Initial assessment of anesthesia (Latyshev G.V. et al.)
QUESTIONNAIRE
INITIAL DRUG ASSESSMENT
Long-term studies conducted over the past 30 years have shown that the development of drug addiction is caused by numerous internal and “environmental” risk factors. Moreover, evidence suggests that the likelihood of developing drug addiction is higher in those people who are exposed to several factors simultaneously.
Determining risk factors for drug addiction makes it possible to reduce or completely eliminate their activity, reduce the level of prevalence and severity of the consequences of drug addiction. The effectiveness of the risk factor approach is supported by research into prevention programs. These studies provide evidence that programs aimed at reducing the activity of risk factors and increasing the activity of protective factors have good results in preventing substance use.
The effectiveness of prevention from this perspective is determined by the influence of risk and protective factors in four areas: society, school, family and peer group (individual). Examples of risk factors include the availability of drugs (society), family conflict (family), lack of interest in school life (school), and early onset of drug use (peer group). In turn, protective factors are associated with a reduced likelihood of engaging in unhealthy behavior (NIDA, 1997). It is believed that by influencing risk and protective factors, it is possible to reduce substance abuse among adolescents.
The model of risk and protective factors is based on the process of identifying indicators (factors) that influence the likelihood of a person becoming involved in drug use and related problems, and working with these factors identified for a given territory at a given point in time. Of course, a person’s life contains both risk factors and protective factors. Thus, in very general terms, all prevention work is based on reducing the activity of risk factors and increasing the effectiveness of protective factors.
Traditionally, risk and protective factors are divided into three groups: “personal”, “family” and “social”. The latter, in turn, can be divided into those affecting the environment of friends (close circle), general social and “school” ones, which we highlight especially when talking about teenagers. Here is a list of the most important, according to researchers, risk and protective factors.
1. Personal factors. Success in realizing one’s aspirations, awareness of life prospects, attitude towards the possibility of drug use, attitude towards violence, ways of manifesting protest reactions, level of emotional maturity, formed system of values and attachments, crisis situations, level of aspirations and self-esteem, presence of immutable authorities.
2. Family factors. The system of distribution of roles, rights and responsibilities in the family, the control system, the level of conflict in the family, family traditions and the attitude of family members towards the use of drugs and other psychoactive substances, the system of relationships and the level of trust between parents and children, the emotional background of the family, parental expectations, competence parents in the context of upbringing and the presence of a unified approach to raising a child.
3. Peer environment. The attitude of the “significant environment” to drug use, the level of social acceptability of behavior and the socio-psychological climate of the adolescent group, the role of the teenager in the peer group, the breadth of the social circle, the attitude of the adolescent group towards adults, the value guidelines of the adolescent group.
4. General social factors. Norms, policies and legislation regarding drugs, legislation in the field of youth policy, availability of drugs, development of the system of socio-psychological assistance to youth, level of community disorganization, prevalence of violence, social traditions, position of the media, organization of leisure, youth participation in public life.
5. "School" factors. Academic performance, frequent transitions from school to school, participation of teachers in the educational process and the educational system adopted at school, relationships with teachers (level of trust), socio-psychological climate, participation of teachers in prevention, communication between family and school, participation in school self-government, desire to learn, regular attendance at school.
To study risk factors, it is proposed to use a special research tool that allows you to determine priorities in the implementation of preventive programs (Shipitsyna L.M., 2001, St. Petersburg). It shows which factors in a given territory most significantly increase the risk of substance abuse and which ones, that is, to conduct an initial assessment of the situation.
The purpose of the study is to identify the most effective risk and protective factors in the problem of drug abuse in the territory.
Subject of research: identification of a set of risk factors and protection against drug addiction.
Teenagers are asked to answer the questionnaire (82 questions). The study is anonymous. Teenagers mark only their gender and age. The instructions emphasize the importance of each teenager’s personal opinion and the need for answers based on their own ideas about this problem. The need for an independent assessment is also noted, without options for joint discussion between study participants.
The instructions emphasize the importance of each teenager’s personal opinion and the need for answers based on their own ideas about this problem. The need for an independent assessment is also noted, without options for joint discussion between study participants.
To process the results b The following risk and protective factors were identified:
1. Family:
Relationships with parents (questions 36, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79)
Change of place of residence (questions 60, 65)
Control system in the family (questions 67, 70, 71, 72, 73)
Conflict in the family (question 69).
2. Customized:
Success (questions 10, 15)
Attitudes towards the use of psychoactive substances (questions 30, 31, 34, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46)
Attitudes towards violence (questions 26, 27, 37)
Protest reactions (question 28)
Presence of positive life guidelines (questions 32, 33, 40, 41, 42)
Experience with substance use (questions 47, 48)
Presence of crisis situations (question 66)
Slogan of life (question 82).
3. Relationships with peers:
Environmental influence. Association with antisocial behavior (questions 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 35)
Social and psychological climate of the microenvironment (questions 63, 81).
4. Public (social):
Participation in social activities (question 29)
Attitude towards religion (question 39)
Availability of psychoactive substances (questions 49, 50, 51)
Social “intimacy” with substance users (questions 52, 53, 54, 68)
Connection with the microsociety (questions 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61)
5. School:
Academic performance (questions 6, 16)
Attendance (question 7)
Participation in school self-government (questions 8, 9, 17, 18)
Organization of school leisure (question 11)
Relationships with teachers (questions 12, 80)
Social and psychological climate (question 13)
Interest in learning (question 19)
Changing schools (question 62, 64)
Connection between family and school (question 14).
Thank you for your participation in this study. This survey aims to find out your opinions about certain aspects of your life, including your friends, family and neighbors. Your answers to these questions will be confidential. This means they will remain a secret. Please do not write your name on the application form.
1. City, town/village in which area ___________________________________
2. School__________________________________________
3. Class_____________________________________________
4. Age_________________________________________
5. Gender: male female
6.What grades did you usually get in school last year?
7. How many classes have you missed in the last four weeks?
| A) NO | B) Probably not | B) Most likely yes | D) YES | |
| 8. At my school, students are given the opportunity to self-govern. | ||||
| 9. Teachers involve me in extracurricular activities. | ||||
| 10. My teachers note my good studies and let me know this. | ||||
| 11. At my school there are wide opportunities for participation in sports, clubs and other general school life. | ||||
| 12. At my school, students can talk freely one-on-one with the teacher. | ||||
| 13. I feel safe at my school. | ||||
| 14. The school informs my parents about my progress. | ||||
| 15. Teachers encourage my efforts. | ||||
| 16. Are your grades better than most of your classmates? | ||||
| 17. I am given opportunities to participate in social activities in the class. |
18. Do you feel the importance and significance of the school work in which you participate?
Answer form
| Question | Answer | Question | Answer | Question | Answer | Question | Answer |
Date of filling out the form “___” _________ 20__
Thank you!
Stages of processing the questionnaire:
1. Compare the answers with the key:
| Question number | Answers | Question number | Answers | ||||||
| High risk | Medium risk | Low risk | No risk | High risk | Medium risk | Low risk | No risk | ||
| 4 points | 3 points | 2 points | 1 point | 4 points | 3 points | 2 points | 1 point | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| G* | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | G | IN | B | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | B | - | - | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | - | - | B | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | - | - | B | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | - | - | B | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | - | - | B | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | - | - | B | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | G | IN | B | A | ||
| A | - | - | F**k | A | - | - | B | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| G | IN | B | A | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | B | IN | G | A | B | IN | G | ||
| A | G | IN | B | B | IN | G | A | ||
| A | - | - | B/V/G | B | IN | G | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | G | - | - | A B C | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| G | IN | B | A | G | IN | B | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | G | IN | B | A | ||
| A | B | IN | G | 82*** | |||||
| A | B | IN | G |
* - if the total number of missed lessons is greater than those missed due to illness.
** - if a social movement or public organization promotes pro-social goals and objectives that develop individuals and society.
*** - There is no risk if the slogan reflects the focus on development, preservation and promotion of health, safety, and respect for people around us and the environment. There is a high risk if the slogan reflects a lack of meaning and goals in life or the desire to obtain benefits at any cost. Medium risk – there is no slogan or it reflects a lack of self-determination in life. Low risk - if the slogan reflects instability in self-determination.
2. The overall risk level is calculated. The answer to each question corresponds to the number of points according to the level of risk: high risk - 4 points, medium risk - 3 points, low risk 2 points, no risk - 1 point. The sum of the points received for each question constitutes the overall risk level.
High risk – 249 - 308 points
Average risk – 191 – 248 points
Low risk – 120 – 190 points
No risk – from 77 – 118 points
3. Risk assessment by factors:
| Risk level | Factors | ||||
| Family, points | Individual, points | Social, in points | |||
| Peer environment | Macrosocial environment | School environment | |||
| High risk | 47 – 60 | 80 - 92 | 30 - 36 | 47 – 60 | 47 – 60 |
| Medium risk | 34 – 46 | 57 – 79 | 23 – 29 | 34 – 46 | 34 – 46 |
| Low risk | 23 – 33 | 34 – 56 | 15 – 22 | 23 – 33 | 23 – 33 |
| No risk | 15 - 22 | 23 – 33 | 9 – 14 | 15 - 22 | 15 - 22 |
4. The results of the survey are entered into the “Protocol of the prevalence of risk factors for non-medical use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and other toxic substances among students in the dynamics of education” (Table 1). Each class has its own protocol. For each observed class, the absolute number of children with one or another level of general risk and risk levels for various factors is calculated separately. In order to obtain relative indicators in percentages (%), it is necessary to divide the absolute indicators by the number of questionnaires completed by schoolchildren and multiply by 100.
A decrease in relative indicators in the next academic year compared to the indicators of the previous year indicates a decrease in the prevalence of risk factors in the classroom (∆ value is negative); an increase in relative indicators indicates an increase in the prevalence of a particular factor (the ∆ value is positive).
Table 1.
PROTOCOL OF PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS FOR NON-MEDICAL CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC AND OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES AMONG STUDENTS IN THE DYNAMICS OF TRAINING
School __________ city/village ________________ subject of the Russian Federation _______________
7th grade " " Date of completion _________ 10th grade " " Date of completion _______________
8th grade " " Date of completion _________ 11th grade " " Date of completion _______________
9th grade "" Date of completion_________
| Prevalence of risk factors for non-medical consumption of psychoactive substances | 7th grade | 8th grade | 9th grade | Grade 10 | Grade 11 | |||||||||
| Abs | % | Abs | % | ∆ | Abs | % | ∆ | Abs | % | ∆ | Abs | % | ∆ | |
| General level of risk. | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks | ||||||||||||||
| Family risk factors | ||||||||||||||
| High risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children at average risk | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks | ||||||||||||||
| Individual risk factors | ||||||||||||||
| High risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children at average risk | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks | ||||||||||||||
| Social risk factors. Peers. | ||||||||||||||
| High risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children at average risk | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks | ||||||||||||||
| Social risk factors. Macro-society. | ||||||||||||||
| High risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children at average risk | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks | ||||||||||||||
| Social risk factors. School. | ||||||||||||||
| High risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children at average risk | ||||||||||||||
| Low risk children | ||||||||||||||
| Children without risks |
This will come as a shock to many readers. Especially the older generation, who revered the name of Lenin and believed that he was the kindest man, but in fact he was cruel and with his orders demanded to be shot. In Russia there are about 1800 monuments to Lenin and up to twenty thousand busts. More than five thousand streets bear the name of revolutionary No. 1. In many cities, sculptures of Vladimir Ilyich rise in central squares. Although, if we knew the whole truth about the great leader, these monuments would have ended up in a landfill long ago.
Anatoly Latyshev is a famous historian and Leninist. Throughout his life he has been studying the biography of Ilyich. He recently managed to obtain documents from Lenin's secret fund and the closed KGB archives.
- Anatoly Grigorievich, how did you manage to penetrate secret funds?
This happened after the August 1991 events. I was given a special pass to familiarize myself with secret documents about Lenin. The authorities thought to find the reason for the coup in the past. I sat in the archives from morning to evening, and my hair stood on end. After all, I always believed in Lenin, but after the first thirty documents I read, I was simply shocked.
- What exactly?
Lenin from Switzerland in 1905 called on young people in St. Petersburg to pour acid on police officers in the crowd, pour boiling water on soldiers from the upper floors, use nails to mutilate horses, and throw “hand bombs” at the streets. As head of the Soviet government, Lenin sent out his orders throughout the country. A paper arrived in Nizhny Novgorod with the following content: “Introduce mass terror, shoot and take away hundreds of prostitutes who solder soldiers, former officers, etc. Not a minute of delay.” What do you think of Lenin’s order to Saratov: “Shoot conspirators and hesitators, without asking anyone and without allowing idiotic red tape”?
- They say that Vladimir Ilyich generally disliked the Russian people?
Lenin's Russophobia is little studied today. All this comes from childhood. There was not a drop of Russian blood in his family. His mother was German with a mixture of Swedish and Jewish blood. My father is half Kalmyk, half Chuvash. Lenin was brought up in the spirit of German accuracy and discipline. His mother constantly told him “Russian Oblomovism, learn from the Germans,” “Russian fool,” “Russian idiots.” By the way, in his messages Lenin spoke about the Russian people only in a derogatory manner. One day, the leader ordered the plenipotentiary Soviet representative in Switzerland: “Give the Russian fools a job: send clippings here, not random numbers (as these idiots have done until now).”
- Are there letters in which Lenin wrote about the extermination of the Russian people?
Among those terrible Leninist documents, there were particularly harsh orders for the extermination of compatriots. For example, “burn Baku completely,” take hostages in the rear, put them in front of the advancing Red Army units, shoot them in the back, send red thugs to areas where the “greens” were operating, “hang them under the guise of “greens” (“we then attack them and throw down”) officials, rich people, priests, kulaks, landowners. Pay the murderers 100 thousand rubles each...” By the way, the money for the “secretly hanged man” (the first “Lenin Prizes”) turned out to be the only bonuses in the country. And to the Caucasus, Lenin periodically sent telegrams with the following content: “We will cut everyone off.” Remember how Trotsky and Sverdlov destroyed the Russian Cossacks? Lenin then remained on the sidelines. Now an official telegram from the leader to Frunze has been found regarding the “total extermination of the Cossacks.” And this famous letter from Dzerzhinsky to the leader dated December 19, 1919 about about a million Cossacks being held captive? Lenin then imposed a resolution on him: “Shoot every last one.”
- Could Lenin so easily give orders to shoot people?
Here are some of Lenin’s notes I managed to get: “I propose to appoint an investigation and shoot those guilty of roteness”; “Rakovsky demands a submarine. We need to give two, appointing a responsible person, a sailor, putting it on him and saying: we will shoot if you don’t deliver it soon”; “Give Melnichansky (signed by me) a telegram that it was a shame to hesitate and not shoot for failure to appear.” And here is one of Lenin’s letters to Stalin: “Threaten with execution that slob who, in charge of communications, does not know how to give you a good amplifier and ensure that the telephone connection with me is fully operational.” Lenin insisted on executions for “negligence” and “slowness.” For example, on August 11, 1918, Lenin sent instructions to the Bolsheviks in Penza: “to hang (definitely hang) so that the people can see” no less than 100 wealthy peasants. Select “tougher people” to carry out the execution. At the end of 1917, when Lenin headed the government, he proposed shooting every tenth parasite. And this is during a period of mass unemployment.
- Did he also have a negative attitude towards Orthodoxy?
The leader hated and destroyed only the Russian Orthodox Church. So, on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, when it was impossible to work, Lenin issued an order dated December 25, 1919: “It is stupid to put up with “Nikola”, we need to put all the checks on their feet in order to shoot those who do not show up for work because of “Nikola” (t .ie, those who missed the cleanup day when loading firewood into the cars on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, December 19).” At the same time, Lenin was very loyal to Catholicism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam and even sectarians. At the beginning of 1918, he intended to ban Orthodoxy, replacing it with Catholicism.
- How did he fight against Orthodoxy?
For example, in a letter from Lenin to Molotov for members of the Politburo dated March 19, 1922, Vladimir Ilyich insisted on the need to use the mass famine in the country to rob Orthodox churches, while shooting as many “reactionary clergy” as possible. Few people know about Lenin’s document No. 13666/2 dated May 1, 1919, addressed to Dzerzhinsky. Here is its content: “...it is necessary to put an end to priests and religion as quickly as possible. Popovs should be arrested as counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs, and shot mercilessly and everywhere. And as much as possible. Churches are subject to closure. The temple premises should be sealed and turned into warehouses.”
- Anatoly Grigorievich, is it confirmed that Lenin had mental disorders?
His behavior was more than strange. For example, Lenin often fell into depression, which could last for weeks. He could do nothing for a month, and then he would be overwhelmed by vigorous activity. About this period, Krupskaya wrote: “Volodya fell into a rage...” And he was also absolutely devoid of a sense of humor.
- Was Lenin’s style rude enough?
Berdyaev called him a genius of swearing. Here are a few lines from Lenin’s letter to Stalin and Kamenev dated February 4, 1922: “We will always have time to hire shit as experts.” You can’t “bring up trash and bastards who don’t want to submit reports...”. “Teach these assholes to answer seriously...” In the margins of Rosa Luxemburg’s articles, the leader wrote “idiot” and “fool”.
- They say that Stalin organized grandiose drinking parties in the Kremlin during Lenin’s lifetime?
And repeatedly. In connection with this, Lenin often summoned and reprimanded him. But most often Ilyich scolded Ordzhonikidze. He wrote him notes: “Who did you drink and hang out with today? Where do you get your women from? I don't like your behavior. Moreover, Trotsky complains about you all the time.” Ordzhonikidze was still a party! Stalin was more indifferent to women. Lenin scolded Joseph Vissarionovich for drinking a lot, to which Stalin replied: “I’m a Georgian and I can’t live without wine.”
- By the way, did Ilyich like banquets?
Feature films often show the leader drinking carrot tea without sugar with a piece of black bread. But documents have recently been discovered testifying to the leader’s abundant and luxurious feasts, about the huge quantities of black and red caviar, delicious fish and other delicacies that were regularly supplied to the Kremlin nomenklatura throughout the years of Lenin’s reign. In the village of Zubalovo, by order of Ilyich, luxurious personal dachas were built in conditions of the most severe famine in the country!
- Lenin himself liked to drink?
Before the revolution, Ilyich drank a lot. During the years of emigration, I never sat down at the table without beer. Since 1921, he quit due to illness. Since then I have not touched alcohol.
- Is it true that Vladimir Ilyich loved animals?
Hardly. Krupskaya wrote in her notes: “...the hysterical howl of a dog was heard. It was Volodya, returning home, who always teased the neighbor’s dog...”
- Do you think Lenin loved Krupskaya?
Lenin did not like Krupskaya; he valued her as an irreplaceable comrade-in-arms. When Vladimir Ilyich fell ill, he forbade Nadezhda Konstantinovna to come to him. She rolled on the floor and sobbed hysterically. These facts were described in the memoirs of Lenin's sisters. Many Lenin scholars claim that Krupskaya was a virgin before Lenin. It is not true. Before her marriage to Vladimir Ilyich, she was already married.
- Today, probably, there is nothing unknown about Lenin?
There is still a lot that is not declassified, since Russian archivists are still hiding some data. So, in 2000, the collection “V.I. Lenin. Unknown documents." Some of these documents produced denominations. Before the publication of this collection, our archives sold falsified documents abroad. One American Sovietologist said that, having bought Lenin’s works for his book from the management of Russian archives, he then paid the publishers a fine of four thousand dollars because Russian archivists removed some lines from Lenin’s documents.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is one of the most humiliating episodes in Russian history. It became a resounding diplomatic failure for the Bolsheviks and was accompanied by an acute political crisis within the country. 1 Decree on Peace “Decree on Peace” was adopted on October 26 - the day after the armed coup - and spoke of the need to conclude a just democratic peace without annexations and indemnities between all warring peoples. It served as the legal basis for concluding a separate agreement with Germany and the other Central Powers. Publicly, Lenin spoke about the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war; he considered the revolution in Russia only the initial stage of the world socialist revolution. In fact, there were other reasons, which are discussed below. The warring peoples did not act according to Ilyich’s plans - they did not want to turn their bayonets against the governments, and the allied governments ignored the peace proposal of the Bolsheviks. Only the countries of the enemy bloc that were losing the war agreed to rapprochement.
2 Conditions Germany stated that it was ready to accept a condition of peace without annexations and indemnities, but only if this peace was signed by all the warring countries. But none of the Entente countries joined the peace negotiations, so Germany abandoned the Bolshevik formula, and their hopes for a just peace were finally buried. The talk in the second round of negotiations was exclusively about a separate peace, the terms of which were dictated by Germany.
3 Betrayal and necessity Not all Bolsheviks agreed to sign a separate peace. The left was categorically against any agreements with imperialism. They defended the idea of exporting the revolution, believing that without socialism in Europe, Russian socialism is doomed to death (and subsequent transformations of the Bolshevik regime proved them right). The leaders of the left Bolsheviks were Bukharin, Uritsky, Radek, Dzerzhinsky and others. They called for a guerrilla war against German imperialism, and in the future hoped to conduct regular military operations with the forces of the newly created Red Army. Lenin was, first of all, in favor of the immediate conclusion of a separate peace. He was afraid of the German offensive and the complete loss of his own power, which even after the coup relied heavily on German money. It is unlikely that the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was directly bought by Berlin. The main factor was precisely the fear of losing power. If we consider that a year after the conclusion of peace with Germany, Lenin was even ready to divide Russia in exchange for international recognition, then the conditions of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty will not seem so humiliating. Trotsky occupied an intermediate position in the internal party struggle. He defended the thesis “No peace, no war.” That is, he proposed to stop hostilities, but not to sign any agreements with Germany. As a result of the struggle within the party, it was decided to delay the negotiations in every possible way, expecting a revolution in Germany, but if the Germans presented an ultimatum, then agree to all the conditions. However, Trotsky, who led the Soviet delegation in the second round of negotiations, refused to accept the German ultimatum. Negotiations broke down and Germany continued to advance. When peace was signed, the Germans were 170 km from Petrograd.
4 Annexations and indemnities Peace conditions were very difficult for Russia. She lost Ukraine and Polish lands, renounced claims to Finland, gave up the Batumi and Kars regions, had to demobilize all her troops, abandon the Black Sea Fleet and pay huge indemnities. The country was losing almost 800 thousand square meters. km and 56 million people. In Russia, Germans received the exclusive right to freely engage in business. In addition, the Bolsheviks pledged to pay off the tsarist debts to Germany and its allies. At the same time, the Germans did not comply with their own obligations. After signing the treaty, they continued the occupation of Ukraine, overthrew Soviet rule on the Don and helped the White movement in every possible way. The Entente countries categorically did not recognize the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, calling it a political crime against the Russian people.
5 The uprising of the left The Brest-Litovsk Treaty almost led to a split in the Bolshevik Party and the loss of power by the Bolsheviks. Lenin hardly pushed the final decision on peace through a vote in the Central Committee, threatening to resign. The party split did not happen only thanks to Trotsky, who agreed to abstain from voting, ensuring victory for Lenin. But this did not help avoid a political crisis. The Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was categorically not accepted by the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party. They left the government, killed the German ambassador Mirbach and raised an armed uprising in Moscow. Due to the lack of a clear plan and goals, it was suppressed, but it was a very real threat to the power of the Bolsheviks. At the same time, the commander of the Eastern Front of the Red Army, Social Revolutionary Muravyov, rebelled in Simbirsk. It also ended in failure.
6 Annulment The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918. Already in November, a revolution occurred in Germany, and the Bolsheviks annulled the peace agreement. After the victory of the Entente, Germany withdrew troops from former Russian territories. However, Russia was no longer among the winners. In the coming years, the Bolsheviks were unable to regain power over most of the territories seized by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Beneficiary Lenin received the greatest benefit from the Brest Peace Treaty. After the treaty was annulled, his authority grew. He gained fame as a shrewd politician, whose actions helped the Bolsheviks gain time and retain power. After this, the Bolshevik Party consolidated, and the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party was defeated. A one-party system was established in the country.
14 LENIN QUOTES THAT MAKE YOUR BLOOD CURLD
On January 21, 1924, Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), the ideological inspirer of the October Revolution of 1917 and the first leader of the Soviet state, passed away. In the years following the leader's death, a real cult of Lenin was created. His body still lies in the center of the capital as a symbol of an entire era.
We have collected excerpts from Lenin's multi-volume works and declassified telegrams from Ilyich:
- “...Great plan! Finish it together with Dzerzhinsky. Under the guise of “greens” (we will blame them later) we will march 10-20 miles and outweigh the kulaks, priests, and landowners. Prize: 100,000 rub. for a hanged man..."
Litvin A. L. “Red and White Terror in Russia in 1917-1922” - “It’s a war of life and death for the rich and hangers-on, bourgeois intellectuals... they must be dealt with at the slightest violation... In one place they will be sent to prison... In another they will be put to clean toilets. In the third, they will be provided with yellow tickets after leaving the punishment cell... In the fourth, they will be shot on the spot... The more varied, the better, the richer the overall experience will be...”
December 24 – 27, 1917 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 35. P. 200, 201, 204. - From the work “How to organize a competition?”) - “...Can you also tell Theroux to prepare everything for the complete burning of Baku in the event of an invasion, and to announce this in print in Baku?”
June 3, 1918 (Volkogonov D.A. Lenin. Political portrait. Lenin’s handwritten order to the Chairman of the Baku Cheka S. Ter-Gabrielyan) - “Penza, Gubernia Executive Committee. ...to carry out merciless mass terror against the kulaks, priests and White Guards; those who are dubious will be locked up in a concentration camp outside the city.”
August 9, 1918 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 50. P. 143-144). - “Comrades Kuraev, Bosch, Minkin and other Penza communists.
Comrades! The uprising of the five kulak volosts must lead to merciless suppression. This is required by the interests of the entire revolution, for now the “last decisive battle” with the kulaks has been taken. You need to give a sample.
Hang (be sure to hang, so that the people can see) at least 100 notorious kulaks, rich people, bloodsuckers.
Publish their names.
Take away all their bread.
Assign hostages according to yesterday's telegram.
Make it so that hundreds of miles around people see, tremble, know, shout: they are strangling and will strangle the bloodsucking kulaks.
Wire receipt and execution.
Your Lenin."
(Latyshev A.G. Declassified Lenin. M., 1996. P. 57.). - “Saratov, (Narkomfood Commissioner) Pikes. ...I advise you to appoint your bosses and shoot conspirators and hesitant ones, without asking anyone and without allowing idiotic red tape.”
August 22, 1918 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 50. P. 165). - “Sviyazhsk, Trotsky.
I am surprised and alarmed by the slowdown in the operation against Kazan, especially if what I was told is true that you have every opportunity to destroy the enemy with artillery. In my opinion, we cannot spare the city and postpone it longer, because merciless extermination is necessary ... "
September 10, 1918 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T.50. P. 178). - “As for foreigners, I advise you not to rush into deportation. Wouldn't it be better to go to a concentration camp..."
June 3, 1919 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 50. P. 335). - “All foreign citizens living on the territory of the RSFSR from the ranks of the bourgeoisie of those states that are conducting hostile and military actions against us, between the ages of 17 and 55 years, should be imprisoned in concentration camps...”
(Latyshev A.G. Declassified Lenin. M., 1996, P. 56). - “...not all peasants understand that free trade in grain is a state crime. “I produced bread, this is my product, and I have the right to trade it” - this is how the peasant argues, out of habit, according to the old days. And we say that this is a state crime.”
November 19, 1919 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 39. P. 315). - "T. Lunacharsky
... I advise you to put all theaters in a coffin.
The People's Commissar of Education should not engage in theater, but in teaching literacy."
Lenin, August 26, 1921 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 53. P. 142.) - “... I come to the absolute conclusion that we must now give the most decisive and merciless battle to the Black Hundred clergy and suppress their resistance with such cruelty that they will not forget this for several decades...
The more representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie we manage to shoot on this occasion, the better.”
March 19, 1922 (News of the Central Committee of the CPSU. 1990. No. 4. P. 190-193). - “...Take military measures, i.e. try to punish Latvia and Estonia militarily (for example, cross the border somewhere 1 mile “on the shoulders” of Balakhovich and hang 100–1000 of their officials and rich people there).”
Lenin, August 1920 (Latyshev A.G. Declassified Lenin. M., 1996). - “...The court must not eliminate terror; to promise this would be self-deception or deception, but to justify and legitimize it in principle, clearly, without falsehood and without embellishment.”
May 17, 1922 (Lenin V.I. Complete collected works. T. 45. P. 190).
7 secrets of Vladimir Lenin's funeral Lenin's funeral took place on January 27, 1924. Was Ilyich's last wish fulfilled? Why was the funeral date repeatedly postponed? Who initiated the idea of embalming? Ilyich’s final journey is still surrounded by an aura of mystery. 1 Last will At the end of the 80s of the last century, a version appeared that Lenin left a written will in which he asked to be buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg, next to his mother. The author of the version is considered to be the historian Akim Arutyunov, who, according to the owner of Lenin’s Petrograd safe house, stated that the leader asked Krupskaya “to try to do everything so that he is buried next to his mother.” However, no documentary evidence of Lenin’s will was found. In 1997, the Russian Center for the Storage and Study of Documents of Contemporary History, when asked whether a will exists, gave an exhaustive answer: “We do not have a single document from Lenin or his relatives regarding Lenin’s “last will” to be buried in a specific Russian ( Moscow or St. Petersburg) cemetery." 2 Change of date Vladimir Lenin died on January 21, 1924. The organization of the funeral was carried out by a specially created commission under the leadership of Dzerzhinsky. Initially, the ceremony was scheduled for January 24 - the funeral was probably supposed to be held according to a “modest scenario”: the removal of the body from the House of Unions, a rally on Red Square and a burial procedure at the Kremlin wall, in front of Sverdlov’s grave. But this option was rejected, most likely due to the fact that delegates from distant regions and most republics did not have time to “catch up” by this date. At the same time, a new proposal appeared: to schedule the funeral for Saturday, January 26. On the evening of January 21, telegrams were sent out announcing Lenin’s death and the funeral date set for the 26th. But on January 24, it became clear that the burial site would not be prepared by this date: the work was hampered not only by the frozen ground, but also by communications, including the allegedly discovered underground rooms and passages that had to be sealed. A new deadline was set for the arrangement of the crypt - no later than 18.00 on January 26, and the new date of the funeral was postponed to 27. 3 Absence of Trotsky There could well have been other reasons for the postponement of the date. For example, the so-called “Trotsky factor” is widely known - allegedly Stalin, fearing a strong rival, deliberately “tricked up” with the date and forbade (!) Trotsky to return from Tiflis, where he was undergoing treatment. However, it was Trotsky who was one of the first to receive a telegram about Lenin’s death. At first he expressed his readiness to return to Moscow, and then, for some reason, changed his mind. The change in his decision, however, can only be judged by Stalin’s response telegram, in which he regrets “the technical impossibility of arriving at the funeral” and gives Trotsky the right to decide for himself whether to come or not. Trotsky’s memoirs record a telephone conversation with Stalin, when he allegedly said: “The funeral is on Saturday, you won’t make it anyway, we advise you to continue treatment.” As you can see, there is no prohibition, only advice. Trotsky could have easily made it to the funeral if, for example, he had used a military plane, and also if he really wanted to. But Trotsky had reasons not to return. He could well believe that Lenin was poisoned by the conspirators led by Stalin, and he, Trotsky, was next. 4 Causes of death Throughout 1923, newspapers reported on Lenin’s health, creating a new myth about the leader who steadfastly fought the disease: reads newspapers, is interested in politics, and hunts. It is known that Lenin suffered a series of strokes: the first turned 52-year-old Ilyich into an invalid, the third killed him. In the last months of his life, Lenin hardly spoke, could not read, and his “hunting” looked like walking in a wheelchair. Almost immediately after his death, Lenin's body was opened to determine the cause of death. After a thorough examination of the brain, it was determined that there was a hemorrhage. They announced to the workers: “the dear leader died because he did not spare his strength and did not know rest in his work.” During the days of mourning, the press strongly emphasized the sacrifice of Lenin, the “great sufferer.” This was another component of the myth: Lenin, indeed, worked a lot, but he was also quite attentive to himself and his health, did not smoke, and, as they say, did not abuse. Almost immediately after Lenin’s death, a version appeared that the leader was poisoned on Stalin’s orders, especially since no tests were done that would have detected traces of poison in his body. It was assumed that another cause of death could be syphilis - the drugs at that time were primitive and sometimes dangerous, and venereal diseases in some cases can indeed provoke a stroke, but the leader’s symptoms, as well as the post-mortem autopsy, refuted these speculations. 5 Detailed Report The first public bulletin, which was released immediately after the autopsy, contained only a summary of the causes of death. But already on January 25, “official autopsy results” appeared with numerous details. In addition to a detailed description of the brain, the results of a skin examination were given, down to the indication of each scar and injury, the heart was described and its exact size, the condition of the stomach, kidneys and other organs were indicated. British journalist, head of the Moscow branch of the New York Times, Walter Duranty, was surprised that such detail did not make a depressing impression on the Russians; on the contrary, “the deceased leader was an object of such intense interest that the public wanted to know everything about him.” However, there is information that the report caused “shocked bewilderment” among the non-party Moscow intelligentsia and they saw in it a purely materialistic approach to human nature characteristic of the Bolsheviks. Such detailed anatomy and emphasis shifted to the inevitability of death could have another reason - the doctors, who “failed” to save the patient, were simply trying to protect themselves. 6 Comrades from the provinces The first embalming was performed on January 22, almost immediately after the autopsy, which was carried out by a group of doctors led by Dr. Abrikosov. At first, the body was supposed to be preserved until the funeral, then they “outplayed” it by carrying out a new procedure, the effect of which was designed to last for forty days. The idea of embalming was first proposed back in 1923, but no documents were found that would specify how the decision was made. To turn Lenin's burial place into the main shrine is a completely understandable desire: the country needed a “new religion” and “the incorruptible relics of a new saint.” It is interesting that Gorky compared Lenin to Christ, who “took upon himself the heavy burden of saving Russia.” Similar parallels were visible in newspaper articles and statements of many authoritative people of that time. Perhaps, when Stalin expressed a desire to bury Lenin “in Russian,” he had in mind precisely the Orthodox church custom of putting the relics of a saint on public display, which can be explained - Stalin studied at a theological seminary and, perhaps, this idea was not for him random. Trotsky objected irritably: it was not proper for the party of revolutionary Marxism to go down such a road, “to replace the relics of Sergei of Radonezh and Seraphim of Sarov with the relics of Vladimir Ilyich.” Stalin referred to mysterious comrades from the provinces who opposed cremation, which contradicts Russian understanding: “Some comrades believe that modern science has the ability to preserve the body of the deceased for a long time with the help of embalming.” Who these “comrades from the provinces” were remains a mystery. On January 25, Rabochaya Moskva published three letters from “representatives of the people” under the heading “Lenin’s body must be preserved!” In the summer of 1924, despite the protests of Krupskaya and Lenin’s closest relatives, a message was published in the press about the decision “not to bury the body of Vladimir Ilyich, but to place it in the Mausoleum and extend access to those who wish.” 7 More alive than all the living! Even after the assassination attempt on Lenin in 1918, a dualism in his image arose: a mortal man and an immortal leader. Grief for the deceased Ilyich was to be replaced by an inspired struggle, headed by the immortal Lenin as before. The newspapers wrote: “Lenin has died. But Lenin is alive in millions of hearts... And even with his very physical death, Lenin gives his last order: “Workers of all countries, unite!” Funeral processions, wailing sirens and five-minute work stoppages - all these actions during Lenin's funeral became important links in the creation of his cult. Millions of workers from all over Russia came to say goodbye to Lenin. In 35-degree frost, people warmed themselves by the fires, waiting for their turn, and then, in complete silence, occasionally broken by uncontrollable sobs, they passed by the coffin. They were united by one thing: grief and ardent faith in the promised bright future. The country has been in this protracted farewell state for 90 years. Whether it will end and with whose “victory” is for now the main mystery of Ilyich’s funeral.
Secrets of Lenin's biography
How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet government classify information about the leader's maternal ancestors, and how did Vladimir Ulyanov turn into Nikolai Lenin in the early 1900s?
Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk 1879 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin" begins with the entry: "April, 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. Father of Vladimir Ilyich - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov was at that time an inspector, and then a director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf. Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna was the daughter of doctor A.D. Blanca."
It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many details of his ancestry. In their family, as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their “genealogical roots.” It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in this kind of problems began to grow, that his sisters took up this research. Therefore, when Lenin received a detailed party census questionnaire in 1922, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely answered: “I don’t know.”
GRANDSON OF A SERF
Meanwhile, Lenin’s paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather – Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin- born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Feofan were recorded as a servant of the landowner of the village of Androsova, Sergach district, Nizhny Novgorod governorship, Marfa Semyonovna Myakinina.
According to the same audit, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived in the same place, but were considered servants of the cornet Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin’s grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.
Of course, he was listed, but he was no longer in the village then...
The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of registered landowner peasants expected to be counted as fugitives from different provinces,” where under number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasilyev, son of Ulyanin... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, village of Androsov, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, peasant. He left in 1791." It is not known for sure whether he was a runaway or released on quitrent and redeemed, but in 1799 in Astrakhan Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants, and in 1808 he was accepted into the petty bourgeois class, into the workshop of artisan tailors.
Having gotten rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilyevich changed his surname Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan tradesman Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov - Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.
Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shahinyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov’s own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk woman, rescued by him from slavery and adopted allegedly only in March 1825.
There is no indisputable evidence for this version, especially since already in 1812 she and Nikolai Ulyanov had a son, Alexander, who died four months old, in 1819 a son, Vasily, was born, in 1821, a daughter, Maria, in 1823 - Feodosiya and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, son Ilya - the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.
FATHER'S TEACHING CAREER
After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, concerns about the family and raising children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son, Vasily Nikolaevich. Working at that time as a clerk at the famous Astrakhan company “Brothers Sapozhnikov” and not having his own family, he managed to ensure prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.
ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS FACULTY OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
He was invited to remain at the department to “improve in scientific work” - the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky insisted on this
In 1850, Ilya Nikolaevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and the right to teach in secondary educational institutions. And although he was invited to remain at the department for “improvement in scientific work” (the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky insisted on this, by the way), Ilya Nikolaevich chose a career as a teacher.
Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. Beginning of the 20th century. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His first place of work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here to the position of inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich became friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Aleksandrovna Veretennikova (née Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Alexandrovna Blank, who came to visit her for the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria prepare for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him with conversational English. The young people fell in love with each other, and in the spring of 1863 an engagement took place.
On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing external exams at the Samara Men's Gymnasium, “the daughter of the court councilor, Maiden Maria Blank,” received the title of primary school teacher “with the right to teach the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, German and French.” And in August they already had a wedding, and the “maiden Maria Blank” became the wife of the court councilor Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.
“ON THE POSSIBILITY OF JEWISH ORIGIN”
The genealogy of the Blank family began to be studied by Lenin’s sisters, Anna and Maria. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not find out this for us. The surname seemed to us to be of French origin, but there was no information about such an origin. I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin quite a long time ago, which was prompted mainly by my mother’s message that my grandfather was born in Zhitomir, a famous Jewish center. Grandmother - mother's mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was of German origin from Riga. But while my mother and her sisters maintained contact with their maternal relatives for quite a long time, about her father’s relatives, A.D. Blank, no one heard. He looked like a cut piece, which also made me think about his Jewish origin. His daughters did not remember any of the grandfather’s stories about his childhood or youth.”
Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported the results of the search, which confirmed her assumption, to Joseph Stalin in 1932 and 1934. “The fact of our origin, which I had assumed before,” she wrote, “was not known during his [Lenin’s] lifetime... I don’t know what motives we communists might have for hushing up this fact.”
“To remain absolutely silent about him” was Stalin’s categorical answer. And Lenin’s second sister, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact “let it be known someday in a hundred years.”
Lenin's great-grandfather - Moshe Itzkovich Blank- Born, apparently, in 1763. The first mention of him is contained in the revision of 1795, where among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov, Volyn province, Moishka Blank is recorded under number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Panorama of Simbirsk from the Moscow highway. 1866–1867. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Some time ago, a famous bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced an interesting fact into scientific circulation. Sometime in the mid-1920s, an archivist Yulian Grigorievich Oksman, who, on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library, Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, was studying the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities of the Minsk province, allegedly dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, for the exemption from taxes of a certain boy, because he is “the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official,” and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for it. The boy's last name was Blank.
According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them came to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: “I always thought so.” To which Bukharin replied: “What do you think – it doesn’t matter, but what are we going to do?” Oksman was made to promise that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then no one has seen this document.
One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov, already an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl, Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent audits it follows that he read both Hebrew and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and in addition, near the town of Rogachevo, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land, which were sown with chicory.
In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799, his son Srul (Israel). Moshe Itzkovich probably did not have a good relationship with the local Jewish community from the very beginning. He was “a man who did not want, or perhaps did not know how, to find a common language with his fellow tribesmen.” In other words, the community simply hated him. And after Blank’s house burned down in 1808 due to fire, and possibly arson, the family moved to Zhitomir.
LETTER TO THE EMPEROR
Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blank wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it is clear that already “40 years ago” he “renounced the Jews,” but because of his “overly pious wife,” who died in 1834 , converted to Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.
But the reason for the letter was something else: maintaining hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family.
It is curious that in October of that year the letter was reported to Nicholas I and he fully agreed with the proposals of the “baptized Jew Blanc”, as a result of which in 1850 Jews were banned from wearing national clothing, and in 1854 the corresponding text of the prayer was introduced. Researcher Mikhail Stein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on Blank’s genealogy, rightly noted that in terms of hostility towards his people, Moshe Itskovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew - one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of Russian People V.A. . Greenmouth"...
Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799–1870). Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The fact that Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was also evidenced by other things. Both of his sons, Abel and Israel, like their father, also knew how to read Russian, and when a district (povet) school opened in Zhitomir in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated. From the point of view of Jewish believers, this was blasphemy. And yet, belonging to the Jewish religion doomed them to vegetate within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only an event that happened in the spring of 1820 radically changed the fate of young people...
In April, a “high rank” – the head of affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov – arrived in Zhitomir on a business trip. Somehow, Blank managed to meet him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not at all sympathize with Jews, but the rather rare conversion of two “lost souls” to Christianity at that time, in his opinion, was a good thing, and he agreed.
The brothers immediately went to the capital and submitted a petition addressed to Metropolitan Michael of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estonia and Finland. “Having now settled in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having always been treated with Christians who profess the Greek-Russian religion, we now wish to accept it.”
The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Stranger in St. Petersburg, Fyodor Barsov, “enlightened both brothers with baptism.” Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. The youngest son of Moshe Blank received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather), Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and a patronymic in honor of Abel’s successor, Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolaevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as “pupils of the Medical-Surgical Academy,” which they graduated in 1824, receiving the academic title of doctors of the 2nd department and a gift in the form of a pocket set of surgical tools.
MARRIAGE OF THE STAFF DOCTOR
Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and Alexander in August 1824 began serving in the city of Porechye, Smolensk province, as a district doctor. True, already in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and, like his brother, was enrolled as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to staff physician. It was time to think about marriage...
His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time an official of special assignments at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent match. Apparently, at another of his benefactors, Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, with whom Alexander Pushkin visited and almost the entire “enlightened Petersburg” gathered, the younger Blank met the Groschopf brothers and was received in their house.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831–1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835–1916)
The head of this very respectable family Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groschopf was from the Baltic Germans, was a consul of the State College of Justice for Livonian, Estonian and Finnish affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, née Östedt, was Swedish and Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice-director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, who was in charge of the Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Caroline (married Bouberg) and the younger Amalia. Having met this family, the staff doctor proposed to Anna Ivanovna.
MASHENKA FORM
Things went well for Alexander Dmitrievich at first. As a police doctor, he received 1 thousand rubles a year. He has received thanks more than once for his “quickness and diligence.”
But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty at the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a rioting crowd. This death shocked Alexander Blank so much that he resigned from the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833 did he re-enter service - as a resident at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the districts beyond the river in St. Petersburg. By the way, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated by him in 1838. At the same time (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Maritime Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - a medical surgeon.
IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POST OF DIRECTOR OF PEOPLE'S SCHOOL OF THE SIMBIRSK PROVINCE.
And in 1877 he was awarded the rank of actual state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility
Alexander Dmitrievich’s private practice also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in a wing of one of the luxurious mansions on the Promenade des Anglais, which belonged to the emperor’s physician and the president of the Medical-Surgical Academy, baronet Yakov Vasilyevich Willie. Here in 1835 Maria Blank was born. Mashenka’s godfather was their neighbor, formerly the adjutant of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833, the horsemaster of the Imperial Court, Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov.
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna became seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical Cemetery. Then her sister Catherine von Essen, who was widowed that same year, took full care of the children. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, had sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Ekaterina. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841, Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, the law did not allow such marriages - with the daughters' godmother and the deceased wife's own sister. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.
In the same April, they all left the capital and moved to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the position of inspector of the Perm Medical Council and doctor of the Perm Gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna in 1850, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Aleksandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Ekaterina.
Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment with mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor at the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 acres (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was purchased in Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate confirmed Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were included in the book of the Kazan Noble Deputy Assembly.
THE ULYANOV FAMILY
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov...
Their wedding on August 25, 1863, like the weddings of the other Blank sisters before that, took place in Kokushkino. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed to the position of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at a men's gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - on March 31, 1866 - son Alexander... But soon there was a sad loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, did not live even a year, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkino...
On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with just over 40 thousand inhabitants, of whom 57.5% were listed as bourgeois, 17% as military, 11% as peasants, 8.8% as nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and bourgeois. In the nobility's house there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the bourgeois' house all sorts of livestock were kept in the courtyards, and these animals, contrary to prohibitions, walked the streets.
Here the Ulyanovs had a son, Vladimir, born on April 10 (22), 1870. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and sexton Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The godfather was the manager of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseny Fedorovich Belokrysenko, and the godfather was the mother of Ilya Nikolaevich’s colleague, collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (sitting third from the right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died without living even a month, and on August 4, 1874, son Dmitry was born, and daughter Maria was born on February 6, 1878. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolaevich received the position of director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877, he was awarded the rank of actual state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility.
The salary increase made it possible to realize a long-time dream. Having changed six rented apartments since 1870 and having saved the necessary funds, on August 2, 1878, the Ulyanovs finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street for 4 thousand silver - from the widow of the titular councilor Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was made of wood, one storey on the façade and with mezzanines under the roof on the courtyard side. And behind the yard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, lies a beautiful garden with silver poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilacs along the fence...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna died in Petrograd in July 1916, outliving her husband by 30 years.
WHERE DID “LENIN” COME FROM?
The question of how and where Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin in the spring of 1901 has always aroused the interest of researchers; there have been many versions. Among them are toponymic: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. During the formation of “Leninoism” as a profession, they were looking for “amorous” sources. Thus was born the assertion that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version - the chorus girl of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions withstood the most serious scrutiny.
However, back in the 1950s and 1960s, the Central Party Archive received letters from relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, which outlined a fairly convincing everyday story. Deputy head of the archive Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov forwarded these letters to the CPSU Central Committee, and, naturally, they did not become available to a wide range of researchers.
Meanwhile, the Lenin family dates back to the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century, for his services associated with the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River, was granted nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province. His numerous descendants distinguished themselves more than once in both military and official service. One of them, Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of state councilor, in the 80s of the 19th century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk 1874 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk Evening Workers' School in St. Petersburg, where she met Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to issue Vladimir Ulyanov a foreign passport, and friends began to look for smuggling options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother, a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request apparently came to him from his friend, statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.
Sergei Nikolaevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph “The Development of Capitalism in Russia.” After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of their father, Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already very ill (he died on April 6, 1902).
Is it true that the Mausoleum was built according to the drawings of Babylonian ziggurats? Did scientists work on the embalming of Lenin’s body using occult sciences? Endless secrets, riddles and speculation surround this symbol of the Soviet era throughout its existence.
Many are surprised that militant atheists from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided not to bury Vladimir Lenin, but to put him on public display. But in general their actions are understandable. Taking away the people's faith in Christ, they wanted to give them a new god. Nikolai Bukharin wrote in a private letter: “We... have hung leaders instead of icons, and we will try to reveal the relics of Ilyich under communist sauce for Pakhom and the “lower classes.”
And the idea with the mausoleum and mummification may have come under the influence of the hype from the main archaeological sensation of that time. In 1923, the world press excitedly described the found tomb of Tutankhamun and the untold treasures recovered from it. Everyone, young and old, was discussing the mystery of the pharaoh’s mummy, which had not decayed for 3 millennia. So the analogies between the embalming of the pharaohs and Lenin suggest themselves.
The pyramid project actually existed. It was proposed by the outstanding architect Fyodor Shekhtel. But in the end, instead of the Egyptian pyramid, a Mausoleum was erected, similar to the Babylonian ziggurat or the step pyramid of South America.
Ziggurat of Ur
sacred body
His comrades began to discuss Lenin’s funeral even before the death of their leader. People's elder Kalinin told them: “This terrible event should not take us by surprise. If we bury Vladimir Ilyich, the funeral must be as majestic as the world has ever seen.” Stalin agreed with him and said: “Some comrades believe that modern science has the opportunity, through embalming, to preserve the body of the deceased in order to allow our consciousness to get used to the idea that Lenin is not among us after all.”
And after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, letters and telegrams from workers from all over the country poured into the Central Committee with an appeal to preserve the body of dear Ilyich and place it in a sarcophagus. The decision by that time had already been made by a narrow circle. And although the leader’s wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, his sisters Anna and Maria, and brother Dmitry did not agree with this idea, the “opinion of the people” turned out to be more important. Ilyich’s body became the property of the party, and a real embalming experiment was carried out on it.
Six days after the leader’s death, already on the day of Lenin’s funeral - January 27, 1924 - the first wooden mausoleum was erected on Red Square according to the design of Alexei Shchusev. It was built in the shape of a cube topped by a three-tiered pyramid. A few months later, the mausoleum was rebuilt, and stands were erected on its sides. This was also a temporary wooden version of the structure.
In 1930, the familiar and now familiar Mausoleum finally appeared, decorated with marble, labradorite and crimson quartzite. Inside the building there is a vestibule and a funeral hall. There are also a number of office spaces. The administration of the Mausoleum works there. One of the secret rooms is called the “government room” - from it members of the Politburo climbed to the podium of the Mausoleum during public holidays.
Spirit of Ilyich
One of the main initiators of the construction of a majestic tomb for Lenin was Joseph Stalin. And when in 1953 he himself left this mortal coil, the “communist god” was already twofold; it was no coincidence that the party was called by the names of Lenin and Stalin. It is natural that together they found rest in the Mausoleum.
It began to be called “Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin." Moreover, Stalin continued to lie there even after his cult was debunked at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. A paradoxical situation has arisen. At the ideological level, Stalin was taken out of the host of “gods”, equated with mere mortals and declared almost a heretic. And crowds of people continued to worship his tomb every day.
In 1961, at the XXII Congress of the CPSU, the people were first promised that soon the Soviet people would live under communism. And then they decided that the first thing to do was to get rid of the “vestige of the past.” On the last day of the congress, the old Bolshevik Dora Lazurkina spoke. Moreover, she spoke in a completely mystical vein: “Yesterday I consulted with Ilyich, as if he stood before me as if alive and said: I don’t like being around Stalin, who brought so much trouble to the party.”
This was followed by stormy, prolonged applause, and the floor was given to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Nikolai Podgorny, who made a proposal to make a decision on removing Stalin’s body from the Mausoleum. As usual, no one dared to raise their hand “against”.
Under cover of night
The execution of the congress’s decision was not put on hold, and the very next day, when it got dark, Red Square was closed off for a parade rehearsal. Two companies of machine gunners were stationed near the Mausoleum and got down to business.
To bury Stalin, by decision of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, a special commission of five people was created, headed by the chairman of the Party Control Committee of the CPSU Central Committee, Nikolai Shvernik. The work was led by General Nikolai Zakharov, who headed the 9th Directorate of the KGB, and Kremlin Commandant Andrei Vedenin. Only 30 people took part in the operation, but by morning everything was ready.
Pyramid layout
Eight officers carried the coffin with Stalin’s body out of the Mausoleum through the back door, brought it to the grave near the Kremlin wall, at the bottom of which a kind of sarcophagus was made of eight slabs, and placed it on wooden stands. There were no military salutes or eulogies. The next day, a slab with the date of Stalin’s birth and death was installed over the grave. Only in 1970 it was replaced with a bust by the sculptor Nikolai Tomsky.
On the morning of November 1, 1961, a traditional line lined up in front of the Mausoleum. At first, people were surprised to discover that on the slab above the Mausoleum there was only one name - Lenin. And then they noted with amazement that instead of two bodies, only one rested in the Mausoleum.
The most striking thing is that there was no protest reaction in society. The people took the secret reburial of the former leader, in whose name they rose to attack at the front, surprisingly calmly. The party said “we must,” so so be it.
Mysticism or science?
Supporters of mysticism believe that the Mausoleum is a ziggurat not only in form, but also in essence. In their opinion, every Babylonian ziggurat contained a teraphim - a mummified human head with magical properties. In the case of the Mausoleum, the functions of the teraphim are performed by the body of Vladimir Lenin.
And everything was started in order to irradiate people with some invisible rays that inspire respect for the socialist system. The antenna transmitting this radiation is supposedly a niche to the right of the entrance. Parades pass by it during public holidays, and here in Soviet times there was a long line of people wishing to get to the Soviet shrine.
To the disappointment of apologists of mysterious versions, the radiation of the Mausoleum is not detected by any ultra-precise physical instruments. As for “teraphim,” the term is not Babylonian, but ancient Jewish. Even before they believed in one God, the Jews kept ancestral idols in their homes - rough figurines that looked like humans. Essentially the same as the ancient laras and penates. This concept is in no way connected with the Babylonian ziggurats. As with the Moscow Mausoleum.
The mummified body of the leader of the world revolution himself evokes no less surprising speculation. More precisely, not mummified, but embalmed. The unique operation began only in March 1924, that is, two months after Lenin’s death. The body by that time was no longer in the best condition. Responsible work was entrusted to the outstanding chemist Boris Zbarsky and his colleague Vladimir Vorobyov.
Scientists had to not only embalm the body, but also first develop the technique itself, since before that there was nothing like this in the world. It is clear that the cost of the mistake was extremely high. As a result, the success of the embalming team was declared “a scientific achievement of world significance.” However, many are sure that science alone is not enough. Allegedly, Zbarsky in his work used the works of the Austrian zoologist Paul Kammerer, who, in addition to biology, was no stranger to the occult.
Kammerer is even credited with acquaintance with the secrets of the magicians of Ancient Egypt. It was this mystical knowledge of the Austrian that allegedly helped Soviet scientists preserve Lenin’s body. Alas, Kammerer does not in any way resemble a figure endowed with power and involvement in secrets. His scientific biography is quite
inglorious and tragic - in 1926 he committed suicide, having been caught in gross falsification of experiments. Trying to prove that salamanders change colors depending on the color of the soil on which they live, he injected ink under the skin of the poor amphibians. In the USSR, however, he was really welcomed, since he adhered to atheism and anti-racism, for which he was even persecuted in conservative Europe.
Lenin's embalmed body did not always rest peacefully in the sarcophagus. At the beginning of the war, he was evacuated to Tyumen in a special sealed coffin soaked in paraffin. But details about how the leader’s body was stored from July 1941 to April 1945 are still carefully hidden. Meanwhile, according to unverified information, he was not monitored properly. To the point that they even dropped it into boiling water when trying to wash it.
The strict regime established by Academician Zbarsky required that the embalmed body be lowered into a bath with a special solution once every 18 months. Whether this was done in Tyumen is unknown. Therefore, many are sure that now in the Mausoleum it is not Lenin who lies at all, but a wax doll. Others claim that no more than 10-15% of the body of the real Ilyich has survived.
War with the past
Over the years of the Mausoleum’s existence, more than a dozen different incidents occurred in and around it. Those dissatisfied with the Soviet system sought to take out their emotions on the most sacred thing - on the embalmed body of the leader. The first mausoleum terrorist in March 1934 was Mitrofan Nikitin, an employee of one of the state farms, who decided to take revenge on the dead Lenin for all the horrors of dispossession and collectivization.
Nikitin shot at Ilyich twice with a revolver, but missed. He aimed the third shot at his heart. A note was found in his pocket criticizing the current situation in the country.
After this incident, it became impossible to bring weapons into the Mausoleum. But this did not stop those who wanted to vent their anger. In 1957, a certain Romanov threw a bottle of ink into the sarcophagi of two leaders. In 1959, the glass of one of the sarcophagi was broken with a hammer. And in 1960, one of the visitors jumped onto the barrier and broke the glass with his feet. Shards of glass damaged the skin of Lenin's body, and the Mausoleum was then closed for a month. In 1961 and 1962, stones were thrown at Lenin.
The first event leading to casualties occurred in September 1967. A resident of Kaunas named Krysanov came to Red Square wearing a belt filled with explosives. Unable to get inside, he blew himself up in front of the Mausoleum. The terrorist himself and several people died. In 1973, another criminal followed in his footsteps, managing to enter the funeral hall with a homemade explosive device under his coat.
As a result of the explosion, the attacker himself, as well as a married couple who came from Astrakhan, died. Several children were injured. But the sarcophagus, covered with armored glass after the previous incident, was not damaged, although it was into it, according to the expert opinion, that the main force of the explosion was directed. The identity of the terrorist remained unknown. Only fragments of documents were found, from which it followed that he had previously been sentenced to 10 years in prison.
Oleg LOGINOV, Kirill IVANOV
Latyshev Anatoly Georgievich- historian, publicist, propagandist.
Biography
Born in 1934. In 1956 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute.
He began to make a career along the Komsomol and party lines. He studied at the Higher Party School under the CPSU Central Committee. He worked for 25 years at the Department of International Relations of the Higher School of the Russian Federation under the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Moscow and Central Higher Party School. For fifteen years he was a member of the Academic Council of the Lenin Museum.
In 1968 he defended his dissertation (candidate of historical sciences). Topic: The Swiss labor movement after the Second World War. (1945-1965) / Academy of Social Sciences under the CPSU Central Committee. Department of History of the International Communist and Labor Movement. Moscow.
That is, in Soviet times, “achievements” on Lenin’s themes were not in the field of historical science, but in the field of propaganda.
In the early 1990s he joined the Democratic Party of Russia. He worked as a columnist for the Democratic Newspaper, the newspapers Rossiyskoe Vremya and Morning of Russia.
In 1991, as part of the group, he received access to the “Leninist” documents of the Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the CPSU Central Committee. After that, he wrote many articles in newspapers criticizing Lenin. Especially in the government “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” with a circulation of 1 million copies.
Books and brochures- Desyaterik V.I., Latyshev A.G. Hand in hand, like like-minded people. M.: Young Guard, 1970. 208 p. Circulation 50,000 copies.
- Desyaterik, V.I., Latyshev, A.G. Wrestling teaches. Lenin and young foreign revolutionaries. M.: Young Guard, 1974. 191 pp., Circulation 45,000 copies.
- Latyshev A. Lenin, youth of the world and revolution. M.: Knowledge, 1977. 64 p. Circulation 79,360 copies
One article in the journal “Questions of History”, 1969
- Latyshev A.G.V.I. Lenin and the Swiss labor movement in 1914-1917. // Questions of History, 1969, No. 6, p. 3-19.
- Latyshev A. G. V. I. Lenin and the labor movement in Switzerland before the First World War // Scientific notes. / Higher Party School under the CPSU Central Committee. 1974. Vol. 1. pp. 215-249
- Latyshev A. Next to Lenin. // Pravda, 1983, July 8
- Latyshev A. Lenin's Swiss friend. // Communist, 1984, N 6, p. 103-113
- Latyshev A. Flaws in the heritage. To really know Lenin and Stalin, you need to open primary sources and documents // Union, 1990. No. 11. P. 3.
"Declassified Lenin"
In 1996, based on his articles, he published the book “Declassified Lenin” (circulation 15 thousand copies), also an abbreviated version “Lenin: Primary Sources” (51 thousand copies)
Publishing house "Mart" is a non-scientific publishing house, without scientific review. The book was apparently published as part of Yeltsin's 1996 election campaign.
Latyshev himself admits about the book that it is not a scientific work:
I in no way regard the book “Declassified Lenin” as a biographical sketch of the leader or his political portrait. Most likely, I attribute it to the genre that was so fashionable at the beginning of perestroika - “strokes to the portrait.” (p. 13)
I would like to clarify the fact that my book is not a scientific treatise, but a collection of documentary essays. (p. 14)
Interview MK
The question of scientific objectivity is inappropriate here, if only because not scientific, but opportunistic and political goals were put at the forefront by their authors. The forces that seized political power in the country, during the 1996 presidential elections, solved the problem of retaining it. The main opponent of B. N. Yeltsin was the representative of the communists G. A. Zyuganov. In this regard, it seems quite understandable why D. A. Volkogonov’s books “Lenin. Political Portrait" and A.G. Latyshev's "Declassified Lenin", presenting themselves as major specialists on Leninist issues. The level of “expert” on the topic is visible, for example, in the fact that Latyshev publicly admitted that he worked with the Lenin Foundation in the former Central PA (now RCKHDINI) in the fall of 1991 for only a few weeks. Let us add that a detailed criticism of a number of provisions in Latyshev’s work was given by truly major specialists on Lenin’s theme - M. I. Trush and V. T. Loginov.
It has long been known that the yellow bourgeois press is capable of any dirty trick. And yet, every time you read another vile piece of writing, you never cease to be amazed at the depth of the moral decline of its authors.
On April 22, on the birthday of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Moskovsky Komsomolets published a conversation between its correspondent Irina Bobrova and a certain Anatoly Latyshev, whom she recommends as a famous historian and Leninist who devoted his entire life to studying the biography of V.I. Lenin. True, for some reason we don’t know what this famous historian and Leninist is famous for? What scientific contribution did he make to Leninianism? Where did you work or maybe still work?
But for now, let’s believe the correspondent that Anatoly Latyshev exists, and he is exactly who they recommend him to be. What did the Lenin scholar tell Irina Bobrova and us, the readers?
After the events of August 1991, he says, he was given a special pass to familiarize himself with Lenin’s secret documents. From morning to evening he sat in the archives, read Lenin's notes and telegrams, and his hair stood on end. Imagine, in 1905, Lenin, while in Switzerland, called on the youth of St. Petersburg to pour acid on police officers, scald soldiers with boiling water, use nails to mutilate horses, and throw hand bombs at the streets. After reading these lines, the reader had the right to count on an explanation from the historian: what is happening there, in St. Petersburg? Why must youth resort to such desperate actions? Since the historian doesn’t give any explanations, let’s figure it out without him, what’s the matter?
Yes, Vladimir Ilyich has an article “Tasks of detachments of the revolutionary army,” written at the end of October 1905. More precisely, a draft of an article. It was a time when the revolution was on the rise. Behind us there were already uprisings in Lodz, Riga, and on the battleship Potemkin. Here and there, mass strikes and demonstrations of workers turned into armed struggle with the police, Cossacks and Black Hundreds. But the forces were far from equal. The workers suffered great losses and suffered defeats. IN AND. Lenin is pondering the question of how workers’ detachments can more successfully resist government troops. The article mentioned above appears from his pen.
Anatoly Latyshev makes it look like he discovered it in Lenin's secret archives. Not true! Nobody made a secret of her. The article was published in the third, fourth and fifth collected works of V.I. Lenin. Someone, even a Leninist, should know this. Of course, he also knows another fact: the article was not published in 1905, was not sent anywhere, and not a single worker knew about Lenin’s “terrorist” calls.
This is what he is, a historian, Latyshev.
The episode with Lenin’s “terrorist” calls is just the beginning. Next, the historian-Leninist introduces us to even more terrible actions of Lenin. As the head of the Soviet government, he sends out his fierce orders to cities and villages. A paper arrived in Nizhny Novgorod with the following content: “Introduce mass terror, shoot and take away hundreds of prostitutes who solder soldiers, former officers, etc. Not a minute of delay." So he writes a note to someone: “I propose to appoint an investigation and shoot those responsible for roteness.” Here he gives instructions to hang at least 100 wealthy peasants for the people to see.
Such a person, the “naive” Irina Bobrova believes, could not help but think about the extermination of the Russian people, and she asks the Leninist: is there evidence of this terrible intention of the leader? And he issues new orders from Lenin: to burn Baku completely, to exterminate all the Cossacks. One after another he sends telegrams to the Caucasus: “We will cut everyone off”!
Do you understand anything, reader? I don't understand anything either. Why do we need to completely burn Baku? Why is it necessary to exterminate all the Cossacks? What does "we'll kill everyone" mean? And you and I, dear readers, should not understand anything. The task of the correspondent and Leninist is not at all to clarify the truth, but to obscure it and consolidate the image of V.I. in our minds. Lenin as a maniacal killer. And for this, all means are good. Lies, slander, and half-truths are used. Orders for the extermination of all Cossacks and Caucasians and for the burning of Baku could not have come from the head of the Soviet government. And it is no coincidence that Lenin scholars often do not give either the addressees of Lenin’s notes, or the circumstances and time of their writing. In addition, they seem to be in secret archives. Go check it out!
Meanwhile, to prove Lenin’s “maniacal ferocity,” A. Latyshev did not have to turn to secret documents. Such “evidence” is in the collected works of Vladimir Ilyich. Here is one of them - a telegram to the Livensky Executive Committee, sent on August 20, 1918. “I welcome the energetic suppression of kulaks and White Guards in the district. It is necessary to confiscate all the grain and all property from the rebel kulaks, hang the instigators from the kulaks, mobilize and arm the poor... arrest the hostages from the rich and hold them until all the surplus grain is collected and dumped in their volosts.”
Cruel? Yes! But this cruelty is caused and justified by circumstances.
...It was August of the eighteenth year. The civil war was already raging. A ring of fire engulfed the young Soviet Republic on all sides. Anglo-French troops landed in the north, occupied Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and formed the Provisional Government of the Northern Region. In the south, Romanian troops captured Bessarabia. Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states found themselves under the heel of the German occupiers. The Japanese rule in Primorye. In the Middle Volga and Siberia, parts of the corps, formed from captured Czechs and Slovaks, rebelled. Together with foreign interventionists, military operations were launched by the troops of generals Alekseev and Denikin in the North Caucasus, Krasnov in the Don, and Kolchak in Siberia. Here and there, White Guard-kulak uprisings break out. The military situation was aggravated by the ensuing famine. In such conditions it was necessary to act decisively and harshly. And Lenin acted. Determined, tough and sometimes cruel. The revolution defended itself from the counter-revolution.
Today's counter-revolutionaries, like the White Guards who fled abroad once upon a time, love to flaunt the cruelties of Lenin and the Bolsheviks and “do not notice” the cruelties of foreign interventionists and White Guards. M. Gorky also wrote: “It is the most disgusting hypocrisy to shout only about the cruelty of the Reds, while remaining silent about the facts of the sadistic reprisal against the Reds, which the Whites so boastfully talk about in their memoirs.” And then Gorky cites the following fact: in the fall of 1918, the “liberator” of Kuban, General Pokrovsky, hacked to death 2 thousand captured Red Army soldiers in Maikop. By the way, at that time there was an order in Denikin’s army: do not take prisoners. And they didn’t take it.
“Imagine,” continued M. Gorky, addressing the White emigrants, “that the Bolsheviks have left, and now you have a free path to Russia. Think with the rest of your conscience: what could you now bring with you to the Russian people? After all, you have nothing behind your soul... Personally, I am sure that you would only increase the number in Russia - the remainder - of the poor in spirit and the number of perversely evil ones.” Isn’t it true how modern these prophetic words of the writer sound today! The heirs of the White Guard counter-revolution, the current “democrats” have brought perverted evil and spiritual poverty into our lives.
According to Anatoly Latyshev, V.I. Lenin fiercely hated the Russian people. This hatred is allegedly explained by the fact that he did not have a drop of Russian blood in his family and his mother, a German, raised him and her other children in a spirit of contempt for everything Russian. The Leninist did not provide any evidence of the anti-Russian upbringing of the Ulyanov children. And I couldn’t bring them - they simply don’t exist. But it is known that all the children of this large family, with the exception of Olga, who died early, became revolutionaries and went through arrests, prisons and exile. In the name of what? In the name of the liberation of the Russian and other peoples of Russia from the oppression of landowners and capitalists! This fact alone refutes the malicious fiction about V.I.’s anti-Russian upbringing. Lenin and his hatred of our people.
Vladimir Ilyich himself considered himself Russian and was proud of it. “Is the feeling of national pride alien to us, the Great Russian conscious proletarians?” he asked in the article “On the National Pride of the Great Russians.” - Of course not! We love our language and our homeland, we work most of all to raise its working masses (i.e. 9/10 of its population) to the conscious life of democrats and socialists.”
We will not delve into the pedigree of V.I. Lenin, although even here the Leninist deliberately distorted the truth. We are not racists. Belonging to any nation, in our opinion, does not add anything to a person and does not take anything away. A person is valuable in himself. A.S. said this well. Pushkin in an epigram to Thaddeus Bulgarin, spy and informer:
It doesn’t matter that you’re Pole:
Kosciuszko pole, Mickiewicz pole!
Perhaps, be yourself a Tatar, -
And I don’t see any shame here;
Be a Jew - and it doesn’t matter;
The trouble is that you are Vidocq Figlarin.
Because Ya.M. Sverdlov - Jew, F.E. Dzerzhinsky - Pole, M.V. Frunze is a Moldovan, they have not become less significant statesmen for us. The same can be said about the Soviet marshals - the Pole K.K. Rokossovsky, Armenian I.Kh. Bagramyans, generals, Heroes of the Soviet Union, Jew L.M. Dovator, Georgian K.N. Leselidze and other commanders.
A. Latyshev said a lot of gags on the topic “Lenin and religion.” The leader allegedly hated only the Russian Orthodox Church and was tolerant of others. Moreover, at the beginning of 1918, he allegedly intended to ban Orthodoxy, replacing it with Catholicism. Then for some reason I changed my mind and decided to put an end to religion and priests as quickly as possible. Popov should be shot mercilessly and everywhere, and churches should be closed. But by attributing these fantastic intentions to Lenin, A. Latyshev showed his own ignorance and inability to compose a lie that even slightly resembled the truth. Everyone knows, except for the line scholar A. Latyshev, who spent his entire life studying the biography of V.I. Lenin, that Vladimir Ilyich was a principled opponent of religion in all its forms. “Religion is the opium of the people,” he wrote, “this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire worldview of Marxism on the issue of religion. Marxism always views all modern religions and churches, all and any religious organizations as organs of bourgeois reaction, serving to defend the exploitation and stupefying of the working class.”
Religion, he believed, must be fought. But not by prohibitive measures, not by closing churches and persecuting clergy. This will only strengthen the religious fanaticism of believers. It is necessary to more widely involve the working masses in building a new life, organize the publication of atheistic literature, and expand scientific and anti-religious propaganda everywhere.
In January 1918, V.I. Lenin signs a decree on the separation of church from state and school from church. Every citizen received the right to profess any religion or not to profess any. The rights of believers were enshrined in the First Soviet Constitution, adopted at the 5th Congress of Soviets in July 1918.
But not everything went smoothly in relations between church and state. The leadership of the Orthodox Church and many of its ministers greeted the October Revolution with hostility. Patriarch Tikhon addressed the clergy and believers with a message in which he anathematized Soviet power to the church and called for a fight against it. During the civil war, many priests conducted counter-revolutionary propaganda, participated in conspiracies and rebellions, and actively sided with the White Guards and interventionists.
In 1921-1922, famine broke out in the Volga region, which was subject to severe drought. Workers and peasants died out as entire families and villages. At the request of the workers of the starving provinces, the presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to confiscate all precious objects made of gold, silver and stones from church property and transfer them to Soviet financial authorities. It was planned to use the proceeds from the sale of jewelry to purchase food abroad for the starving. Part of the clergy, led by Patriarch Tikhon, met this decree with hostility and organized decisive resistance to the seizure of jewelry, which in a number of places led to anti-Soviet protests. All this provoked response actions, including punitive ones, from the Soviet government. But priests were not persecuted for believing in God and performing religious duties.
In the artistic and journalistic Leninian literature, there are hundreds of essays and memoirs about Vladimir Ilyich, written by his comrades, colleagues, acquaintances, walkers who visited him in the Kremlin. You read them and the image of the great proletarian leader appears before you in all its grandeur. Shortly after his death, Maxim Gorky wrote: “Even some of his enemies honestly admit: in the person of Lenin, the world has lost a man who, among all the great people of his time, most clearly embodied genius.”
The authors of the memoirs note Lenin’s high human qualities: simplicity, modesty, unpretentiousness, sociability, sincerity, fatherly concern for his comrades. He led an almost ascetic lifestyle. Didn't smoke, didn't drink alcohol. The situation in his apartment, whether in exile or in the Kremlin, was downright Spartan. In the hungry year of nineteen, he was ashamed to eat food that was sent to him by his comrades, soldiers and peasants from the provinces. When parcels were brought to his uncomfortable apartment, he winced, became embarrassed and hurried to distribute flour, sugar, butter to his sick or weakened comrades from malnutrition.
And then all the Kremlin inhabitants lived from hand to mouth. Even the family of the man who was in charge of the food supply of the entire country! Once at a government meeting, People's Commissar of Food A.D. Tsyurupa lost consciousness. The doctor determined the cause - hungry fainting.
Does the “famous Leninist” Anatoly Latyshev know about this? After all, to listen to him, Lenin, living in exile, drank heavily, and in the Kremlin organized abundant feasts with balyk, black and red caviar. On his orders, luxury dachas were allegedly built in the village of Zubalovo for Kremlin officials.
Reading all this falsely ignorant writings, I can’t believe that its author could have been a historian who has been studying the biography of V.I. all his life. Lenin. Most likely, Anatoly Latyshev is a fictitious person. And the conversation with the imaginary Leninist was concocted by correspondent Irina Bobrova in the editorial kitchen.
On the Internet you can find various publications and discussions in which the opinion is expressed that the historian Anatoly Latyshev is a fictitious person or that there are no traces of his scientific activity before 1991. One of the most recent publications on this topic is Ildar Ilyasov’s post “Twenty Years of Lies” (“http://ledokol-ledokol.livejournal.com/149961.html”). Unfortunately, the authors of all these publications do not have information about the biographical information and scientific activities of Anatoly Latyshev, so in order to avoid incorrect statements on this matter in the future, I will provide data regarding his personality and his works.
Anatoly Georgievich Latyshev was born in 1934. He graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute in 1956. I was at Komsomol work. He studied at the Higher Party School (VPS) under the CPSU Central Committee. For twenty-five years he worked at the Department of International Relations of the High School under the CPSU Central Committee, and then at the Moscow and Central Higher Party School. For fifteen years he was a member of the Academic Council of the V.I. Lenin Museum.
He defended his dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences - The Swiss labor movement after the Second World War. (1945-1965) / Academy of Social Sciences under the CPSU Central Committee. Department of History of the International Communist and Labor Movement. Moscow, 1968
During the Soviet period, the following books and articles were published about V.I. Lenin and people and events associated with him (the list may not be complete; it also does not include articles written by A.G. Latyshev about other historical events and political figures):
Books:
Desyaterik V.I., Latyshev A.G. Hand in hand, like like-minded people. M.: Young Guard, 1970. 208 p. Circulation 50,000 copies.
Desyaterik, V.I., Latyshev, A.G. Wrestling teaches. Lenin and young foreign revolutionaries. M.: Young Guard, 1974.191 p., Circulation 45,000 copies.
Latyshev A. Lenin, youth of the world and revolution. M.: Knowledge, 1977. 64 pp. Circulation 79,360 copies
Latyshev A.G.V.I. Lenin and the Swiss labor movement in 1914-1917. // Questions of History, 1969, No. 6, p. 3-19.
Latyshev A. G. V. I. Lenin and the labor movement in Switzerland before the First World War // Scientific notes./ Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the CPSU. 1974. Vol. 1. pp. 215-249
Latyshev A. Lenin's Swiss friend. // Communist, 1984, No. 6, p. 103-113
Latyshev A. Flaws in the heritage. To really know Lenin and Stalin, you need to open primary sources and documents // Union, 1990. No. 11. P. 3.
In the first half, A.G. Latyshev left the CPSU in 1991. Became a member of the Democratic Party of Russia. Since September 1991, he worked as a political observer for the Democratic Newspaper, the newspapers Rossiyskoe Vremya and Morning of Russia.
At the end of September 1991, A. G. Latyshev, as a member of the temporary commission for the parliamentary investigation into the causes and circumstances of the coup d'etat in the USSR, got the opportunity to work for a month and a half in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the CPSU Central Committee (CPA IML) with documents from V. I. Lenin Foundation. On this occasion, Ildar Ilyasov writes the following in his post: “Let’s turn to the documents. Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR N 1642-I dated 09/06/91 “On the creation of a temporary commission for a parliamentary investigation into the causes and circumstances of the coup d’etat in the USSR.” There is a supplement to this resolution appendix - "Composition of the deputy commission to investigate the causes and circumstances of the coup d'etat in the USSR". There is no Latyshev there. And why on earth would he be there? With the exception of two people, all members of the commission were directly related to the Supreme Council. So Latyshev is here lies."
But it is worth noting that A. G. Latyshev was a member of the temporary commission as part of a group of experts, which was headed by Doctor of Philosophy B. M. Pugachev.
There is evidence that B. M. Pugachev, like A. G. Latyshev, worked in the archive with the V. I. Lenin Foundation:
“Here is the opinion of Doctor of Philosophy B.M. Pugachev, head of a group of experts of the Russian parliamentary commission. He is the first of mere mortals to become acquainted with Lenin’s unknown documents. Pugachev, in particular, noted: “Yes, we found a whole series of his letters, documents that have never been published before. You know, even for me, a person who has been involved in social science for many years, reading these papers was... well, surprising, or something. Ilyich’s letters characterize him as an extremely cruel person, moreover, as a man-hater.”
Evgenia Albats in her book “Delayed Action Mine”. 1992 to Chapter III. EXECUTIONERS AND VICTIMS provides references 27 and 48, which also confirm the participation of A.G. Latyshev in the commission - A. Latyshev. "Genesis of the totalitarian system in the USSR." Documents of the Commission of the Russian Armed Forces to investigate the causes and circumstances of the coup.
It is quite possible that a complete list with a list of all the experts of the commission is stored in the archival file Documents on the organization and activities of the Deputy Commission (copies of the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, reports on the work of the commission, a report on the work of the commission of the USSR Supreme Court, draft resolutions, statements of the commission). GARF. F. 10026. Op. 4. D. 3471
After working in the archive with the V.I. Lenin Foundation, A.G. Latyshev began for several years in various newspapers and magazines to publish numerous articles, which, unlike his Soviet publications, already had a clear anti-Leninist orientation (it is worth noting that only regarding on the issue of V.I. Lenin’s participation in the execution of Nicholas II and his family, A.G. Latyshev defended the point of view that he was not involved in this execution). A. G. Latysheva was especially active in publishing the publication of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, which, thanks to its circulation of 1,000,000 copies. contributed to the widespread popularization of his articles. As an example, I will give the names of some of them:
Tomorrow's trouble. About Lenin’s “secret” and open funds // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1992. May 19. No. 113 (449);
- Late insight // Russian newspaper, 1992. July 3. No. 151 (487).
- The killer's position is vacant. New documents about the execution of the royal family. // Russian newspaper, 1992. August 29. No. 193 (529).
- German money for Lenin // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1992. September 29. No. 214 (550)
- Without a cross // Russian newspaper, 1992. October 24. No. 233 (569).
- “We did not stop before shooting thousands of people...” Unknown speech of Lenin // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1993. February 5. No. 24 (640).
- Lenin and the Jews // Russian newspaper, 1993. February 27. No. 40 (656).
- Two clear falcons were talking. On Lenin’s funds “secret” and “open” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1993. March 27. No. 59 (675)
- Lenin and Romanian gold // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1993. April 24. No. 79 (695)
- Even the Cheka was more humane than the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1993. June 19. No. 116 (732)
- The saga about the fate of the sarcophagus. What to do with the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin? // Russian newspaper, 1993. November 5, No. 207 (823).
In 1996, based on his numerous newspaper and magazine publications, A.G. Latyshev published the book “Declassified Lenin,” which was published in 15,000 copies, and then another 11,000 copies were printed. In addition, the book Latyshev A. G. Lenin: primary sources is published in a huge circulation of 51,000 copies. M., 1996. 48 p., which is an abbreviated version of the publication “Declassified Lenin”, published by the publishing house “Mart” in 1996.
Thus, we can state the fact that numerous articles by Candidate of Historical Sciences Anatoly Georgievich Latyshev, published in the 90s by various media, were used as a kind of propaganda mouthpiece, serving to denigrate and discredit V.I. Lenin. It is also worth noting that today the works of A.G. Latyshev are in demand among various historians and publicists. journalists who adhere to an anti-Leninist orientation in their publications.
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