improve students’ knowledge of verb forms

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF EDUCATION RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Option 1 School Class 4 Last name, first name last name, first name of the student INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS 40 minutes are allotted to complete the work. At work you will meet different

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (UNIVERSITY) MFA OF RUSSIA" ENTRANCE TEST PROGRAM

General requirements The basis of this program is a sample program of entrance exams in the Russian language, developed by the Ministry of Education of Russia. Entrance tests for philological

“I WILL CONFIRM” O. Gonchar M.V. PROGRAM FOR INVESTIGATION WITH THE RUSSIAN MOVIE DEN. O. Gonchar Phonetics. Graphics Vowels and consonants. Voiced and voiceless, hard and soft consonants. Strong and weak positions

“Russian language” First grader distinguish, compare: -sounds and letters; -stressed and unstressed vowel sounds; -hard and soft consonants, voiceless and voiced consonants; -sound, syllable, word; -word

MBOU "Ivanovo-Esinskaya Secondary School" of the Kovrov district Test work in the Russian language for students of the 4th grade of primary school (UMK "School of Russia") was compiled by primary school teacher Ivanova Zhanna Vladimirovna

P/n 1-4 5-7 Culture of oral and written speech. Calendar-thematic planning Grade 3 Lesson topic Elements of content Notes Verbal communication. Repeat learning new things (16 hours) Dialogue. Interlocutors.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Basic requirements for the Russian language for the level of preparation of 1st grade students: name, give examples: names of letters of the Russian alphabet; signs of vowels and consonants

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Sverdlovsk Region State Autonomous Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education of the Sverdlovsk Region “Institute

External independent assessment 2015 of the Russian language The correct type of work before the task of certification of work 1 Instead of the task and the correct type The type of task Program call Nishny Square

The frost is not great, but it doesn’t tell you to stand. The second issue of the Almanac has been published on the topic: “Educational and health-improving work with children in the winter in the kindergarten area,” in which the teacher, Irina Kotova

Compiled by Faizova D.A., teacher of Russian language and literature, highest qualification category. TEACHING MATERIALS (CARDS) - this is a manual with part of the information, tasks, questions, it contains the main

Development of an open lesson on the Russian language in grade 3 Class: 3 “A” Topic: Changing adjectives by gender and number. Lesson type: combined Lesson form: auction lesson Technologies: simulation technology

Thematic planning in the Russian language for the 20,202 academic year Subject: Russian language Class: 3, number of hours per week 5 per year 70. Program: Educational and educational complex “Prospective Primary School” Churakova N.A. Russian

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering" (NNGASU)

Work program in the Russian language, grade 10 68 hours (2 hours per week) Explanatory note The need to create a program arose due to the fact that in the curriculum of MOUSOSH 61 for teaching Russian

Topic: Use and spelling of the dividing solid sign. Purpose: To familiarize yourself with the rules of use and spelling of the dividing solid sign; improve appropriate spelling

1 Russian language program 5th grade (children 10-11 years old), (2/3 of the material corresponds to the program for the 5th grade of the Russian school, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya’s textbook) Grammar and spelling Syntax. Punctuation (if

List of skills characterizing the achievement of the planned results of mastering the main educational program in the academic subject “Russian Language” in the 6th grade CODE Tested skills 1. SECTION “TEXT” 1.1.

LESSON SUMMARY “Text. Signs of the text." Purpose of the lesson: To repeat what a text is, what are its characteristics. To repeat the types and styles of statements and their characteristics. To consolidate the ability to identify a paragraph. Objectives of the lesson. 1.

State educational institution of higher professional education "Pomeranian State University named after M.V. Lomonosov" MATERIALS FOR PHONEMIC AND MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF WORDS Methodological

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Option 4 School Class 4 Last name, first name last name, first name of the student INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS 45 minutes are allotted to complete the work. In your work you will encounter different tasks. In some tasks you

WHAT A STUDENT SHOULD KNOW AND BE ABLE TO DO AT THE END OF FIRST GRADE. Memo for students and their parents. SECTION I. Russian language. SUBJECT. Phonetics. Sounds and letters. 1. What do you know about the Russian alphabet? How many letters does it have?

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Buryat State University" Entrance test program "Culture of speech communication" (Russian language) Ulan-Ude 2015 Section 1. Speech and speech

Summary of an open lesson in the Russian language. Ways to connect words in a phrase. Place in the educational process: 8th grade, 1st quarter Date: 10/08/2015. Lesson topic: Connection of words in a phrase. Lesson objectives: 1.Reinforce

2 This work program for the academic subject “Russian language” is compiled on the basis of the main educational program of primary general education, based on the Collection of work programs “School of Russia”,

Lesson 35 Do your homework! Imperative mood (Tryb rozkazujący) Verb stem and stress in 1st line. units part of the present (non-Soviet century) or future (Soviet century) Temat słowa i akcent w 1os. l. poj. czasu teraźniejszego

Project “Part of speech involved in a verb, in the form of an adjective” (Russian language, grade 7) Potekhina Zinaida Evseevna, teacher of Russian language and literature at the Timiryazevskaya Secondary School, Gorodetsky district. Subject

MKOU "Chirkey Multidisciplinary Lyceum named after. A. Omarova" Considered: Agreed Approved At the meeting of the ShMO deputy. Director for Educational Management Director of the Lyceum of Teachers early. classes Bartikhanov M.M Protocol 201 From

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow State Linguistic University"

Appendix 4. Municipal budgetary educational institution “Secondary school 2” Work program in the Russian language for -4 general education classes Compiled by primary teachers

Russian language lesson 4th grade Dudinkina Elena Viktorovna Topic: “Spelling unstressed personal endings of verbs” Purpose of the lesson: consolidation, correction of the learned methods of action when writing unstressed

ABSTRACT TO THE WORK PROGRAM Subject Russian language Level of education Primary school (grades 1–4) Program developers S. V. Ivanov, M. I. Kuznetsova, A. O. Evdokimova Regulatory and methodological - Standards

LEARNING TO DISTINCTION AND USE THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS MY AND MINE 1. To prevent Masha and Petya from quarreling, help them divide the toys. If you can say about a toy, “give it to” Masha (connect with a line). A

1. Speech sounds, syllables and stress are studied by phonetics (background “sound”). The designation of sounds in writing is studied by graphics (grapho “I write”). 3. In transcription, the softness of a consonant sound is indicated by an icon. For example: [sol

Lesson 8. Grammar: declension of personal pronouns; verb to have and construction of possession; infinitive constructions (continued); combinations, h +, in verb stems; use of diminutive suffixes

EXPLANATORY NOTE This work program was developed in accordance with the law “On Education in the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2012. 273-FZ; federal state educational standard

Letters Kommersant And b(hard and soft signs) do not indicate sounds; they are used in writing to indicate the correct pronunciation of words. Compare:

blizzard - in b south

entrance - under Kommersant rides

Dividing solid sign

Letter Kommersant used only as a separator. A hard sign is written after prefixes ending in a consonant followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

explanation, cringe, go away

The separating solid sign is written in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals TWO-, THREE- And FOUR- followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

two-tier, four-core

two storey, three point

Dividing Kommersant

The hard sign is not written:

1. Before vowels A, O, U, E, For example:

   without an emergency, under a horseman, to teach, with e save

2. In compound words, for example:

   kids(nurseries)

Designation of softness of consonants

In written speech, the letter is in the middle and at the end of words b denotes the softness of the preceding consonant, for example:

in the south, leaf, tulle pan

To indicate the softness of consonants, a soft sign is written:

1. At the end of words, for example:

   day, twirl, rain

2. In the middle of a word, after a soft consonant preceding a hard one:

   more, ginseng, letters about

3. In the middle of a word after a soft consonant that comes before a soft one G, K, B or M in the event that when changing the word G, K, B or M becomes hard:

   earrings and - earrings, written - letters about

4. In the middle of a word after soft L, before any consonant:

   lion cub, flatter, benefit

   But between the two L, coming one after another - LL, the soft sign is not written:

   illuminator, alley, illusia

A soft sign in the middle of a word is not written:

1. In combinations ZN, NT, SN, ZD, ST, For example:

   execute, quarantine, blush, here, cost and

2. In combination with H And SCH with all consonants except L:

   night oh, finish, counting

   fan, boy

   Combinations CHK, CHN, NC, NShch, RShch, ShchN written without a soft sign.

   candle, precise, beg, mason, assembler, powerful

Dividing soft sign

Letter b used in words as a separator. A soft sign is written inside words after consonants followed by a vowel E, Yo, I, Yu or I. For example:

necklace, necklace, nightingale, wind, ringing

When pronouncing words with a soft separating sign, the sound [th" is always heard. Dividing b indicates that the letters E, Yo, I, Yu, I represent two sounds:

E [y"e], Yo [th"o], AND [th"i], YU [th"y], I [y"a]

note that dividing b not written after prefixes.

Note: the separating soft sign is written in some words foreign origin before the letter ABOUT:

postman n, bouillon n, batillon n, medallion n, champigno n

Dividing b used to ensure that when pronouncing words, the consonant letter does not merge with the vowel.

) and performs several service functions:

• separation function,
• designation of softness of a consonant in writing,
• indicator of grammatical forms.

Separating soft sign.

• b as a separating sign is used after consonants before letters e, e, yu, i, i.:
  seven b I [s'em 'th' A], l b ot [l 'th' from], to b south [in 'th' uh-huh], Solov b and [salav’y’i], ant b I [ant 'th' a], rye [rOzh y'u].

  b is never written after prefixes

  b separates the preceding consonant and the consonant sound [th’](- always sonorous, always soft), suggesting the appearance of sound [th'].
  I salt[sal’U] cabbage soup salt[sal'y'U].
  Dust with dust.
  Kolya carries stakes.
  At first field, Then I'll water.

  Non-separating soft sign.

  A designation for the softness of a consonant (except for a hissing one).

  • b denotes the softness of consonants (except hissing ones) at the end of a word:
    they say b, roll b, heel b, lantern b.
    At the same time, the softness or hardness of the consonant at the end of a word determines words that have different meanings:
    tol - roofing felt, corner - coal, weight - all, clear - ash, ate - spruce, dan - tribute.
  • in the middle of the word b means:
    • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant:
      Kuz b ma, kos b bah, piss b mo, fell b ma;
    • b is written between two soft consonants only if, when the word is changed, the second consonant becomes hard and the first remains soft:

      Kuz b me (they changed the word - Kuzma, so that m became hard), braid b be (mowing), in pis b me (letter), na pal b me (palm);

      For example, gwo building and [gvoz’d’i] the soft sign is not written - gvo building oder, where z is a hard sound.

    • softness of consonant L before any other consonants (not L):
      ma l chick, bo l shoy, bo l Nice, mo l Bert.

  The soft sign is written (orth. No. 9):

  • at the end of words to indicate the softness of consonants: horse, five;
  • Soft sign in numerals (№41)
    • In the Nominative and Accusative cases of numerals, denoting round tens from 50 to 80 and round hundreds from 500 to 900, a soft sign b is written after the first root: seventy, seven hundred.
    • in numeral cases eight :eight (gen., dat., pr. cases), eight or eight (tv. case);
  • in the instrumental case of the plural of some nouns and numerals: children, people, four;
  • in a combination of consonants after l , before m, b, d, k : prayer, letter, carving, I'll take it;
  • in the middle of a word between two soft consonants: slide;
  • for reflexive verbs in the imperative mood and most verbs in the indefinite form: dress - dress, run, wash - wash; prepare, get ready, get ready (imperative); appoint;
  • in adjectives formed from the names of months (except January ): June, September.

  Soft sign not written

  • within combinations chk, chn, nch, nsch, rshch, rch, shchn, st, nt, nn :
    But chk ah, but chn ik, co LF ik, baraba nsch ik, spo rshch ik, ispo RF assisted schn ik, mo st ik, ban you to, ose nn yy.
  • between two soft L:And ll Yuzia, co ll lecture.
  • for numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 at the end of the word: fifty, five hundred.

  b is an indicator of grammatical forms.

  • b is written after hissing words (spellings 8,20,22,48, 64)

    • in feminine singular nouns (3rd declension):
      daughter b, mouse b, night b, hush b.
      Compare singular numbers with masculine nouns: ball, hut, hedgehog.
    • in verb forms (in all forms after sibilants):
      • in the 2nd person singular verbs of present and future tense: are you coming b, eat b, you decide b, sleeping b, teach b hey, quit b, quit b Xia;
      • in the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb): berech b, berech b Xia, sterech b, treat b, burn b, burn b Xia;
      • in imperative verbs: hide b, cut b, cut b those you eat b, eat b those.
    • in adverbs with a sibilant stem: gallop b, backhand b, supine b.
      Exception : I can't bear to get married.
    • V : whish b, only b, ish b, bish b .

  • b is not written after hissing words:

    • for nouns not of the 3rd declension:
      • in nouns there are 2 declensions (masculine singular, zero ):rook, beam, hut.
      • in nouns in the genitive plural form: (no) tasks, clouds, puddles, groves.
    • in short adjectives: hot, viscous.
    • in adverbs on - and(except wide open ):I can't bear to get married .

  • -TSYA and -TSYA in verbs (No. 23)

    • If the verb na -tsya, -tsya answers questions of the present or future tense (there is no b in the question), then a soft sign is not written before -sya: Bathing (what is he doing? present time). If the verb answers questions of an indefinite form (there is a b in the question), then the soft sign is written: swim (what to do? - undefined form).