There are two forms of participle in English. On the one hand, they seem to be similar, on the other, they have completely different semantic and grammatical functions.
Participle 1 and Participle 2 help make a sentence informative and logical by highlighting the predicate verb, characterizing the subject, and allowing two actions to be reflected.
Education Participle 1
Participle 1 or Present Participle reflects the duration of the process, emphasizing the simultaneity of the action with the predicate. The present participle is formed from verb + ending - ing:
write – writing (writing)
Writing features:
- short vowel: run – running;
- ends with “e”, and is preceded by a consonant: take – taking, but: see – seeing; - to die, to lie, to tie (die, lie, tie) change “ie” to “y”: die – dying, lie – lying, tie – tying.
- ends with l: travelling
Temporary forms:
Present Participle 1 Active: working - simultaneous actions in the present
Present Participle 1 Passive: being working - simultaneous actions in the present + indicates the impact on the subject
Perfect Participle 1 Active: having worked – precedes the action of the predicate
Perfect Participle 1 Passive: having been worked - precedes the action of the predicate and indicates that the subject has been affected
Participle 1 functions
In a sentence, the present participle can do the following: functions:
1. How the definition is used before or after a noun.
The dancing girls are our students. – The dancing girls are our students.
2. If used in a function circumstances, then translated into Russian with the ending “a”, “ya” or “v” (asking, arriving, holding). Can express circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and comparison.
Arriving at the station he bought a newspaper. - Arriving at the station, he bought a newspaper (time).
He was silent for a while, as if pausing for a reply. – He was silent for a while, as if pausing for an answer (comparison).
He was standing on the top of the mountauns admiring the beautiful view. — He stood on the top of the mountain, enjoying the beautiful view (of the action).
Having worked a little at this factory I understood everything. – Since I worked a little at this factory before, I understood everything (the reasons).
3. As part of the predicate.
The answer of the student is disappointing. – The student’s answer is disappointing.
Education Participle 2
Participle 2 corresponds to the Russian form of the passive participle: broken, written, read. This part of speech has only one form and is used to describe a completed action. In other words, we can say that this is a result expressed by a sign or state.
Broken leg - broken leg;
Locked door – closed door.
Past Participle is formed from infinitive without to + suffix – ed. Or, if the verb is irregular, its 3rd form is used - the Past Participle table (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs).
Open – opened (open);
Teach – taught;
Dress – dressed (dressed).
Use in a sentence
Like any member of a sentence, in English the participle fulfills certain functions. So Participle 2 can be a circumstance, a definition, or part of a predicate.
1. How to define used before a noun. It is translated into Russian by the past participle and describes an action performed on an object. Or this part of speech can come after the noun and be accompanied by explanatory words:
It was a untidily written letter. “It was a sloppily written letter.”
A parcel sent from Paris will be in London in some days. – The parcel sent today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
Note: The preposition by helps to designate the person or thing that performed the action expressed by Participle 2.
A parcel sent from Paris by my brother will be in London in some days. — The parcel sent by my brother today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
2. As a circumstance can characterize the time, conditions of expression of an action, concession or comparison of actions. When and while are often used to express time, conditions are until, if, concessions are though, although. Conjunctions are not used in all sentences, so to determine the function, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase.
When called she refused to come. – When she was called, she refused to come (time).
He will speak for hours until interrupted. - He will talk forever until he is interrupted (condition).
“I have to go home”, he repeated as if hypnotized. - “I have to go home,” he repeated, as if hypnotized (comparison).
3. As a nominal part of the predicate:
She looked worried. “She looked worried.
Though crushed, she wasn’t broken. – She didn’t show it, although she was depressed. (concessions)
Participle 1 and Participle 2 are used in participial phrases, which have their own characteristics.
This impersonal verb form combines the properties of an adjective, an adverb, and a verb. It’s such a multifaceted participle in English!
In English the participle ( Participle). It combines the characteristics of , and . In English there is no such part of speech as a gerund. Therefore, the English participle corresponds to both the participle and the gerund in the Russian language. There are only two participles in English: the present participle ( Participle I / Present Participle) and past participle ( Participle II / Past Participle). Let's talk about each of them separately.
Present participle – Participle I
To form this participle in English, must be added to the base of the verb without a particle to ending - ing. If negation is required, then the particle not is placed before the sacrament.
- walking
- knowing
- smiling etc.
This participle in English has the following forms:
- Indefinite Active(indefinite in active voice): asking– questioner, asking (in general)
- Indefinite Passive(indefinite in passive voice): being asked– asked, being asked (in general)
- Perfect Active(committed in the active voice): having asked– having asked (shi) (already)
- Perfect Passive(perfect in the passive voice): having been asked– (already) been asked
Intransitive verbs have no forms. This participle in English denotes an unfinished process and in Russian corresponds to the present participle and the imperfective participle (we are talking about the forms Indefinite). If we are talking about forms Perfect, then the English participle will correspond to the Russian perfect participle. Communion group Indefinite, both active and passive voice, means that the action expressed by it occurs simultaneously (in the present, past or future tenses) with the action expressed by the semantic predicate verb. Communion group Perfect, both active and passive voice, means that the action expressed by it precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb. Antecedence can also refer to action in the present, past or future tense.
The present participle in English can perform several functions in a sentence and be:
- (like the Russian participle), which comes before or after a noun.
I saw her smiling face in the window. “I saw her smiling face in the window.
- (mode of action, cause, time).
Knowing English perfectly he was able to watch genuine foreign movies. – Knowing English perfectly, he could watch original foreign films.
Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as he could. – Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as possible.
Whistling he closed the door. “Whistling, he closed the door.
Past participle – Participle II
To form this participle in English from regular verbs, you need to add the ending to the infinitive of the verb without the particle to - ed. Irregular verbs have a special participle form II. It is listed in and is in the third column.
Faded - wilted (flower), bought - purchased
This participle reflects a completed process, and we translate it into Russian as a passive participle of the perfect or imperfect form. Basically, this participle in English represents an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb.
The past participle in English can perform the following functions in a sentence:
- Definitions
Broken leg - broken leg
Lost time - lost time
- Circumstances (often with previous alliances when, if, unless)
When asked important questions, he frowned and answered silly things. “When they asked him important questions, he frowned and said some nonsense.
From the wording of the definition of participle in English (and Participle I, And Participle II) it follows that it combines the properties of an adjective, adverb and verb. Like an adjective, it can be a modifier of a noun in a sentence (analogue is the Russian participle). Examples have been given above. As an adverb, it can be an adverbial adverb in a sentence, as in the examples presented (the analogue is the Russian gerund). And as a verb, it can have a direct form and be defined by an adverb.
Entering the hotel, he noticed the new receptionist. – Entering the hotel, he noticed a new administrator.
Seriously injured he continued running. “Seriously wounded, he continued to run.
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
.English participle, depending on the context, it correlates with the participle (what? what is doing?) and the gerund (what is doing? what is having done?) in Russian.
- Doing what?(like a Russian gerund)
- I always sing while cleaning the house. – I always sing when I clean (clean) the house.
- Which?(like Russian participle)
- I have read a story written by my son. – I read a story written by my son.
Particle not always comes before communion which it refers to.
- Not being able to swim, Ann was afraid to get in the water.– Not knowing how to swim, Ann was afraid to go into the water.
- She was looking out the window not paying attention to our conversation.“She looked out the window, not paying attention to our conversation.
Participle forms
Present participle
Present participle(Present Participle or Participle 1) has two aspectual forms in the active and passive voices. It is formed by adding the ending -ing to semantic verbs or to auxiliary verbs to be, to have.
Uncertain participle(Indefinite Participle I) in the active and passive voices expresses an action that occurs simultaneously with another action, which is expressed by a predicate verb. It can also indicate an action whose timing is unknown or unimportant.
- Active voice
- Who is this crying boy? -Who is this crying boy?
- While listening to his stories, Kate couldn’t help laughing.“Listening to his stories, Kate couldn’t help but laugh.
- Passive voice
- Being written in pencil the text was difficult to read.– It was difficult to read the text because it was written in pencil.
- Being left alone in the house Ann didn’t know what to do.– Anne, who was left alone at home, did not know what to do.
Perfect participle(Perfect Participle I) in the active and passive voices expresses an action that occurred before another action expressed by the predicate verb.
- Active voice
- Nancy and Mark, having washed their hands, sat down at the table.– Nancy and Mark, having washed their hands, sat down at the table.
- Having been friends at school we still keep in touch.– We were friends at school and still keep in touch with each other. (literally: being friends at school...)
- Passive voice
- Having been cheated once Michael doesn’t trust anyone.– Since Michael has already been deceived once, he doesn’t trust anyone. (literally: having once been deceived...)
- Not having been informed beforehand I didn’t know when to come to the meeting.– Since I was not notified in advance, I did not know when to come to the meeting. (literally: without being informed...)
Uncertain participle used instead perfect communion with verbs of perception and movement, even if this action expresses precedence another action.
- Arriving at the hotel we could relax at last.– Arriving at the hotel, we were finally able to relax.
- Hearing someone coming Jack rushed to hide his diary.– Hearing that someone was coming, Jack rushed to hide his diary.
- Entering the shop Clark stood a bit in the doorway and then went to the cashier.– Entering the store, Clark stood in the aisle for a while and then went to the cashier.
Past participle
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) has only one form and is not divided into active and passive voices.
The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending - . For irregular verbs, the third form of the verb from the table of irregular verbs is used.
- She is a girl loved by everyone.“She is the girl everyone loves.”
- The homework done by Matt was full of mistakes. Matt’s homework was full of mistakes.
- The book written by Hugh became a bestseller.– The book written by Hugh became a bestseller.
Use of participles
For the formation of tenses and passives
Present participle(Participle I) is used to form the tenses Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous, as well as Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous.
- Jack is studying now.– Jack is studying now.
- She will be working at 8a.m. tomorrow.– Tomorrow at 8 am she will work.
- We have been living here for 10 years already.– We have been living here for 10 years.
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is used to form the tense forms Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect and the passive voice (this is the third form of the verb).
- I have finished my work a long time ago.– I finished my work a long time ago.
- My cup is broken so may I use yours?“My cup is broken, so can I take yours?”
- She said she would have written that article by Tuesday. She said she would write the article by Tuesday.
As a definition
Participles in a sentence can act as a definition of a noun or pronoun. They can appear either before or after the word they refer to. This function is most often used indefinite participle present time in active voice and past participle.
- Present participle
- Approaching bus was already full.– The arriving bus was already packed.
- Those working men look tired.– Those working men look tired.
- We took the road leading to the castle.– We followed the road leading to the castle.
- Past participle
- Faded leaves covered my garden.— Withered leaves covered my garden.
- She threw away the chair broken by me.“She threw out the chair I broke.
- The problem discussed at the meeting was related to our department.– The issue discussed at the meeting concerned our department.
As circumstances
Participles can act in a sentence as circumstances of time, reason, comparison. No conjunctions used present participle, as well as its perfect and passive forms.
- Having finished the task Jack could go home.– Having completed the task, Jack could go home.
- Reading a newspaper she didn’t pay attention to her children.– While reading the newspaper, she did not pay attention to her children.
- Having been broken in several places the vase was thrown away.– The vase was thrown away because it was broken in several places.
Past participle acts as a circumstance in a sentence when it comes after conjunctions when(When), while(while), if(If), as if(as if), as though(as if) though(Although).
- He fell as if hit by someone.“He fell as if someone had hit him.”
- When questioned about her boyfriend Kate blushed.– When asked about her boyfriend, Kate blushed.
- He told me his secret which, if discovered by others, would destroy his life.– He told me his secret, which will destroy his life if others find out about it.
Compound predicate
Participles in a sentence they can act as a nominal part of a compound predicate. In this function it is used in the active voice and past participle. In this case present participle used infrequently, in Russian it is mainly translated using adjectives.
- Past participle
- The door is locked.- The door is locked.
- I have no money. I "m broken.- I have no money. I'm broke.
- Present participle
- This situation is just terrifying!– This situation is simply scary (frightening)!
- The whole day has been humiliating.“This whole day was humiliating.
A participle is a part of speech that is formed from a verb and combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective.
There are two types of participles in English:
- present participle (Present Participle or Participle I)
- past participle (Past Participle or Participle II).
Present Participle – Participle 1.
Participle I in English corresponds to the real participle in Russian:
- singing-singing;
- working – working;
- crying - crying.
Participle I is used to form Continuous tenses.
For example:
Molly is singing – Molly sings (Present Continuous).
I have been working since noon. – I have been working since noon (Present Perfect Continuous).
He was crying when I met him. – He cried when I met him (Past Continuous).
Present participles (Participle 1) have two tense forms in the active voice - these are PresentParticiple And PresentParticiplePerfect and two forms in the passive voice are PresentParticiplePassive And PresentParticiplePerfectPassive.
ParticipleI – table of forms.
|
Active |
Passive |
|
|
Present Participle |
cleaning / making |
being cleaned / being made |
|
Present Participle Perfect |
having cleaned/having made |
having been cleaned/having been made |
Present Participle expresses actions that occur simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate:
Greg is looking at the girl playing the piano. — Greg looks at the girl playing the piano.
The Present Participle Perfect expresses the action preceding the action of the predicate verb:
Having received much money, Sally moved to another place to live. — Having received a lot of money, Sally moved to live in another place.
Having been washed by the downpour, the grass looked pretty. — Washed by the rain, the grass looked fresh.
Attention! Present participles of verbs
- close
- open,
- arrive,
- enter
- pass,
- cross and other similar ones
in function, time adverbials can, along with past participles, denote a previous action:
Arriving in Astana Liz saw her husband. = Having arrived in Astana Liz saw her husband. — Arriving in Astana, Lisa saw her husband.
Participle II (Past Participle).
Participle II has the properties of a verb, adjective and circumstantial.
Participle II is used to form Perfect tenses.
I have washed the dishes. - I washed the dishes. (Present Perfect)
I had been there before I went there with Mike. “I was there before I went there with Mike.” (Past Perfect)
Past Participle has only one form, which corresponds to the Russian passive participle:
The payment received last week was accepted. — The payment received yesterday was accepted.
The grass washed by the rain, looked fresh. — The grass, washed by the rain, looked fresh.
Negative form of participles.
To form a negative form, the negation not must be placed immediately before the participle:
Not knowing the rule, he turned left. “Not knowing the rules, he turned left.
Functions of participles in a sentence.
|
Definition. Participle I and Participle II are used |
(Participle I) A rising sun was hidden by the clouds. – The rising sun was hidden behind the clouds. (Participle II) Нis broken leg hurt much. — His broken leg hurt a lot |
|
Participial. Participle I and Participle II are used |
(Participle I) The football team coming in to play was from London. – The football team that came to the game was from London. (Participle II) There are some cafes located near our house. – There are several cafes located near our house. |
|
Circumstance of time. Participle I is used. |
(Particular I) When going to school, Johny saw a car accident. — On the way to school, Johnny saw an accident (Particular I) Arriving at school, he went to the classroom. — Arriving at school, he headed to class. (Particular I) Having finished with his lessons, he went home. — Having finished his lessons, he went home. |
|
Circumstance of the course of action. Used Participle I |
(Participle I) My brother was in the yard working on a car. – My brother was in the yard doing repairs. |
The use of participles in the definition function
In the function of definition, Present Participle and Past Participle can be used before nouns:
- amazing news (amazing news) - amazed girl (surprised girl)
- falling tree - fallen tree
Using participles as part of a compound predicate
Present and Past Participle are used as parts of a compound predicate, while the Present Participle characterizes the object. Past Participle - emotional or physical state of the subject:
I am amused(Participle II) because the show is amusing (Participle I).
I was confused(Participle II) because the plan was confusing (Participle I).
He is bored(Participle II) because the match is boring (Participle I).
They were surprised(Participle II) because the news was really surprising (Participle I).
The most common participles in English.
Often, the use of Participle I and Participle II causes difficulty, since Participles are formed from the same verb and the difference in their meaning, although there is, may not seem obvious. Here is a list of the most common participles with translation.
A list of the most common verbs from which both present participles and past participles are formed, used as definitions.
|
alarming sound - alarming sound |
He is not alarmed. - He's worried |
|
|
amazing news - amazing news |
The boy was amazed. - The boy was surprised |
|
|
amusing movie - funny movie |
She is amused. - She's having fun |
|
|
astonishing news – amazing news |
I was astonished. – I was amazed |
|
|
annoying noise - annoying noise |
She was announced. - She was annoyed |
|
|
boring theme – boring theme |
I'm bored. - I'm bored |
|
|
confusing situation - confusing situation |
I am confused. - I'm confused |
|
|
disgusting fact disgusting fact |
I am disgusted. - I'm grossed out |
|
|
depressing situation - depressing fact |
I'm depressed. - I'm depressed |
|
|
embarrassing position - awkward position |
She is embarrassed. - She's embarrassed |
|
|
exciting event - exciting event |
I am excited. - I am excited |
|
|
exhausting work - exhausting work |
I am exhausted. - I'm exhausted |
|
|
frightening film - frightening film |
I am frightened. - I'm scared |
|
|
fascinating view - charming view |
I am fascinated. - I'm fascinated |
|
|
horrifying film - terrifying film |
I am horrified. - I am terrified |
|
|
Surprising result - amazing result |
I am surprised. - I am surprised |
|
|
shocking fact - shocking fact |
I am shocked. - I'm shocked |
|
|
tiring work - tedious work |
I was tired. – I was tired |
|
|
terrifying situation - terrifying situation |
He was terrified. - He was scared |
|
|
worried look - worried look |
She is worried. - She's excited. |
“Broken window”, “missed call”, “events described in this book” - we often hear, see and use such phrases ourselves. But how do you say them in English? And what is hidden under the frightening term “communion”? Let's find out!
What are participles?
First, let's look at what participles are in Russian.
Sometimes words denoting an action can be used to form a sign.
With this we can say:
1. That an action was performed on the object (the book was read - the result was a read book).
2. An object performs an action right now: a falling branch, a running person (from run), music playing (from play).
There are also participles. It's even simpler: they show someone performing one action at the same time as another. In Russian it is easy to recognize these words by -i/-th at the end:
Ved I car, don't talk on the phone.
Cheat and I book, I sometimes make notes.
Remember and I about this, he sighed.
Sometimes they show that an action was completed before another began. We distinguish them by -V at the end. For example:
Talk V on the phone, he got behind the wheel.
Read V book, don't forget to return it to the library.
Remember V about this, he sighed.
Why do we need to understand how it works? The fact is that in English all the things described can be expressed by participles! Let's deal with them in order.
1. English present participle (-ing)
Sometimes we need to show that an object is performing an action right now ( falling branch, playing music).
In English this is achieved by adding -ing to the action word: falling ( falling) branch (from fall), playing ( playing) music (from play), running ( running) person (from run).
More examples:
I woke up to the sound of a working lawn mower.
I woke up from the sound working lawnmowers.
This cigarette- smoking man is your new boss.
This person, smoking cigarette - your new boss.
The above cases are, in general, similar to Russian ones, aren’t they?
However, there are also those that are translated into Russian not using words in -ush/-yush/-ash/-yash (falling, playing, smoking), but by other means.
1. Two simultaneous actions
Remember we talked about words showing an action performed simultaneously with another? These are gerunds: talking, reading, remembering, etc.
So, in English, simultaneous actions are also expressed using -ing:
Don't drive a car while talking on the phone.
While driving, do not talk on the phone.
Reading a book I sometimes make notes.
While reading a book, I sometimes make notes.
He sighed, remembering this.
Remembering this, he sighed.
Please note that both actions are performed by the same person!
2. Explanation of the reason
Often -ing is used to explain the reason for an action or behavior. Please note that both the action and the reason refer to the same actor!
Realizing that I may be late, I decided to take a taxi.
Realizing Because I might be late, I decided to take a taxi.
Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.
Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.
3. After verbs of sensory perception (see, smell, notice, etc.)
Also, -ing is often used after sensory verbs (such as hear- hear, see- see, notice- notice, smell- smell). In this case, we “see”, “hear” and so on what another person or object does!
I saw him standing at the station.
I saw him standing at the bus stop. (Literally: I saw him standing at the bus stop.)
I can smell somebody cooking fish.
I smell like someone is cooking fish. (Literally: I smell someone cooking fish.)
4. Having ___ed: two consecutive actions
So, we have considered cases of two simultaneous actions (while reading a book, I take notes). But how can we express in English actions that came one after another? For example, after reading a book, I returned it to the library.
To do this we need the following formula:
having + third form of the verb
What's happened " third form of the verb"? For correct verbs - this is the form in - ed, which coincides in appearance with the past tense: paint (to paint with paints) - paint ed. For incorrect she belongs. In the tables of irregular verbs, the third form is the third. That is, when we see bring-brought- brought(bring) or break-broke- broken(to break), then we understand that brought and broken are third forms.
Having read the book, I returned it to the library.
After reading book, I returned it to the library.
Having finished all the work, I went out for lunch.
Having finished After all the work, I went to lunch.
English past participle (-ed)
Sometimes we need to say that an action on an object was performed in the past (read a book - the result is a read book). In Russian these will be words like: book read, cake eaten, phone bought. In English, we are talking only about the third form of the verb: read ( read) book, eaten ( eaten) cake purchased ( bought) telephone.
Accordingly, the English third form can be used in much the same way as Russian words like made, decided, fried, etc., formed from words denoting action (make, decide, fry in our case).
I have made a list of books read by me this year.
I made a list of books read by me for a year.
The telephone bought yesterday has already broken.
Telephone, bought Yesterday, it was already broken.
I thought these tasks were already done.
It seemed to me that these tasks were already done.
1. Design with have ________ ed.
In English, when we say that we were provided with some kind of service related to a specific item (for example, they did a manicure, repaired a computer, washed a car), we use the following construction: have ___ ____ed (where ___ed is the third form of the verb).
For example:
I had my car washed.
They washed my car. (Literally: I had your car washed.)
I have my hair cut every two months.
I get my hair cut every two months. (Literally: I I have your hair tonsured.)
You look somewhat different... have you had your hair dyed?
You look somehow different... have you dyed your hair? (Literally: you had hair painted?)
So, we looked at what participles are in English. In this article, I tried mainly to draw a correspondence between Russian and English, as well as present some individual common cases of using participles. I hope the information was useful!
Reinforcement tasks
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
1. I walked back and forth, ___ to understand what to do. (Try - try)
2. It seems to me that Shannon ____ . (Dye - dye, hair - hair)
3. I didn’t hear ____. (You - you; come - to come)
4. ___ pizza, we sat down to watch a movie. (Order - order)
5. She sat on the window and looked at ___ rain. (Fall - fall)
6. The proposal, ___ by John, was the greatest success. (Make - do)
7. ___ in money, he took out a loan. (Need - to need)